Serratia marcescens nuclease
| Serratia marcescens nuclease | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 3.1.30.2 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9025-65-4 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Serratia marcescens nuclease | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Organism | |||||||
| Symbol | nucA | ||||||
| UniProt | P13717 | ||||||
| |||||||
Serratia marcescens nuclease (EC 3.1.30.2, endonuclease (Serratia marcescens), barley nuclease, plant nuclease I, nucleate endonuclease) is an enzyme.[1][2][3][4] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
- Endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphomononucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products
Hydrolyses double- or single-stranded substrate DNA or RNA. It is a representative of the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family.
It is commercially available.
Characteristics
Serratia nuclease was first purified from its native source in 1969.[5] It was cloned in 1987 and shown to consist of a 266 protein precursor,[6] which is further cleaved and secreted as a 245 amino acid active nuclease.[7] Its active form in solution is a homodimer.[8] It has two disulfide bonds, the first between cysteine 30 & 34 and the second between cysteine 222 & 264.[7] Reduction of these disulfides or site directed mutagenesis of their residues to serine, specifically the first one, leads to a large loss in nuclease activity,[8] and a loss of the ability to reversibly regain activity after inactivating 40-60˚C heat treatments.[7] It has a much higher catalytic efficiency than other nucleases, about 4 times greater than staphylococcal nuclease, and about 34 times greater than bovine pancreatic DNase I.[8] The enzyme cleaves single or double stranded DNA and RNA with similar rates, so long as the substrate DNA or RNA contains no fewer than 5 nucleotides (or basepairs).[8] Magnesium (II) (Mg2+) is an essential cofactor for its nuclease activity.[8] Serratia nuclease is activated by up to 4M urea.[9] At 5M urea the initial activity is decreased from its peak although still above its baseline, and the enzyme is significantly inhibited after 60 minutes. At 6M urea, the nuclease activity is below baseline and almost completely inactivated within 60 minutes. At 7M the nuclease becomes essentially completely inactivated within 15 minutes, but significant and workable degradation of nucleic acids can occur before the nuclease is inactivated.[9] 8M urea causes a complete inactivation of the enzyme within 5 minutes.[7]
Optimal conditions[9]
| Condition | Optimal1 | Effective2 |
|---|---|---|
| Mg2+ concentration | 1 - 2 mM | 1 - 10 mM |
| pH | 8.2 - 9.2 | 6.0 - 10.0 |
| Temperature | 37˚C | 0 - 42˚C |
| Dithiothreitol (DTT) | < 100 mM | > 100 mM |
| β-Mercaptoethanol (BME) | < 100 mM | > 100 mM |
| Monovalent cation concentration (Na+, K+, etc.) | 0 - 20 mM | 0 - 150 mM |
| PO43- | 0 - 10 mM | 0 - 100 mM |
| Urea | < 4M | > 4M |
1="Optimal" is the condition in which Serratia nuclease retains >90 % of its activity.
2="Effective" is the condition in which Serratia nuclease retains >15 % of its activity.
Inhibitory conditions
Some inhibitory conditions are known:[9]
- >300 mM monovalent cations (Na+, K+, etc.)
