Boiling points of the elements (data page)

Boiling point

In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content.

1 H hydrogen (H₂)
use	20.271 K	−252.879 °C	−423.182 °F
WebEl	20.28 K	−252.87 °C	−423.17 °F
CRC		−252.879 °C
Lange		−252.88 °C
Zhang et al.	21.15 K	-252 °C
2 He helium
use	4.222 K	−268.928 °C	−452.07 °F
WebEl	4.22 K	−268.93 °C	−452.07 °F
CRC		−268.928 °C
Lange		−268.935 °C
Zhang et al.	4.15 K	-269 °C
3 Li lithium
use	1603 K	1330 °C	2426 °F
WebEl	1615 K	1342 °C	2448 °F
CRC		1342 °C
Lange		1330 °C
Zhang et al.	1603 K	1330 °C
4 Be beryllium
use	2742 K	2469 °C	4476 °F
WebEl	2742 K	2469 °C	4476 °F
CRC	3243 K
Lange		2467 °C
Zhang et al.	3243 K	2970 °C	5378 °F
5 B boron
use	4200 K	3927 °C	7101 °F
WebEl	4200 K	3927 °C	7101 °F
CRC		4000 °C
Lange		3864 °C
Zhang et al.	4203 K	3930 °C
6 C carbon (graphite)
use
WebEl	? (4300 K)	? (4027 °C)	? (7281 °F)
CRC		subl. 3825 °C
Lange		subl. (3915–4020) °C
Zhang et al.	5103 K	4830 °C
6 C carbon (diamond)
use	4300 K	4027 °C	7281 °F
WebEl	? (4300 K)	? (4027 °C)	? (7281 °F)
Lange		3930 °C
7 N nitrogen (N₂)
use	77.355 K	−195.795 °C	−320.431 °F
WebEl	77.36 K	−195.79 °C	−320.42 °F
CRC		−195.795 °C
Lange		−195.79 °C
Zhang et al.	77.15 K	-196 °C
8 O oxygen (O₂)
use	90.188 K	−182.962 °C	−297.332 °F
WebEl	90.2 K	−182.9 °C	−297.2 °F
CRC		−182.962 °C
Lange		−182.96 °C
Zhang et al.	90.15 K	-183 °C
9 F fluorine (F₂)
use	85.04 K	−188.11 °C	−306.60 °F
WebEl	85.03 K	−188.12 °C	−306.62 °F
CRC		−188.11 °C
Lange		−188.13 °C
Zhang et al.	85.15 K	-188 °C
10 Ne neon
use	27.104 K	−246.046 °C	−410.883 °F
WebEl	27.07 K	−246.08 °C	−410.94 °F
CRC		−246.046 °C
Lange		−246.05 °C
Zhang et al.	27.15 K	-246 °C
11 Na sodium
use	1156.090 K	882.940 °C	1621.292 °F
WebEl	1156 K	883 °C	1621 °F
CRC		882.940 °C
Lange		881.4 °C
Zhang et al.	1163 K	890 °C
12 Mg magnesium
use	1363 K	1090 °C	1994 °F
WebEl	1363 K	1090 °C	1994 °F
CRC		1090 °C
Lange		1100 °C
Zhang et al.	1383 K	1110 °C
13 Al aluminium
use	2743 K	2470 °C	4478 °F
WebEl	2792 K	2519 °C	4566 °F
CRC		2519 °C
Lange		2518 °C
Zhang et al.	2743 K	2470 °C	4478 °F
14 Si silicon
use	3538 K	3265 °C	5909 °F
WebEl	3173 K	2900 °C	5252 °F
CRC		3265 °C
Lange		3265 °C
Zhang et al.	3533 K	3260 °C
15 P phosphorus (white)
use	550 K	277 °C	531 °F
WebEl	550 K	277 °C	531 °F
CRC		280.5 °C
Lange		280.3 °C
Zhang et al.	553.2 K	280 °C
