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Bulldog

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This article is about the English Bulldog. For other uses, see Bulldog (disambiguation).
See also: French Bulldog, American Bulldog, and Old English Bulldog

Template:Infobox dog breed 2

The Bulldog,[1] [2] also known as the British Bulldog or English Bulldog, is a medium-sized dog breed. It is a muscular, hefty dog with a wrinkled face and a distinctive pushed-in nose.[3] The Kennel Club (UK), the American Kennel Club (US), and the United Kennel Club (US) oversee breeding records. Bulldogs are popular pets; they were the fifth most popular purebreed in the US in 2017 according to the American Kennel Club.[4]

Bulldogs have a longstanding association with English culture, as the BBC wrote: "to many the Bulldog is a national icon, symbolising pluck and determination."[5] During World War II, Bulldogs were often likened to Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his defiance of Nazi Germany.[6] When the English settled in the Americas, their Bulldogs came with them. Dedicated bulldog fanciers formed The Bulldog Club (England) in 1878, and the Bulldog Club of America in 1890.

Appearance

Example of four-year-old Bulldog of champion bloodline, side view. Notice the "rope" over the nose, and pronounced underbite

Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders along with a pronounced mandibular prognathism. There are generally thick folds of skin on the brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a rope or nose roll above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and an underbite with an upturned jaw. The coat is short, flat, and sleek with colours of red, fawn, white, brindle, and piebald.[3]

In the United Kingdom, the breed standards are 55 lb (25 kg) for a male and 50 lb (23 kg) for a female.[7] In the United States, a typical mature male weighs 50 lb (23 kg), while mature females weigh about 40 lb (18 kg).[3] The Bulldog Club of America recommends the average weight of a bulldog to be 40–50 lb (18–23 kg).[citation needed]

Bulldogs are one of the few breeds whose tail is naturally short and either straight, screwed or thin and thus is not cut or docked as with some other breeds. A straight tail is a more desirable tail according to the breed standard set forth by the BCA if it is facing downward, not upwards.[citation needed]

Temperament

Six-month-old puppy from AKC Champion bloodlines

According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanor should be pacifist and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behavior".[8]

Wide stance

Breeders have worked to reduce/remove aggression from these dogs.[3] Most have a friendly, patient, but stubborn nature. Bulldogs are recognized as excellent family pets because of their tendency to form strong bonds with children.[3]

Generally, Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and other pets.[9]

History

Painting of a Bulldog from 1790 by English artist Philip Reinagle.
Painting of a Bulldog by Arthur Heyer (1872–1931).

The first reference to the word "Bulldog" is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp".[10] In 1666, English scientist Christopher Merret applied: "Canis pugnax, a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog", as an entry in his Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum.[11]

The designation "bull" was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of bull baiting. This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling. Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed the stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed as well as a ferocious and savage temperament. Bull-baiting was made illegal in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835.[12] This amended the existing legislation to protect animals from mistreatment and included (as "cattle") snakes, dogs, owls, and donkeys, so that bull and bear-baiting as well as cockfighting became prohibited. Therefore, the Old English Bulldog had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its active or "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as a part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor Richard Nicolls. Because cornering and leading wild bulls were dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck.[13] Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer Bill George.[14]

Female Bulldog

Despite slow maturation so that growing up is rarely achieved by two and a half years, Bulldogs' lives are relatively short. At five to six years of age they start to show signs of aging.

Though today Bulldogs look tough, he cannot perform the job he was originally created for as he cannot withstand the rigors of running and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle. Although not as physically capable as their ancestors, decreased levels of aggression associated with modern bulldogs have resulted in far calmer temperament while remaining physically capable guards and companions.[citation needed]

The oldest single breed specialty club is The Bulldog Club (England), which was formed in 1878. Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on Oxford Street in London. There they wrote the first standard of perfection for the breed. In 1894 the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dockleaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk 20 miles (32 km). King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter boned and very athletic. Dockleaf was smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry was declared the winner that year, finishing the 20-mile (32 km) walk while Dockleaf collapsed.[15] The Bulldog was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1886.[3]

At the turn of the 20th century, Ch. Rodney Stone became the first Bulldog to command a price of $5,000 when he was bought by controversial Irish American political figure Richard Croker.

