Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
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Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ Bangladesh Peasants' Workers' People's League | |
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Abbreviation | BaKSAL |
Leader | Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |
Founder | Sheikh Mujibur Rahman |
Founded | 24 February 1975 |
Dissolved | 15 August 1975 |
Merger of | AL CPB NAP(M) BJL |
Headquarters | Dhaka |
Ideology | Mujibism Bangladeshi nationalism Second Revolution |
The Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ, lit. 'Bangladesh Worker-Peasant's People's League'; BaKSAL/বাকশাল) was a political front comprising the Bangladesh Awami League, the Communist Party of Bangladesh, the National Awami Party (Muzaffar) and Bangladesh Jatiya League.[1]
Following the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh, enacted on 25 January 1975, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman formed BaKSAL on 24 February.[2] A presidential order also outlawed all political parties other than BaKSAL, creating a state of emergency and obligating other parties to join the front.
The party advocated for democratic socialism as a part of reforms under the theory of the Second Revolution, which BaKSAL worked to achieve the objectives of.[3]
BaKSAL was dissolved after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in August 1975.[4] As a result, all the political parties that merged with BaKSAL became independent again.
Background
[edit]Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (also known as Mujibur) and the Awami League won a landslide victory in the 1973 Bangladeshi general election. However, Mujibur had difficulties with fighting corruption in his own government and the increase in leftism caused by the Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal. In the face of growing unrest, on 28 December 1974, Mujibur declared a state of emergency.[5] He pushed the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution through Parliament on 25 January 1975. The amendment was passed in the Parliament unanimously. It dissolved all political parties, including the ruling party, the Awami League, and gave Mujibur the authority to form the Bangladesh Krishak Shramik Awami League (shortened as 'BaKSAL'), which would become the national party of Bangladesh.[6] The party was designed to overhaul the administrative system of Bangladesh to make it people-oriented. BaKSAL had similarities with the National Union Party's formation in the United States, which occurred at the height of the American Civil War.
Formation
[edit]BaKSAL was formed by Mujibur on 24 February 1975,[7][8] and it officially replaced the nation's other political organizations and associations on 1 September 1975; other political organizations were banned afterwards. All MPs and political parties were required to join the party; any MP who missed a parliamentary session, abstained, or failed to vote with the party would lose their seat.[9] As a result, most Awami League politicians and others from different parties joined BaKSAL; however, the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal, Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party, Purbo Bangla Sammobadi Dal-Marxbadi-Leninbadi (East Bengal Communist Party Marxist–Leninist), East Pakistan Communist Party, and Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist) did not join.[7] Civilian government employees, professionals, and trade union leaders were also compelled to join the party.[7]
President Mujibur Rahman, BaKSAL's chairman, appointed a fifteen-member executive committee, a 120-member central committee, and five front organizations, namely, Jatiya Krishak League, Jatiya Sramik League, Jatiya Mahila League, Jatiya Juba League, and Jatiya Chhatra League (peasants, workers, women, youth, and students respectively) for the party.[10] All members of the executive committee and central committee were appointed as ministers.