15 P phosphorus (red)
use	subl. 704 K	subl. 431 °C	subl. 808 °F
CRC		subl. 431 °C
Lange		subl. 416 °C
16 S sulfur (orthorhombic, alpha)
use	717.8 K	444.6 °C	832.3 °F
WebEl	? (717.87 K)	? (444.72 °C)	? (832.5 °F)
CRC		444.60 °C
Lange		444.6 °C
Zhang et al.	718.2 K	445 °C
16 S sulfur (monoclinic, beta)
use	717.8 K	444.6 °C	832.3 °F
WebEl	? (717.87 K)	? (444.72 °C)	? (832.5 °F)
CRC		444.60 °C
Lange		444.6 °C
16 S sulfur (gamma)
use	717.87 K	444.72 °C	832.5 °F
WebEl	? (717.87 K)	? (444.72 °C)	? (832.5 °F)
Lange		444.72 °C
17 Cl chlorine (Cl₂)
use	239.11 K	−34.04 °C	−29.27 °F
WebEl	239.11 K	−34.04 °C	−29.27 °F
CRC		−34.04 °C
Lange		−34.04 °C
Zhang et al.	238.5 K	-34.7 °C
18 Ar argon
use	87.302 K	−185.848 °C	−302.526 °F
WebEl	87.3 K	−185.8 °C	−302.4 °F
CRC		−185.848 °C
Lange		−185.87 °C
Zhang et al.	87.15 K	−186 °C
19 K potassium
use	1032 K	759 °C	1398 °F
WebEl	1032 K	759 °C	1398 °F
CRC		759 °C
Lange		759 °C
Zhang et al.	1047 K	774 °C	1425 °F
20 Ca calcium
use	1757 K	1484 °C	2703 °F
WebEl	1757 K	1484 °C	2703 °F
CRC		1484 °C
Lange		1484 °C
Zhang et al.	1760 K	1487 °C
21 Sc scandium
use	3109 K	2836 °C	5136 °F
WebEl	3103 K	2830 °C	5126 °F
CRC		2836 °C
Lange		2836 °C
Zhang et al.	3003 K	2730 °C
22 Ti titanium (hexagonal)
use	3560 K	3287 °C	5949 °F
WebEl	3560 K	3287 °C	5949 °F
CRC		3287 °C
Lange		3287 °C
Zhang et al.	3533 K	3260 °C
23 V vanadium
use	3680 K	3407 °C	6165 °F
WebEl	3680 K	3407 °C	6165 °F
CRC		3407 °C
Lange		3421 °C
Zhang et al.	3680 K	3407 °C
24 Cr chromium
use	2755 K	2482 °C	4499 °F
Zhang et al.	2755 K	2482 °C	4499 °F
WebEl	2944 K	2671 °C	4840 °F
CRC		2671 °C
Lange		2679 °C
Zhang et al.	2755 K	2482 °C
25 Mn manganese
use	2334 K	2061 °C	3742 °F
WebEl	2334 K	2061 °C	3742 °F
CRC		2061 °C
Lange		2095 °C
Zhang et al.	2373 K	2100 °C
26 Fe iron
use	3134 K	2861 °C	5182 °F
WebEl	3134 K	2861 °C	5182 °F
CRC		2861 °C
Lange		2861 °C
Zhang et al.	3273 K	3000 °C
27 Co cobalt
use	3200 K	2927 °C	5301 °F
WebEl	3200 K	2927 °C	5301 °F
CRC		2927 °C
Lange		2927 °C
Zhang et al.	3173 K	2900 °C
28 Ni nickel
use	3003 K	2730 °C	4946 °F
WebEl	3186 K	2913 °C	5275 °F
CRC		2913 °C
Lange		2884 °C
Zhang et al.	3003 K	2730 °C	4946 °F
29 Cu copper
use	2835 K	2562 °C	4643 °F
WebEl	3200 K	2927 °C	5301 °F
CRC		2562 °C
Lange		2561.5 °C
Zhang et al.	2868 K	2595 °C
30 Zn zinc
use	1180 K	907 °C	1665 °F
