List of animal names

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Drmargi (talk | contribs) at 03:55, 19 June 2020 (→‎Terms by species or taxon: As before). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

"Young animal" redirects here. For the manga magazine, see Young Animal (magazine). For DC Comics imprint, see DC's Young Animal. For names applied to people, see Animal epithet.
Mother sea-otter with sleeping pup, Morro Bay, California.

For many animals, particularly domesticated ones, there are specific names for males, females, young, and groups.

The best-known source of many English words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Juliana Berners.[1] Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]

Generic terms

The terms in this table apply to many or all taxa in a particular biological family, class, or clade.

Scientific term Young Female Male Collective noun Collateral adjective Trivial name
Aves chick hen cock flock avian bird
Bovinae calf cow (bred), heifer (not bred) bull (intact), ox or steer (castrated) herd, kine (archaic) bovine cattle; cows
Canidae puppy, pup,[5] cub, whelp bitch dog pack canine dog
Equidae colt (male), filly (female), foal jenny (asses), mare (other equids) jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse) herd equine horse
Felidae kitten (non-big cats, such as Felis, Lynx, Puma,[6] etc.), cub (big cats, Panthera, and also Puma) queen tom clowder (small cats), pride (big cats) feline cat
Suidae piglet sow boar drift or drove porcine pig
Procyonidae cub, kit sow boar gaze, smack, committee procyonine, nasuine, others Raccoon family of Carnivorans
Viverridae cub, kit sow boar gaze, smack, committee viverrine Civet family of Carnivorans
Mustelidae kit sow (large) or jill (small) Boar (large) or hob[7], jack (small) colony (large) or Business (small) musteline Ferret family of Carnivorans (large = badgers & wolverines; small = weasels & ferrets)
Leporidae nestling jill jack nest or band leporine rabbits & hares
Osteichthyes fry, fingerling ? ? school, shoal piscine, ichthyic bony fish

Terms by species or taxon

Animal Young Female Male Collective noun Collateral adjective Culinary noun for meat
A
Aardvark cub sow boar — orycteropodian
Albatross chick — — flock[8]
rookery[9]
gam (when searching for mates)[10]		 diomedeid
Alligator hatchling cow bull congregation[11] eusuchian
Alpaca[12] cria hembra macho herd camelid
Ant larva
pupa		 queen (fertile)
worker
soldier		 drone army[13]
bike[13]
colony[13][14]
nest[11]
swarm[13]		 formic
myrmicine
Anteater pup sow boar — ?
Antelope calf[15] doe buck herd[13][16]
cluster[13][16]
tribe[13][16]		 alcelaphine
bubaline
antilopine
Ape baby
child
infant		 — — group
family
band
shrewdness[2][11][16][17]
troop[11][13][16]
 simian
Armadillo pup
baby		 sow boar — cingulatan
Ass/donkey foal jenny jack herd[13]
coffle[13][16]
drove[11][13][16]
pace[13][14][16]		 asinine
B
Baboon infant babuina[18] ? flange[19][note 1]
congress[2][11][19]
troop		 ?
Badger cub
kit		 sow boar cete[2][11][14][19]
colony[19]
 musteline
Barracuda — — — school[20] percesocine
Bat pup — — cloud[19][21]
colony[14][19]
flock[22]		 pteropine
noctillionine
Bear (list) cub[23] sow
she-bear		 boar sleuth[11][14][19]
sloth[11][14][19]		 ursine
Beaver kit
kitten
pup		 — — family[11]
colony[11][19]		 castoridine
Bee larva
pupa		 queen
worker [note 2]		 drone cast (a second swarm)[19]
cluster (of workers around the queen)[19]
colony[19]
drift[2][19]
erst[2][19]
grist[11][19]
hive[2][11][19]
nest[11]
rabble[19]
stand[19]
swarm[2][11][19]		 apic
apian
apiarian
Binturong cub ? ? ? ?
Bird (list)
Also see Aves		 chick hen cock flock[2]
flight[2]
pod[2]		 avian
Bison calf cow bull herd bovine
bubaline
Bluebird ? ? ? ? ?
Boar (wild pig)
Also see Pig		 piglet
farrow
shoat/shote (just weaned)
 sow ? herd[19][24]
singular[11][24]