- >100 mM phosphate
- >100 mM ammonium sulfate
- >100 mM guanidine HCl
- >2 mM EDTA
- >4 mM EGTA
- >0.4% w/v Triton X-100 (no effect below 0.4%, slight activation above 0.4%)
- >0.4% w/v Sodium deoxycholate (70% activity at 0.4%, steady inactivation below and above 0.4%)
- >0.1% w/v SDS (inactivation kinetics allow for Serratia nuclease to still degrade some nucleic acids before inactivation)
Use in biotechnology
Given its high activity, high stability & reversible inactivation to heat treatments, rate enhancement or otherwise compatibility with some denaturing reagents like urea, Serratia nuclease was recognized early on to have industrial & commercialization potential. A patent covering the recombinant expression of Serratia nuclease in E. coli was submitted by Benzon Pharma in 1986, granted in 1992, & expired in 2006.[10] This recombinant Serratia nuclease was commercialized as Benzonase, and is still available from and a registered trademark of Merck KGaA.[11] Notably, the patented sequence[10][12] for Benzonase is slightly different (1 amino acid substitution) from the Serratia marcescens nuclease which was cloned publicly.[13]
As the benzonase patent is now expired, and in fact was never submitted nor granted in the United States, several commercial alternatives for recombinantly produced Serratia marcescens nuclease are now available:
- Basemuncher, from Westburg Life Sciences[14]
- Benzo Nuclease, from Tinzyme[15]
- Benz-Neburase, from GenScript[16]
- Decontaminase, from AG Scientific[17]
- Denarase, from c-LEcta[18]
- Dr. Nuclease, from Syd Labs[19]
- GENIUS Nuclease, from ACROBiosystems[20]
- Pierce Universal Nuclease, from Thermo Fisher Scientific[21]
- TurboNuclease, from Accelagen[22]
(A current notable non-producer is New England Biolabs)[23]
See also
References
- ^ Mikulski AJ, Laskowski M (October 1970). "Mung bean nuclease I. 3. Purification procedure and (3') omega monophosphatase activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 245 (19): 5026–5031. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62813-3. PMID 4319109.
- ^ Stevens A, Hilmoe RJ (1960). "Studies on a nuclease from Azotobacter agilis. I. Isolation and mode of action". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 235 (10): 3016–3022. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64581-8.
- ^ Stevens A, Hilmoe RJ (1960). "Studies on a nuclease from Azotobacter agilis. II. Hydrolysis of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 235 (10): 3023–3027. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64582-X.
- ^ Wechter WJ, Mikulski AJ, Laskowski M (February 1968). "Gradation of specificity with regard to sugar among nucleases". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 30 (3): 318–322. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(68)90453-1. PMID 4296679.
- ^ Nestle M, Roberts WK (October 1969). "An extracellular nuclease from Serratia marcescens. I. Purification and some properties of the enzyme". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 244 (19). Elsevier BV: 5213–5218. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63648-8. PMID 4899013.
- ^ Ball TK, Saurugger PN, Benedik MJ (1987). "The extracellular nuclease gene of Serratia marcescens and its secretion from Escherichia coli". Gene. 57 (2–3). Elsevier BV: 183–192. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(87)90121-1. PMID 3319779.
- ^ a b c d Biedermann K, Jepsen PK, Riise E, Svendsen I (1989). "Purification and characterization of a Serratia marcescens nuclease produced by Escherichia coli". Carlsberg Research Communications. 54 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17–27. doi:10.1007/bf02910469. PMID 2665765. S2CID 12831178.
- ^ a b c d e Benedik MJ, Strych U (August 1998). "Serratia marcescens and its extracellular nuclease". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 165 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13120.x. PMID 9711834.
- ^ a b c d "Benzonase® Nuclease - Effective removal of nucleic acids and viscosity reduction from protein solutions" (PDF). EMD Biosciences. SigmaAldrich. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- ^ a b EP 0229866A1, Molin S, Givskov M, Riise E, "Bacterial enzymes and method for their production", issued 9 December 1992, assigned to Benzon Pharma AS and Takeda Pharma AS
- ^ "Benzonase® Nuclease HC, Purity > 99% - 71206". MilliporeSigma. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "UniProt". UniProt. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "UniProt". UniProt. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "Basemuncher Benzonase". Westburg. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "Benzo Nuclease". Tinzyme Ltd – Enzymes, dNTP and rNTP. 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "Benz-Neburase™, His". GenScript. 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "B-1400-5KU - Decontaminase™, 5 KU". AG Scientific. 2022-12-13. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "Denarase". c-LEcta. 2022-12-13. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "Benzonase Nuclease Alternative, DENARASE Nuclease Alternative". Syd Labs. 2020-05-01. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "GENIUS™Nuclease DMF Filed". ACROBiosystems. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "Pierce™ Universal Nuclease for Cell Lysis". Thermo Fisher Scientific. 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ "TurboNuclease". Accelagen. 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
- ^ Biolabs, New England. "DNA Modifying Enzymes & Cloning Technologies - Exonucleases and Non-specific Endonucleases". New England Biolabs. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
External links
- Serratia+marcescens+nuclease at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Serratia marcescens endonuclease at Protean Ltd., highly active