WebEl	1180 K	907 °C	1665 °F
CRC		907 °C
Lange		907 °C
Zhang et al.	1180 K	907 °C
31 Ga gallium
use	2673 K	2400 °C	4352 °F
WebEl	2477 K	2204 °C	3999 °F
CRC		2204 °C
Lange		2203 °C
Zhang et al.	2673 K	2400 °C	4352 °F
32 Ge germanium
use	3106 K	2833 °C	5131 °F
WebEl	3093 K	2820 °C	5108 °F
CRC		2833 °C
Lange		2830 °C
Zhang et al.	3103 K	2830 °C
33 As arsenic (gray)
use	887 K	subl. 614 °C	1137 °F
WebEl	887 K	614 °C	1137 °F
CRC		subl. 603 °C
Lange		subl. 615 °C
Zhang et al.	886.2 K	613 °C
34 Se selenium (hexagonal, gray)
use	958 K	685 °C	1265 °F
WebEl	958 K	685 °C	1265 °F
CRC		685 °C
Lange		685 °C
Zhang et al.	958.2 K	685 °C
35 Br bromine (Br₂)
use	332.0 K	58.8 °C	137.8 °F
WebEl	332 K	59 °C	138 °F
CRC		58.8 °C
Lange		58.8 °C
Zhang et al.	331.7 K	58.5 °C
36 Kr krypton
use	119.735 K	−153.415 °C	−244.147 °F
WebEl	119.93 K	−153.22 °C	−243.8 °F
CRC		−153.415 °C
Lange		−153.22 °C
Zhang et al.	121.2 K	-152 °C
37 Rb rubidium
use	961 K	688 °C	1270 °F
WebEl	961 K	688 °C	1270 °F
CRC		688 °C
Lange		691 °C
Zhang et al.	961.2 K	688 °C
38 Sr strontium
use	1650 K	1382 °C	2511 °F
WebEl	1655 K	1382 °C	2520 °F
CRC		1377 °C
Lange		1366 °C
Zhang et al.	1653 K	1380 °C
39 Y yttrium
use	3203 K	2930 °C	5306 °F
WebEl	3609 K	3336 °C	6037 °F
CRC		3345 °C
Lange		3345 °C
Zhang et al.	3203 K	2930 °C	5306 °F
40 Zr zirconium
use	4650 K	4377 °C	7911 °F
WebEl	4682 K	4409 °C	7968 °F
CRC		4409 °C
Lange		3577 °C
Zhang et al.	4650 K	4377 °C	7911 °F
41 Nb niobium
use	5017 K	4744 °C	8571 °F
WebEl	5017 K	4744 °C	8571 °F
CRC		4744 °C
Lange		4860 °C
Zhang et al.	5017 K	4744 °C
42 Mo molybdenum
use	4912 K	4639 °C	8382 °F
WebEl	4912 K	4639 °C	8382 °F
CRC		4639 °C
Lange		4825 °C
Zhang et al.	4885 K	4612 °C
43 Tc technetium (Tc-98 ?)
use	4538 K	4265 °C	7709 °F
WebEl	4538 K	4265 °C	7709 °F
CRC		4265 °C
Lange		(Tc-98) 4265 °C
est. 5200 K; Schwochau, Klaus, Technetium, Wiley-VCH (2000), ISBN 3-527-29496-1
44 Ru ruthenium
use	4423 K	4150 °C	7502 °F
WebEl	4423 K	4150 °C	7502 °F
CRC		4150 °C
Lange		4150 °C
Zhang et al.	4423 K	4150 °C
45 Rh rhodium
use	3968 K	3695 °C	6683 °F
WebEl	3968 K	3695 °C	6683 °F
CRC		3695 °C
Lange		3727 °C
Zhang et al.	4000 K	3727 °C
46 Pd palladium
use	3236 K	2963 °C	5365 °F
WebEl	3236 K	2963 °C	5365 °F
CRC		2963 °C
Lange		3167 °C
Zhang et al.	3233 K	2960 °C
47 Ag silver
use	2483 K	2210 °C	4010 °F
WebEl	2435 K	2162 °C	3924 °F