Groups of 12 or more
sounder[11][24]		 ?
Bobcat bobkitten ? ? ? feline
Buffalo calf cow, heifer bull herd[11][14][19]
troop[11]
gang[11][14][19]
obstinancy[11][14][19]		 bovine
Butterfly caterpillar
larva
pupa
chrysalis		 ? ? flight[19]
flutter[11][25]
rabble[19]
swarm[26]		 pieridine
pierine
lepidopteran
C
Camel calf cow bull caravan[11]
flock[11]
herd
train[11]		 camelid
cameline
Capybara pup ? ? ? ?
Caracal kitten ? ? ? feline
Caribou calf doe buck herd rangiferine
Cassowary hatchling
chick		 ? ? — ratite
Cat (list) kitten
kit		 molly
queen
pussy		 tom
king
gib (castrated male)[27]		 clowder[2][11]
cluster[11]
clutter[28]
glaring[2][11]
pounce[11]
kindle (kittens)[29]
litter (kittens)
pillow (kittens)
 feline
Caterpillar ? ? ? army[11][30] ?
Cattle[note 3] (list) calf[31] cow[32] bull herd[11]
drove[11]
yoke (oxen)
team (oxen)		 bovine[note 4]
taurine (male)
vaccine (female)
vituline (young)		 beef
veal
Chameleon ? ? ? ?
Chamois calf doe bull herd rupicaprine
Cheetah cub she-cheetah cheetah coalition (male)[33] feline
Chicken (list) chick hen
pullet		 rooster
cock
cockerel
capon (castrated male)		 flock
brood[11]
peep (chicks)[11]
clutch (eggs)		 galline poultry
Chimpanzee infant empress emperor
blackback		 troop
tribe		 panine
Chinchilla kit velvet
sow		 boar
bull		 ? chinchilline
Chough chick ? ? chattering[2][17][34]
clattering[2][17][35]		 corvine
Coati pup
kit		 sow boar troop nasuine
Cobra ? ? ? quiver[36] elapid
Cockroach nymph ? ? intrusion[36] blattid
Cod codling ? ? school
 gadoid
gadine
Cormorant chick
shaglet		 ? ? gulp[11][14][36]
flight		 ?
Cougar cub
kitten		 she-cougar ? ? feline
Coyote pup
puppy
cub
whelp		 bitch dog pack canine
Crab zoea hen
jenny		 cock
jimmy		 ? cancrine
Crane chick
colt[37]		 ? ? herd[38][39][40]
sedge[14]
sege[41]
siege[42]		 alectorine
Cricket nymph ? ? ? ?
Crocodile hatchling cow bull bask[11]
congregation
float[11]		 crocodilian
Crow ? ? ? murder[2][11] corvine
Cuckoo ? ? ? ? ?
Curlew ? ? ? herd[2][17] ?
D
Deer calf[15]
fawn		 doe
hind
cow[15]		 buck
stag
bull[15]
hart (red deer)		 bunch[43]
herd[43]
mob[43]
rangale[43]		 cervine
elaphine		 venison
humble (organ meat)
Dhole pup ? ? pack ?
Dingo pup ? ? pack ?
Dinosaur (list) hatchling
juvenile
calf (herbivores)
chick (carnivores)		 cow (herbivores)
doe (carnivores)		 bull (herbivores)
buck (carnivores)		 herd (herbivores)
pack (carnivores)		 dinosaurian
Dog (list) pup[5]
puppy
whelp[44]		 bitch
 dog
stud
sire		 pack (wild)[14][43]
kennel[43]
mute[14]
litter (young)[45]
cowardice (curs)[14][46]
comedy (boxers)[47][48]
cry (hounds)[49]		 canine
Dogfish
Also see Shark		 ? ? ? troop[43] selachian
squaloid		 Spiny dogfish
capeshark (USA)
flake (UK, AUS)
huss (UK)
kahada (CAN)[50]
rigg (UK)
rock salmon (UK)
Dolphin calf
pup		 cow bull school[43]
pod[51][52]
herd
team[43]		 delphine
Donkey (list)- See Ass
Dove chick hen cock arc[11]
cote
dole[2][43]
dule[11][43]
flight[2][11][43]
piteousness[2][43]
pitying[11]		 columbine
Dragonfly nymph queen king
drake		 cluster
flight		 anisopteran
Duck (list)
Also see Mallard		 duckling duck
hen		 drake
cock		 On land
flock
herd
badling[14]
brace[14]
safe[2]
sord[43]
sore[43]
waddling[43]