Health

Bulldog puppy
White-red Bulldog

A 2004 UK survey of 180 Bulldog deaths puts the median age at death at 6 years 3 months. The leading cause of death of Bulldogs in the survey was cardiac related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%). Those that died of old age had an average lifespan of 10 to 11 years.[16] A 2013 UK vet clinic survey of 26 Bulldogs puts the median lifespan at 8.4 years with an interquartile range of 3.2–11.3 years.[17] The UK Bulldog Breed Council website lists the average life span of the breed as 8–10 years.[18]

Statistics from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by hip dysplasia, the highest amongst all breeds.[19] Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although only 22 Bulldogs were tested in the scheme.[20] Patellar luxation affects 6.2% of Bulldogs.[21]

Some individuals of this breed are prone to interdigital cysts—cysts that form between the toes. These cause the dog some discomfort, but are treatable either by vet or an experienced owner. They may also suffer from respiratory problems. Other problems can include cherry eye, a protrusion of the inner eyelid (which can be corrected by a veterinarian), allergies, and hip issues in older Bulldogs.

Bulldog about to sleep
Male bulldog in San Francisco

Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by Caesarean section[22] because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in the mother's birth canal. The folds, or "rope", on a Bulldog's face should be cleaned daily to avoid infections caused by moisture accumulation. Some Bulldogs' naturally curling tails can be so tight to the body as to require regular cleaning and ointment. Due to the high volume of skin folds on the Bulldog's body, they have high prevalence of skin-fold dermatitis.[23]

Like all dogs, Bulldogs require daily exercise. If not properly exercised it is possible for a Bulldog to become overweight, which could lead to heart and lung problems, as well as stress on the joints.[24]

Like all brachycephalic dogs, bully breeds often suffer from brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. The condition manifests in a variety of ways, often in the form of intolerance to heat and physical exertion. The English bulldog is among the breeds that are most severely affected by brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome.[25] Bulldogs have very small nasal cavities and this makes them have great difficulty keeping their bodies cool. Bulldogs are very sensitive to heat. Extra caution should be practiced in warmer climates and during summer months. Bulldogs must be given plenty of shade and water, and must be kept out of standing heat.[3] Air conditioning and good ventilation are required to keep them healthy and safe. Bulldogs actually do most of their sweating through the pads on their feet and accordingly enjoy cool floors. Like all brachycephalic, or "short faced", breeds, Bulldogs can easily become overheated and even die from hyperthermia.[3] Bulldog owners can keep these issues under control by staying aware and protecting their Bulldog(s) from these unsafe conditions. They can be heavy breathers and tend to be loud snorers; another indicator of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. In 2014 the Dutch Kennel Club implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1 km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate has to recover after 15 minutes.[26]

In January 2009, after the BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed, The Kennel Club introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, in order to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders.[27]

In 2019, the Dutch government forbade breeding of Bulldogs.[28]

As a mascot

"Venus", the Bulldog mascot of WWII Royal Navy destroyer HMS Vansittart
The original Handsome Dan, mascot of Yale University
Main article: List of bulldog mascots

The Bulldog is popularly used to represent England or the United Kingdom.[5] It has been associated with Winston Churchill's defiance of Nazi Germany.[6]

The Bulldog's reputation for being pugnacious and combative saw the 19th century scientist Thomas Henry Huxley given the nickname "Darwin's Bulldog" for his role as an outspoken defender and advocate for Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.[29]

The late English professional wrestler Davey Boy Smith was nicknamed "The British Bulldog",[30] and often brought a Bulldog named Matilda to the ring with him.[31]

A Bulldog is the official mascot of the United States Marine Corps, and many bases have their own mascot on base.

Mack Trucks use the bulldog as their hood emblem.

Thirty-nine American universities use a Bulldog as their mascot including Georgetown, Butler, CSU Fresno State,[32] Drake,[33] Gonzaga,[34] North Carolina A&T, Mississippi State,[35] Louisiana Tech, Yale,[36] The Citadel[37] South Carolina State,[38] Georgia,[39] University of Redlands, [40] and the University of Minnesota Duluth.