CRC		2162 °C
Lange		2164 °C
Zhang et al.	2483 K	2210 °C	4010 °F
48 Cd cadmium
use	1040 K	767 °C	1413 °F
WebEl	1040 K	767 °C	1413 °F
CRC		767 °C
Lange		765 °C
Zhang et al.	1038 K	765 °C
49 In indium
use	2345 K	2072 °C	3762 °F
WebEl	2345 K	2072 °C	3762 °F
CRC		2072 °C
Lange		2072 °C
Zhang et al.	2273 K	2000 °C
50 Sn tin (white)
use	2875 K	2602 °C	4716 °F
WebEl	2875 K	2602 °C	4716 °F
CRC		2602 °C
Lange		2602 °C
Zhang et al.	2893 K	2620 °C
51 Sb antimony
use	1908 K	1635 °C	2975 °F
WebEl	1860 K	1587 °C	2889 °F
CRC		1587 °C
Lange		1587 °C
Zhang et al.	1908 K	1635 °C
52 Te tellurium
use	1261 K	988 °C	1810 °F
WebEl	1261 K	988 °C	1810 °F
CRC		988 °C
Lange		989.9 °C
Zhang et al.	1263 K	990 °C
53 I iodine (I₂)
use	457.4 K	184.3 °C	363.7 °F
WebEl	457.4 K	184.3 °C	363.7 °F
CRC		184.4 °C
Lange		185.24 °C
Zhang et al.	457.2 K	184 °C
54 Xe xenon
use	165.051 K	−108.099 °C	−162.578 °F
WebEl	165.1 K	−108 °C	−162 °F
CRC		−108.099 °C
Lange		−108.04 °C
Zhang et al.	165.2 K	-108 °C
55 Cs caesium
use	944 K	671 °C	1240 °F
WebEl	944 K	671 °C	1240 °F
CRC		671 °C
Lange		668.2 °C
Zhang et al.	963.2 K	690 °C
56 Ba barium
use	1910 K	1637 °C	2978 °F
WebEl	2143 K	1870 °C	3398 °F
CRC		1845 °C
Lange		1845 °C
Zhang et al.	1910 K	1637 °C
57 La lanthanum
use	3737 K	3464 °C	6267 °F
WebEl	3743 K	3470 °C	6278 °F
CRC		3464 °C
Lange		3464 °C
Zhang et al.	3743 K	3470 °C
58 Ce cerium
use	3716 K	3443 °C	6229 °F
WebEl	3633 K	3360 °C	6080 °F
CRC		3443 °C
Lange		3440 °C
Zhang et al.	3743 K	3470 °C
59 Pr praseodymium
use	3403 K	3130 °C	5666 °F
WebEl	3563 K	3290 °C	5954 °F
CRC		3520 °C
Lange		3520 °C
Zhang et al.	3403 K	3130 °C
60 Nd neodymium
use	3347 K	3074 °C	5565 °F
WebEl	3373 K	3100 °C	5612 °F
CRC		3074 °C
Lange		3074 °C
Zhang et al.	3303 K	3030 °C
61 Pm promethium (Pm-147 ?)
use	3273 K	3000 °C	5432 °F
WebEl	3273 K	3000 °C	5432 °F
CRC		3000 °C
Lange		(Pm-147) estimated 3000 °C
62 Sm samarium
use	2173 K	1900 °C	3452 °F
WebEl	2076 K	1803 °C	3277 °F
CRC		1794 °C
Lange		1794 °C
Zhang et al.	2173 K	1900 °C	3452 °F
63 Eu europium
use	1802 K	1529 °C	2784 °F
WebEl	1800 K	1527 °C	2781 °F
CRC		1529 °C
Lange		1527 °C
Zhang et al.	1713 K	1440 °C
64 Gd gadolinium
use	3273 K	3000 °C	5432 °F
WebEl	3523 K	3250 °C	5882 °F
CRC		3273 °C
Lange		3273 °C
Zhang et al.	3273 K	3000 °C	5432 °F
65 Tb terbium
use	3396 K	3123 °C	5653 °F