On water
bunch[2][43]
paddling[2][43]
raft[2][43]

In flight
skein[43]
string[43]
team[14][43]		 anatine
fuliguline		 poultry
Dugong calf cow bull herd dugongine
Dunlin chick ? ? fling[2] ?
E
Eagle eaglet
fledgling		 — — convocation[11][14] aquiline
Echidna puggle
(in common use, but not scientifically endorsed)		 ? ? — tachyglossine
Eel leptocephalus (larva)
elver (juvenile)		 — — bed[11]
swarm[11]
 anguilline
Eland calf cow bull herd ?
Elephant calf[31] cow[32] bull[53] herd
memory[11]		 elephantine
proboscine
proboscidean
Elephant seal calf cow bull herd
pack
 miroungan
Elk (wapiti) calf[15] cow[15] bull[15] gang[11]
herd[11]		 cervine venison
Emu chick
hatchling		 ? ? mob[11] ?
F
Falcon eyass/eyas falcon tiercel
tercel
terzel		 ? acciptrine
Ferret kit jill hob busyness[17]
business[11][14]		 musteline
Finch chick hen cock charm[14] fringilline
Fish (list) fry
fingerling		 ? ? school[3] piscine
Flamingo chick ? ? flamboyance[54] phoenicopterine
Fly maggot ? ? business[11]
cloud[11]
swarm[11]		 dipterous
Fox cub[23]
kit
pup[5]		 vixen tod
dog
reynard		 leash[11][14]
skulk[11][14]		 vulpine
Frog polliwog
tadpole
froglet		 ? ? army[14] ranine
G
Gaur calf cow bull herd bovine
gaurine		 garabeef
Gazelle calf[15] cow[15] bull[15] herd gazelline
Gecko hatchling dam (herpetoculture) sire (herpetoculture) ? ?
Gerbil pup doe buck horde cricetine
Giant panda cub sow boar sleuth[55] embarrassment [56] ailuropodine
Giraffe calf cow bull herd
corps[57]
tower[57][58]		 giraffine
Gnat larva ? ? cloud[11][14][57]
horde[11][14][57]
rabble[57]
swarm[11][57]		 ?
Gnu calf cow bull herd
implausibility[59]		 ?
Goat (list) kid nanny
doe
doeling		 billy
buck
buckling
wether (castrated)		 herd
flock[57]
tribe[57]
trip[57]
trippe[57]		 caprine chevon
cabrito
mutton
Goldfinch ? ? ? charm[57] cardueline
Goosander ? ? ? dopping[57] ?
Goose gosling goose gander On land
flock
gaggle[14][57]
plump[57]

In flight
skein[2][14][57]
team[2][57]
wedge[2][57]
chevron[citation needed] 		anatine
anserine		 poultry
Gorilla infant — blackback silverback
 band[11][14][57]
troop[11]
whoop[57]		 simian
Goshawk ? ? ? flight[17][57] ?
Grasshopper nymph ? ? cloud[57]
swarm[57]		 caeliferian
Grouse ? ? ? covey[57]
pack[57]		 tetraonine
Guanaco chulengo[60] ? ? herd camelid
Guinea fowl keet hen cock rasp[61]
flock[62]		 numidine poultry
Guinea pig pup sow boar herd ? cuy
Gull chick
 hen cock colony
flock		 larine
H
Hamster pup doe buck horde cricetid
Hare leveret doe
jill		 buck
jack		 band
down[63]
drove[63]
flick[63]
husk[63]		 leverine[citation needed]
leporine
Hawk eyas hen tiercel cast[64][note 5]
aerie[64][note 6]
staff[64][note 7]
leash[64][note 8]
flight[64][note 9]
flock[64]

