1291

1291 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1291; MCCXCI
Ab urbe condita	2044
Armenian calendar	740; ԹՎ ՉԽ
Assyrian calendar	6041
Balinese saka calendar	1212–1213
Bengali calendar	698
Berber calendar	2241
English Regnal year	19 Edw. 1 – 20 Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar	1835
Burmese calendar	653
Byzantine calendar	6799–6800
Chinese calendar	庚寅年 (Metal Tiger); 3988 or 3781; — to —; 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit); 3989 or 3782
Coptic calendar	1007–1008
Discordian calendar	2457
Ethiopian calendar	1283–1284
Hebrew calendar	5051–5052
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1347–1348
- Shaka Samvat	1212–1213
- Kali Yuga	4391–4392
Holocene calendar	11291
Igbo calendar	291–292
Iranian calendar	669–670
Islamic calendar	689–691
Japanese calendar	Shōō 4; (正応４年)
Javanese calendar	1201–1202
Julian calendar	1291; MCCXCI
Korean calendar	3624
Minguo calendar	621 before ROC; 民前621年
Nanakshahi calendar	−177
Thai solar calendar	1833–1834
Tibetan calendar	阳金虎年; (male Iron-Tiger); 1417 or 1036 or 264; — to —; 阴金兔年; (female Iron-Rabbit); 1418 or 1037 or 265

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century; 13th century ; 14th century;
Decades:	1270s; 1280s; 1290s ; 1300s; 1310s;
Years:	1288; 1289; 1290; 1291 ; 1292; 1293; 1294;

Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

Spring – Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return.
May 10 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England, in mediating the resolution of the succession crisis, created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland, five years earlier.
August – The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (the "three forest cantons"), at Rütli, by the Federal Charter.
Sancho IV of Castile captures Tarifa from the Moors.
The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne.
Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino, via papal bull.
All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano, in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there.
Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia, as part of a frontier defense system.
King Andrew III of Hungary gives royal town privileges to Bratislava, the present-day capital of Slovakia.
Switzerland officially gains its independence.

May 18 – Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades, by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).
The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Dadu, Yuan Dynasty, China, by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing.
Emperor Kameyama of Japan establishes the Zen Buddhist temple of Nanzenji, in Kyoto.

Four towns of the county of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the county of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) agree for the first time to collectively secure a loan by their sovereign, Floris V. This system gives important securities to the lenders, and allows the ruler to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.^[1]

^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". European Review of Economic History. 14 (2).

1291 by topic
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Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1291 in poetry
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