Silesian Interurbans

Silesian Interurbans
Silesian Interurbans
	Pesa Twist in Katowice
Operation
Locale	Upper Silesia metropolitan area, Poland
1898
Steam era: 1894–1898
Status	Replaced by electric trams
Owner(s)	Oberschlesische Dampfstraßenbahnen
Track gauge	785 mm (2 ft 6+29⁄32 in)
Propulsion system(s)	Steam
Depot(s)	2
1898	3 603 350
2011
Electric trams era: 1898–present
Status	Still operational
Routes	35
Owner(s)	Katowice City (34,1%)
Operator(s)	Tramwaje Śląskie
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Propulsion system(s)	Electricity
Electrification	600 V DC overhead line
Depot(s)	4
Track length (total)	299.7 km (186.2 mi)
Route length	178 km (111 mi)
2011	99 000 000
	(System map)
Website	[metropoliaztm.pl]

Silesian Interurbans (Template:Lang-pl), one of the largest tram systems in the world, has been in existence since 1894. The system is spread over more than 50 kilometres (east-west axis) and covers thirteen towns in the Upper Silesia metropolitan area (Southern Poland) and their suburbs (Katowice, the capital town of the region, Będzin, Bytom, Chorzów, Czeladź, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Gliwice, Mysłowice, Ruda Śląska, Siemianowice Śląskie, Sosnowiec, Świętochłowice, and Zabrze, until 2006 also in Piekary Śląskie and Wojkowice), which is densely industrialised (coal, coke, steel and other industries; though decreasing since the 1990s) and inhabited by more than 2 million people.

Basic information

Total track length: 299.7 km lines (340.3 km of single track)^[1]
Number of routes: 35^[2]
Number of revenue vehicles: 336^[3]
Number of vehicles on-duty daily (Mon-Fri): ca. 200
Number of depots: 5 (R-1 Będzin, R-2 Katowice-Zawodzie, R-3 Bytom-Stroszek, R-4 Gliwice, ZUR (Tram Repair Facility, ex. Chorzów-Batory Depot)
Longest route length: 22.45 km (Route 21)
Shortest route length: 1.34 km (Route 38)

History

The system was established by German Empire in 1894 as a unique 785 mm (2 ft 6+29⁄32 in) narrow gauge steam interurban railway. The first line was 36.5 km long and connected Gliwice with Piekary Śląskie through Zabrze, Chebzie, Chorzów and Bytom, another connected Katowice and Siemianowice. After four years (in 1898) electrification started. In 1912 the first short 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge line was built in Katowice. In 1913 a separate standard gauge system connecting Bytom with suburbs and villages west of the town was opened. After World War I and the Silesian Uprisings the region (and the tram network) was divided between newly independent Poland and Germany, and international services appeared (the last one ran until 1937). In 1928 another standard gauge system was established in Sosnowiec, Będzin and Dąbrowa Górnicza (the so-called Dabrowa Coal Basin - a region adjoining the Upper Silesian Coal Basin). Between 1928 and 1936 most of the original narrow gauge network was converted to standard (although the last narrow gauge line, Siemianowice Śląskie-Chorzów, remained till 1952), which allowed a connection with the new system in Sosnowiec (a service between Chorzow and Sosnowiec through Katowice was established in 1931).

During World War II the German authorities decided to merge all the systems and administrations, and they have remained as one united network to the present day (though the old boundaries are still easily traceable). The new route numbering system introduced in 1940 to integrate the systems is still used. In 1951 the system was taken over by a state-owned company (WPK Katowice) and until the 1970s it was widely extended and partly modernised, reaching its maximum length at the end of the 1970s (ca. 235 km). Since the late 1960s, the classic rolling stock has been replaced by modern cars based on PCC streetcar technology. In the 1980s some of the non-modernised, rural lines were abandoned (the longest one from Bytom to Wieszowa with a branch to Stolarzowice).

The end of the 1980s brought changes in Poland (the Round Table talks and the fall of communism), but unfortunately that did not improve the tramway service in the region - on the contrary, the condition of the tram company (Tramwaje Śląskie S.A.) has been steadily deteriorating since the middle of the 1990s. The last new line was built in 1980–1982 (between Sosnowiec and Zagórze). At the end of the 1990s the Bytom - Chorzów - Katowice line was to be upgraded to light-rail (LRT) standards. Due to a lack of funds, the investment was carried out only partially (including the purchase of 17 Citadis Type new low-floor cars produced by Alstom) and the journey time on a highly overcrowded line did not change.