Migrating in large groups
kettle[11][64]
boil[14][64]
cauldron[64]		 accipitrine
Hedgehog hoglet
piglet
pup		 sow boar array[63] erinaceine
Hermit crab zoea ? ? ? paguroid
Heron chick hen cock flight[63]
sedge[11][14][63]
sege[41][63]
siege[11][14][42][63]		 ardeidine
Herring ? ? ? army[14][63]
glean[63]
shoal[63]		 clupeidean
Hippopotamus calf cow bull sea[11][14][63]
herd[63]
thunder[36]		 hippopotamine
Hoatzin chick ? ? ? ?
Hoopoe chick ? ? ? ?
Hornet larvae
pupae		 queen drone bike[63]
nest[14]
swarm		 vespine
Horse (list) foal
colt (male)
filly (female)
gelding (castrated male)		 mare
dam		 stallion
stud		 stable[11]
stud[14]
harras[14]
herd (wild horses)[11]
band (wild horses)[11]
team (work horses)[11][14]
rag (colts)[14]
string (ponies)[14]
field (racehorses)		 equine
Human baby
child
infant
girl (female)
boy (male)		 woman
lady (colloquial)		 man
gentleman (colloquial)		 group
family
band
crowd
clan
tribe
horde		 human
simian
Hummingbird chick hen cock ? trochiline
trochilidine
Hyena cub
pup
whelp		 bitch dog cackle[11][14]
clan		 hyenine
I
Ibex kid nanny billy herd[65] caprine
Ibis chick ? ? ? threskiornithine
Iguana hatchling cow bull ? ?
Impala calf ewe ram herd ?
J
Jackal pup ? ? pack ?
Jaguar cub ? ? prowl[66]
leap[66]		 ?
Jay chick hen cock band[11]
party[14]
scold[14]		 corvine
Jellyfish planula
polyp
ephyra[67]		 bloom
brood[11]
fluther[2]
smack[2][14]
smuth[9]		 scyphozoan
Jerboa ? ? ? ? dipodine
K
Kangaroo joey flyer
doe
jill
roo		 boomer
buck
jack		 court
herd
troop[14]
mob[68]		 macropodine
Kingfisher chick ? ? ? alcedine
Kinkajou pup
kit		 sow boar troop
convergence		 potosine
Koala joey doe buck ? phascolarctine
Komodo dragon hatchling
chick
calf		 cow
hen		 bull
cock		 ? varanine
Kookaburra chick ? ? ? ?
Kouprey calf cow bull herd sauveline
bovine
Kudu calf cow bull herd tragelaphine
L
Lapwing chick ? ? deceit[14][17]
desert[2]		 vanelline
Lark chick hen cock exaltation[2][17] alaudine
Lemur infant ? ? conspiracy[69]
 lemurine
Leopard cub leopardess leopard leap[2][11][14]
lepe[2]		 pardine
Lion cub[23] lioness lion pride[70][71][39]
sawt[39][72]		 leonine
Lizard hatchling ? ? ? ?
Llama cria hembra macho herd
flock		 camelid
Lobster ? hen[3] cock[3] risk homarine
Locust (list) nymph — — cloud
host
swarm		 caelifera
Loris infant colony[73] lorisine[74]
Louse nymph — — colony
 pediculine
Lynx kitten ? ? ? feline
Lyrebird chick hen cock musket[75] menurine
M
Macaque infant ? ? ? simian
Macaw hatchling ? ? ? ?
Magpie chick hen cock flock garruline
Mallard
Also see Duck		 duckling hen greenhead[76] sord[2]
suit[2]		 anatine poultry
Mammoth calf cow bull herd
pack		 mammutine
Manatee calf cow bull herd manatine
sirenian
Mandrill infant — — horde simian
Marmoset infant ? ? ? simian
Marmot ? ? ? ? ?
Meerkat meerkitten — — Conspiracy herpestine
Mink cub
kit		 sow boar ? musteline
Mole pup sow boar ? talpine
Mongoose pup ? ? troop
committee
delegation		 herpestine
Monkey infant — — troop[2] simian
Moose calf[15] cow[15] bull[15][53] herd cervine venison
Mosquito nymph
wriggler
tumbler		 — — swarm
cloud		 aedine
anopheline
Mouse kitten
pup