The Bulldog is an official mascot of the Croatian ultras group Bad Blue Boys, which supports the football club GNK Dinamo Zagreb.

The Australian Rugby League team Canterbury-Bankstown has a Bulldog as its emblem and mascot.

The Western Bulldogs Australian rules football club has a real-life bulldog mascot named Caesar.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Bulldog Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Bulldog Breed Information". Animal On Planet. Retrieved 16 January 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Get to Know the Bulldog", 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 29 May 2014
  4. ^ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends, The American Kennel Club, Retrieved 18 May 2016
  5. ^ a b "English Bulldog health problems prompt cross-breeding call". BBC. 12 December 2016.
  6. ^ a b Baker, Steve (2001). Picturing the Beast. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-252-07030-5.
  7. ^ "Bulldog breed standard". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  8. ^ American Kennel Club – Bulldog. Akc.org. Retrieved on 9 June 2012.
  9. ^ Ewing, Susan (2006). Bulldogs for dummies. Indiana: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7645-9979-8.
  10. ^ Jesse, George R. (1866). Researches into the history of the British Dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records: With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog, from the poets and prose writers of ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. With engravings designed and etched by the author. Rob. Hardwicke. p. 306.
  11. ^ Merret, Christopher (1666). Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia. p. 169.
  12. ^ Curnutt, Jordan (2001). Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 284.
  13. ^ Ellis, Edward Robb (2005). The Epic of New York City – A Narrative History. Basic Books, New York. ISBN 978-0-7867-1436-0
  14. ^ Oliff, D. B. (1988) The Mastiff and Bullmastiff Handbook, The Boswell Press ISBN 0-85115-485-9.
  15. ^ The sun., 11 September 1894, Page 4, Image 4
  16. ^ "2004 Purebred Dog Health Survey" (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  17. ^ O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England" (PDF). The Veterinary Journal. 198 (3): 638–43. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. PMID 24206631.
  18. ^ Frequently asked questions on The Bulldog, 'Britain's National Breed' Archived 18 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Bulldog Breed Council
  19. ^ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  20. ^ "British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia Scheme – Breed Mean Scores at 01/11/2009" (PDF). British Veterinary Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  21. ^ Patellar Luxation Statistics. offa.org
  22. ^ Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. PMID 20136998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2016.
  23. ^ Asher, Lucy; Diesel, Gillian; Summers, Jennifer F.; McGreevy, Paul D.; Collins, Lisa M. (December 2009). "Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 1: Disorders related to breed standards". The Veterinary Journal. 182 (3): 402–411. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.033. PMID 19836981.
  24. ^ Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (22 November 2011) Can the Bulldog be Saved? The New York Times.
  25. ^ "Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome and the English Bulldog". Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. The International Animal Welfare Science Society. 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  26. ^ "Convenant Bulldog, breeding rules" (PDF). Raad van Beheer (Dutch Kennel Club). Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  27. ^ Elliott, Valerie (14 January 2009). "Healthier new Bulldog will lose its Churchillian jowl". The Times. London. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  28. ^ "Dutch to crack down on breeding of dogs with too short snouts | Vet Times". vettimes.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  29. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2006
  30. ^ "Profile on Davey Boy Smith". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  31. ^ "British Bulldog". WWE.com. Retrieved 24 August 2015
  32. ^ "California State University, Fresno". gobulldogs.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015.
  33. ^ "Porterhouse, beloved Drake University bulldog mascot, dies at age of 8 - UPI.com". UPI.
  34. ^ "Spike the Bulldog".
  35. ^ "Mississippi State Traditions". HailState.com.
  36. ^ "Yale Bulldogs". prestosports.com.
  37. ^ Pace, Russ. "Corps of Cadets gets live bulldog mascot – The Citadel – Charleston, SC". citadel.edu.
  38. ^ "South Carolina State University". scsu.edu.
  39. ^ Janik, Kinga (6 July 2007). "Bulldogs Best at Bolstering School Spirit?". Georgetown Journalism. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  40. ^ "Mascot". www.redlands.edu. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  41. ^ Hail Caesar: a new king is crowned - westernbulldogs.com.au
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