Mount Khajeh

Mount Oshida
Mount Khajeh
Mount Khajeh
Highest point
Elevation	609 m (1,998 ft)
Coordinates	30.9391°N 61.2455°E / 30.9391; 61.2455
Geography
Mount Oshida Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran Mount Oshida Mount Oshida (West and Central Asia)
Geology
Mountain type	Hill
Rock type	Black basalt

Rostam castle on Mount Khajeh

Oshida or Mount Khwaja or Mount Khwajeh (Template:Lang-fa) is a flat-topped black basalt hill rising up as an island in the middle of Lake Hamun, in the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan.

The trapezoid-shaped basalt lava outcropping, located 30 km southwest of the town of Zabol, rises to 609 meters above sea level and has a diameter ranging from 2.0 to 2.5 kilometres. It is the only natural height in the Sistan area, and is named after an Islamic pilgrimage site on the hill: the tomb and shrine of Khwaja Ali Mahdi, a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Mount Khwaja is also considered an important archaeological site. On the southern promontory of the eastern slope, the ruins of a citadel complex - known as the Ghagha-Shahr - with its remains of a fire temple date to pre-Islamic Iran. According to Zoroastrian legend, Lake Hamun is "the keeper of Zoroaster's seed." In Zoroastrian eschatology, when the final renovation of the world is near, maidens will enter the lake and then give birth to the saoshyans, the saviours of humankind.

The fire temple is on a terrace behind high walls and is protected by two forts, whose remains are respectively known as Kok-e Zal and Chehel Dokhtaran. Collectively, the ruins are called Qal'a-e Kafaran "Fort of Infidels" or Qal'a-e Sam "Fort of Sam," the grandfather of the mythical Rostam (one of the fortresses here is named "Rostams castle"). Both names reflect pre-Islamic heritage. The walls of the temple were once extravagantly decorated with murals, some of which are now on display in museums in Tehran, Berlin, New Delhi and New York.

The citadel complex was first investigated by Marc Aurel Stein in 1915–1916. The site was later excavated by Ernst Herzfeld, and was again investigated in part by Giorgio Gullini in a short expedition of 1960. Initially, Herzfeld tentatively dated the palace complex to the 1st century CE, that is, to the Arsacid period (248 BCE-224 CE). Herzfeld later revised his estimate to a later date and today the Sassanid period (224-651 CE) is usually considered to be more likely. Three bas-reliefs on the outer walls that depict riders and horses are attributed to this later period. Beyond the citadel at the top of the plateau are several other unrelated buildings, of uncertain function and probably dating to the Islamic period.

Murals

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  Mount Khajeh mural.
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  Mount Khajeh mural.
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  Drawing of a Mount Khajeh painting, Ghahga-Shahr.
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  Kuh-i Khwaja Sasanian wall painting of a woman with mouth cover, 7th century CE.
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  Kuh-i Khwaja Sasanian wall painting, 7th century CE.

Ruins

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See also

• Sistan Basin
• Helmand River

Sources

• Keall, Edward J. "Architecture: Parthian Period". Encyclopædia Iranica. ISSN 2330-4804. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
• Ramazan-nia, Nersi (February 1997). "The treasures of Lake Hamun: An Interview with Soroor Ghanimati". The Iranian. Berkeley, California: Abadan Publishing Co. Retrieved April 8, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)

External links

• Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 5: Drawings and Maps, Records of Kuh-e Khwaja Collections Search Center, S.I.R.I.S., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.