As pet food
pinky/fuzzy/crawler/hopper[77]		 doe buck colony
nest		 murine
Myna ? ? ? ? ?
N
Narwhal calf ? ? ? ?
Newt eft[78] ? ? ? pleurodeline
Nightingale chick hen cock watch[38][39][40] philomelian
Nine-banded armadillo ? ? ? ? ?
O
Octopus fry hen[79] ? consortium[80] octopodine
Okapi calf cow bull herd okapine
Opossum joey jill jack passel[81] didelphine
Orangutan baby
child
infant		 ? ? family
troop
band		 simian
Oryx (gemsbok) calf ? ? herd ?
Ostrich hatchling
chick		 hen cock flock
troop		 ratite
struthious
Otter pup
whelp		 sow boar romp musteline
lutrine
Owl fledgling
owlet		 ? ? parliament[11] strigine
Oyster spat ? ? bed[11] ostracine
P
Panther cub pantheress panther ? pantherine
Parrot chick hen cock flock psittacine
Panda- See Giant panda
Partridge chick hen
chantelle		 cock ? perdicine
Peafowl chick
peachick		 peahen peacock ? pavonine poultry
Penguin chick
nestling		 ? ? waddle (on land)[82][83]
raft (in water)[82]
rookery[82]
colony[82]
huddle[82]
tuxedo[9] 		spheniscine
Pheasant chick hen cock flock
bouquet[11][14]
nest[14]
nide[14]
nye[11][14]		 phasianine
Pig (list)
Also see Boar		 piglet
farrow
shoat/shote (just weaned)		 sow (bred),
gilt (not bred)[84]		 boar
hog, barrow (castrated)[85] [86]		 drift[11][14][87]
drove[11][14]
litter (piglets)		 porcine
suilline		 pork
ham
bacon
Pigeon (list) squab
squeaker		 hen cock flock
flight[88]
kit[88]		 pullastrine squab
Pika ? ? ? ? ?
Polar bear cub sow boar aurora[89]
celebration[89]
pack[89]
 ursine
Pony- See Horse
Porcupine pup sow boar prickle[88] hystricine
Porpoise calf cow bull pod
school
shoal		 phocoenine
Prairie dog pup sow boar town cynomurine
Pug pup bitch dog
stud
sire		 grumble[90] ?
Q
Quail chick hen cock bevy[70][71][38][39][40] galliformine
Quelea chick hen cock flock
 queline
Quetzal nestling ? ? flock trogonine
R
Rabbit (list) bunny
kit
kitten
nestling		 doe
jill		 buck
jack