WebEl	3503 K	3230 °C	5846 °F
CRC		3230 °C
Lange		3230 °C
Zhang et al.	3396 K	3123 °C	5653 °F
66 Dy dysprosium
use	2840 K	2567 °C	4653 °F
WebEl	2840 K	2567 °C	4653 °F
CRC		2567 °C
Lange		2567 °C
Zhang et al.	2873 K	2600 °C
67 Ho holmium
use	2873 K	2600 °C	4712 °F
WebEl	2993 K	2720 °C	4928 °F
CRC		2700 °C
Lange		2720 °C
Zhang et al.	2873 K	2600 °C	4712 °F
68 Er erbium
use	3141 K	2868 °C	5194 °F
WebEl	3141 K	2868 °C	5194 °F
CRC		2868 °C
Lange		2868 °C
Zhang et al.	3173 K	2900 °C
69 Tm thulium
use	2223 K	1950 °C	3542 °F
WebEl	2223 K	1950 °C	3542 °F
CRC		1950 °C
Lange		1950 °C
Zhang et al.	2223 K	1950 °C	3542 °F
70 Yb ytterbium
use	1703 K	1430 °C	2606 °F
WebEl	1469 K	1196 °C	2185 °F
CRC		1196 °C
Lange		1196 °C
Zhang et al.	1703K	1430 °C	2606 °F
71 Lu lutetium
use	3675 K	3402 °C	6156 °F
WebEl	3675 K	3402 °C	6156 °F
CRC		3402 °C
Lange		3402 °C
Zhang et al.	3603 K	3330 °C
72 Hf hafnium
use	4876 K	4603 °C	8317 °F
WebEl	4876 K	4603 °C	8317 °F
CRC		4603 °C
Lange		4450 °C
Zhang et al.	4876 K	4603 °C
73 Ta tantalum
use	5731 K	5458 °C	9856 °F
WebEl	5731 K	5458 °C	9856 °F
CRC		5458 °C
Lange		5429 °C
Zhang et al.	5693 K	5420 °C
74 W tungsten
use	6203 K	5930 °C	10706 °F
WebEl	5828 K	5555 °C	10031 °F
CRC		5555 °C
Lange		5900 °C
Zhang et al.	6203 K	5930 °C	10706 °F
75 Re rhenium
use	5869 K	5596 °C	10105 °F
WebEl	5869 K	5596 °C	10105 °F
CRC		5596 °C
Lange		5678 °C
Zhang et al.	5903 K	5630 °C
76 Os osmium
use	5285 K	5012 °C	9054 °F
WebEl	5285 K	5012 °C	9054 °F
CRC		5012 °C
Lange		5225 °C
Zhang et al.	5273 K	5000 °C
77 Ir iridium
use	4403 K	4130 °C	7466 °F
WebEl	4701 K	4428 °C	8002 °F
CRC		4428 °C
Lange		circa 2550 °C
Zhang et al.	4403 K	4130 °C	7466 °F
78 Pt platinum
use	4098 K	3825 °C	6917 °F
WebEl	4098 K	3825 °C	6917 °F
CRC		3825 °C
Lange		3824 °C
Zhang et al.	4100 K	3827 °C
79 Au gold
use	3243 K	2970 °C	5378 °F
WebEl	3129 K	2856 °C	5173 °F
CRC		2856 °C
Lange		2856 °C
Zhang et al.	3243 K	2970 °C	5378 °F
80 Hg mercury
use	629.88 K	356.73 °C	674.11 °F
WebEl	629.88 K	356.73 °C	674.11 °F
CRC		356.73 °C
Lange		356.7 °C
Zhang et al.	630.2 K	357 °C
81 Tl thallium
use	1746 K	1473 °C	2683 °F
WebEl	1746 K	1473 °C	2683 °F
CRC		1473 °C
Lange		1457 °C
Zhang et al.	1733 K	1460 °C
82 Pb lead
use	2022 K	1749 °C	3180 °F
WebEl	2022 K	1749 °C	3180 °F
CRC		1749 °C
Lange		1749 °C
Zhang et al.	2017 K	1744 °C