Present day

Today, Tramwaje Śląskie S.A. and KZK GOP are slowly repairing effects of long-period lack of funds. There are much renovations, and new rolling stocks are bought. In 2012 network operator bought 30 low-floor Pesa 2012N "Twist-Step", and 12 partially low-floor Moderus Beta trams from Modertrans Poznań. They are parts of European Union project, and were partially refunded from EU.

Routes

List of tram routes operated by Tramwaje Śląskie S.A. as of June 2012:

Peak frequencies and hours of service are for Mon-Fri only

No.	Route	Length [km]	Freq. [min]	Hours of service
1	Gliwice Zajezdnia - Zabrze - Zaborze - Ruda Południowa - Chebzie	n/a	15	24h
3	Mikulczyce - Zabrze - Makoszowy	8.7	20	24h
4	Gliwice Zajezdnia - Zabrze - Zaborze	n/a	15-30	5:00–23:00
5	Zaborze - Zabrze - Biskupice - Bobrek - Bytom	16.3	15	24h
6	Bytom - Pogoda - Łagiewniki - Chorzów - Dąb - Katowice - Brynów	18.4	15	5:00 - 0:00
7	Łagiewniki - Piaśniki - Świętochłowice - Chorzów Batory - Załęże - Katowice - Zawodzie - Szopienice	n/a	15	24h
9	Bytom - Szombierki - Godula - Chebzie - Wirek - Świętochłowice - Chorzów	17.9	20	24h
11	Katowice - Dąb - Chorzów - Piaśniki - Lipiny - Chebzie	14.2	15	24h
14	Katowice - Zawodzie - Szopienice - Mysłowice	15.2	15	3:30 - 1:00
15	Katowice - Zawodzie - Szopienice - Sosnowiec - Zagórze	15.4	15	24h
16	Katowice (Słoneczna) - Park Kościuszki - Brynów	5.9	7-8	24h
17	Chorzów - Świętochłowice - Piaśniki - Łagiewniki - Lipiny - Chebzie	11.6	15	5:00–1:00
18	Chebzie - Ruda Południowa - Ruda - Bobrek - Bytom	12.5	30	4:00–23:30
19	Stroszek - Bytom - Łagiewniki - Chorzów - Dąb - Katowice (Miarki Square)	n/a	15	4:00-1:00
20	Wełnowiec - Katowice - Załęże - Chorzów	n/a	15	24h
21	Milowice - Sosnowiec - Pogoń - Będzin - Kopalnia 'Paryż' - Dąbrowa Górnicza - Gołonóg - Huta 'Katowice'	22.4	20	3:30 - 1:00
22	Czeladź - Będzin - Kopalnia 'Paryż' - Dąbrowa Górnicza - Gołonog - Huta 'Katowice'	15.6	20	4:00 - 0:30
24	Okrzei - Sosnowiec - Pogoń - Będzin - Osiedle Zamkowe	13.9	20	4:00–23:00
26	Milowice - Sosnowiec - Dańdówka - Niwka - Modrzejów - Mysłowice	13.6	12	4:00 - 0:00
27	Pogoń - Sosnowiec - Dańdówka - Klimontów - Kazimierz Górniczy	n/a	20	24h
28	Będzin (depot) - Kopalnia 'Paryż' - Dąbrowa Górnicza - Gołonóg	10.8	20	5:00–20:00
31	Bytom - Dąbrowa Miejska - Stroszek	n/a	30–60	23:00 - 5:00
33	Koszutka - Katowice - Dąb - Chorzów	n/a	30	6:00 - 21:00
37	Szopienice - Zaborze	n/a	15	4:00–0:00
38	Bytom (Piekarska Street)	1.3	20	5:30–20:00
40	Katowice - Zawodzie	n/a	5	24h

Rolling stock

Revenue cars (brackets: number of units in working order (April 2008) / dates of production):

N Type - classic four-wheel car (2 / 1949, 1951)
102Na Type - articulated car, body based on Polish PCC - 13N Type (3 / 1970–1973)
105N/Na Type - short car, with electrical system based on PCC technology (314 / 1973–1992)
111N Type - bi-directional version of 105Na Type (6 / 1993)
116Nd Type - low-floor articulated Citadis LRT car (17 / 2000–2001)

Non-revenue cars: ca. 50 cars, mostly of N and 4N Types, though many other interesting units are in the working order (including driver education cars, general works cars, overhead wires maintenance cars, snow ploughs, platform trailers and one tamping machine).

Museum cars: a set of classic N type motor car with a 4ND Type passive trailer produced in the 1950s, renovated in 2000–2001. One 13N.