yoyo

nest[71]
litter (young)
warren
wrack (young)		 leporine
Raccoon cub
kit		 sow boar gaze[70]
nursery
committee
smack
brace
troop		 procyonine
Ram
Also see Sheep		 lamb ewe ram flock arietine
ovine		 lamb
mutton
Rat (list) kitten[citation needed]
pup		 doe buck colony
horde
mischief[91][92] 		murine
Raven chick hen cock unkindness[38][39][93] corvine
Red deer calf hind stag
hart		 herd ? venison
Red panda cub sow boar pack ailurid
Reindeer (caribou) calf cow bull herd rangiferine
Rhea chick ? ? ? ?
Rhinoceros calf cow bull herd
crash[94]		 ceratorhine
Rook ? ? ? building[2]
parliament[2][95]		 ?
S
Salamander larva ? ? maelstrom caudatan
salamandrine
Salmon parr[96] hen cock ? salmonine
Sand dollar larva pluteus (free swimming stage)
juvenile (young urchin)		 ? ? ? clypeasteroid
Sandpiper ? ? ? fling[97] scolopacine
Sardine ? ? ? family [97] ?
Sea lion pup
calf		 cow bull ? otarine
Seahorse seafoal seamare seastallion shoal hippocampal
Seal pup[5] cow bull herd[97]
pod[97]
rookery[97]		 phoca
Shark cub[23]
pup[98]		 ? bull shiver [56] selachian
squaloid		 flake (AUS)
Sheep (list)
Also see Ram		 lamb
lambkin
cosset		 ewe
dam		 ram
buck
wether (castrated)		 flock[70][71]
fold[99]
herd		 ovine lamb
mutton
hogget
Shrew shrewlet sow boar colony
drove		 soricine
Siamang ? ? ? ? ?
Skunk kit sow boar[3] surfeit mephitine
Sloth kitten
pup
baby		 sow boar — xenarthran (broader group)
Snail ? — — escargatoire[97][100]
rout[97][101]
walk[97]		 gastropodian escargot
Snake  (list) snakelet
hatchling (newly hatched)
neonate (newborn)		 — — nest[71]
ball
slither		 anguine
elapine
serpentine
viperine
ophidian
Spider  (list) spiderling ? ? cluster[97]
clutter[97]		 arachnine
arachnoid
Squid fry shoal Teuthidane
Squirrel pup
kit
kitten		 doe buck scurry[36]
dray[88]		 sciurine
Starling ? ? ? chattering[11][34]
murmuration[2][11][14][17]		 sturnine
Stegosaurus ? ? ? handful[102]
Swan cygnet
flapper		 pen cob flock
lamentation		 cygnine
T
Tamarin ? ? ? ? simian
Tapir calf cow bull herd tapirine
Tarsier
tarsiine
Termite larva ? ? colony
nest
swarm		 isopteran
Tiger cub[23]
whelp		 tigress tiger ambush[11]
streak[36]		 tigrine
Toad tadpole
toadlet		 — — knot[11][14] ranine
batrachian
Toucan chick ? ? ? ?
Turaco ? ? ? ? ?
Turkey (list) poult hen gobbler
stag
tom
jake (immature)		 rafter[103][104] ? poultry
Turtle hatchling — — bale[105] chelonian
U
Umbrellabird chick ? ? ? ?
V
Vicuña calf cow bull posse
herd		 camelid
Vinegaroon ? ? ? ? ?
Viper hatchling ? ? ? viperine
Vulture chick ? ? ? ?
W
Wallaby joey jill jack mob ?
Walrus calf cow bull herd[71]
pod[71]		 odobenine
Wasp larva queen
worker		 drone swarm
hive
colony
nest		 vespine
Water buffalo calf cow bull ? ? carabeef
Waxwing ? ? ? ? ?
Weasel pup
kit		 bitch
doe
jill		 buck
dog
hub
jack		 gang[16]
sneak[16]		 musteline
Whale calf[31] cow[32] bull pod[70][71]
school		 cetacean
cetaceous		 blubber
Wobbegong ? ? ? ? ?
Wolf pup[5]
puppy
cub
whelp		 bitch
she-wolf		 dog pack[70][71] lupine
canine
Wolverine kit
whelp		 angeline wolverine pack
 musteline
Wombat joey jill jack wisdom[106] ?
Woodpecker chick ? ? ? ?
Worm ? ? ? ? caecilian
Wren chick cow bull ? troglodytine
X
X-ray tetra
Y
Yak calf cow bull herd ?
Z
Zebra colt
foal		 mare stallion herd[11][107]
cohort[107]
dazzle [108]
zeal[11][107]		 zebrine
hippotigrine

Usage of collective nouns

Merriam-Webster writes that most terms of venery fell out of use in the 16th century, including a "murder" for crows. It goes on to say that some of the terms in The Book of Saint Albans were "rather fanciful", explaining that the book extended collective nouns to people of specific professions, such as a "poverty" of pipers. It concludes that for lexicographers, many of these don't satisfy criteria for entry by being "used consistently in running prose" without meriting explanation. Some terms that were listed as commonly used were "herd", "flock", "school", and "swarm".[109]

Writing for Audubon, Nicholas Lund says that many such terms are not used in actuality. When he interviewed scientists who specialize in studying specific animals, they had not heard of these terms, such as a "bask" of crocodiles or "wisdom" of wombats, being applied in their fields. Lund noted that the common plural nouns for animals were "flock" for birds and "herd" for cows, conceding that for certain animals in small groups, there was currency in usage such as a "pod" of whales or "gaggle" of geese.[110]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The term "flange" was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
  2. ^ A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
  3. ^ Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States, or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
  4. ^ Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
  5. ^ The term "cast" is a classic 15th-century term of venery Archived 2014-05-07 at the Wayback Machine that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  6. ^ The term "aerie" is a classic 15th-century term of venery Archived 2014-05-07 at the Wayback Machine that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. "Aerie" also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  7. ^ The term "staff" is a classic 15th-century term of venery Archived 2014-05-07 at the Wayback Machine that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  8. ^ The term "leash" is a classic 15th-century term of venery Archived 2014-05-07 at the Wayback Machine that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but in modern usage does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint. Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  9. ^ The term "flight" is a classic 15th-century term of venery Archived 2014-05-07 at the Wayback Machine that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks. Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.

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Further reading

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