83 Bi bismuth
use	1837 K	1564 °C	2847 °F
WebEl	1837 K	1564 °C	2847 °F
CRC		1564 °C
Lange		1564 °C
Zhang et al.	1833 K	1560 °C
84 Po polonium (alpha)
use	1235 K	962 °C	1764 °F
WebEl	1235 K	962 °C	1764 °F
CRC		962 °C
Lange		962 °C
85 At astatine (At₂)
use	503±3 K	230±3 °C	445±5 °F
Otozai et al.	503±3 K
86 Rn radon
use	211.5 K	−61.7 °C	−79.1 °F
WebEl	211.3 K	−61.7 °C	−79.1 °F
CRC		−61.7 °C
Lange		−62 °C
87 Fr francium
use	890 K	620 °C	1150 °F
Lavrukhina et al.		620 °C
88 Ra radium
use	2010 K	1737 °C	3159 °F
WebEl	2010 K	1737 °C	3159 °F
Lange		1737 °C
89 Ac actinium (Ac-227 ?)
use	3471 K	3198 °C	5788 °F
WebEl	3573 K	3300 °C	5972 °F
CRC		3198 °C
Lange		(Ac-227) circa 3200 °C
90 Th thorium
use	5061 K	4788 °C	8650 °F
WebEl	5093 K	4820 °C	8708 °F
CRC		4788 °C
Lange		4788 °C
91 Pa protactinium
use	? 4300 K	? 4027 °C	?
92 U uranium
use	4404 K	4131 °C	7468 °F
WebEl	4200 K	3927 °C	7101 °F
CRC		4131 °C
Lange		4131 °C
93 Np neptunium
use	4273 K	4000 °C	7232 °F
WebEl	4273 K	4000 °C	7232 °F
Lange		above 3900 °C
94 Pu plutonium
use	3501 K	3228 °C	5842 °F
WebEl	3503 K	3230 °C	5846 °F
CRC		3228 °C
Lange		3230 °C
95 Am americium
use	2880 K	2607 °C	4725 °F
WebEl	2880 K	2607 °C	4725 °F
CRC		2011 °C
Lange		2011 °C
96 Cm curium (Cm-244 ?)
use	3383 K	3110 °C	5630 °F
WebEl	3383 K	3110 °C	5630 °F
CRC		circa 3100 °C
Lange		(Cm-244) circa 3110 °C

Notes

Unless noted, all values refer to the normal boiling point at standard pressure (101.325 kPa).

References

Zhang et al.

Zhang Y; Evans JRG and Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

WebEl

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:

A.M. James; M.P. Lord (1992). Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333511671.
G.W.C. Kaye; T. H. Laby (1993). Tables of physical and chemical constants (15th ed.). London: Longman.

CRC

Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4.121–4.123. ISBN 978-1439855119.

Lange

As quoted from:

J.A. Dean, ed. (1999). Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. ISBN 978-0-07016384-3.

Otozai et al.

Otozai, K.; Takahashi, N. (1982). "Estimation Chemical Form Boiling Point Elementary Astatine by Radio Gas Chromatography". Radiochimica Acta. 31 (3–4): 201–203. doi:10.1524/ract.1982.31.34.201.

Lavrukhina et al.

Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-250-39923-9.