Executive committee
[edit]- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Chairman)
- Syed Nazrul Islam (Vice-Chairman)
- Muhammad Mansur Ali (Secretary General)
- Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman
- Abdul Mannan
- Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
- Abdul Malek Ukil
- Professor M. Yousuf Ali
- Manaranjan Dhar
- Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury
- Sheikh Abdul Aziz
- Mohiuddin Ahmed
- Gazi Golam Mostafa
- Zillur Rahman
- Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani
- Abdur Razzaq
Central Committee
[edit]- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
- Syed Nazrul Islam
- Muhammad Mansur Ali
- Abdul Mannan
- Abdul Malik Ukil
- Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
- A.H.M Kamaruzzaman
- Kazi Linchon
- Mahmudullah
- Abdus Samad Azad
- M. Yousuf Ali
- Phani Bhushan Majumder
- Kamal Hossain
- Muhammad Sohrab Hossain
- Abdur Rab Serniabat
- Manaranjan Dhar
- Abdul Matin
- Asaduzzanan
- Md Korban Ali
- Dr. Azizul Rahman Mallik
- Dr. Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury
- Tofael Ahmed
- Shah Moazzam Hossain
- Abdul Momin Talukdar
- Dewan Farid Gazi
- Professor Nurul Islam Choudhry
- Taheruddin Thakur
- Moslemuddin Khan
- Professor Abu Sayeed
- Nurul Islam Manzur
- KM Obaidur Rahman
- Dr. Khitish Chandra Mandal
- Reazuddin Ahmad
- M. Baitullah
- Rahul Quddus (Secretary)
- Zillur Rahman
- Mohiuddin Ahmad MP
- Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani
- Abdur Razzaq
- Sheikh Shahidul Islam
- Anwar Choudhry
- Syeda Sajeda Chowdhury
- Taslima Abed
- Abdur Rahim
- Abdul Awal
- Lutfur Rahman
- A.K. Muzibur Rahman
- Dr. Mofiz Choudhry
- Dr. Alauddin Ahammad
- Dr. Ahsanul Haq
- Raushan Ali
- Azizur Rahman Akkas
- Sheikh Abdul Aziz
- Salahuddin Yusuf
- Michael Sushil Adhikari
- Kazi Abdul Hakim
- Mollah Jalaluddin
- Shamsuddin Mollah
- Gour Chandra Bala
- Gazi Ghulam Mustafa
- Shamsul Haq
- Shamsuzzoha
- Rafiqueuddin Bhuiya
- Syed Ahmad
- Shamsur Rahman Khan Shahjahan
- Nurul Haq
- Kazi Zahirul Qayyum
- Capt.(Retd) Sujjat Ali
- M.R. Siddiqui
- MA Wahab
- Chittaranjan Sutar,
- Sayeda Razia Banu
- Ataur Rahman Khan
- Khandakar Muhammad Illyas
- Mong Pru Saire
- Professor Muzaffar Ahmed Chowdhury
- Ataur Rahman
- Pir Habibur Rahman
- Syed Altaf Hossain
- Muhammad Farhad
- Matia Chowdhury
- Hazi Danesh
- Taufiq Inam (Secretary)
- Nurul Islam (Secretary)
- Fayezuddin Ahmed (Secretary)
- Mahbubur Rahman (Secretary)
- Abdul Khaleque
- Muzibul Haq (Secretary)
- Abdur Rahim (Secretary)
- Moinul Islam (Secretary)
- Sayeeduzzaman (Secretary)
- Anisuzzaman (Secretary)
- Dr. A. Sattar (Secretary)
- M.A Samad (Secretary)
- Abu Tahir (Secretary)
- Al Hossaini (Secretary)
- Dr Tajul Hossain (Secretary)
- Motiur Rahman. Chairman of Trading Corporation of Bangladesh
- Maj. Gen K.M. Safiullah
- Air Vice Marshal Abdul Karim Khandker
- Commodore M.H. Khan
- Maj Gen. Khalilur Rahman
- A.K. Naziruddin Ahmed
- Dr. Abdul Matin Chowdhury
- Dr. Mazharul Islam
- Dr. Sramul Haq
- Badal Ghosh
- ATM Syed Hossain
- Nurul Islam
- Dr. Nilima Ibrahim
- Dr. Nurul Islam PG Hospital
- Obaidul Huq Editor Observer
- Anwar Hossain Manju Editor Ittefaq
- Mizanur Rahman Editor Bangladesh Press International
- Manawarul Islam
- Abu Thaer Bhuiyan
- Auritro Shayel
- Brig. A. N. M. Nuruzzaman DG Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
- Kamruzzaman teachers Association
- Dr. Mazhar Ali Kadri
Activities
[edit]Regulations originating from BaKSAL included the promulgation of the Newspaper Ordinance (June 1975; Annulment of Declaration). Under this, the declarations of all but four state-owned newspapers, the Dainik Bangla, Bangladesh Observer, The Daily Ittefaq, and Bangladesh Times, were annulled and banned. The intention of the annulment was to bring all news media under temporary governmental control as a means of combating the smuggling and black market of newspaper, which prevented Bangladesh from exporting the paper to foreign countries, cutting off revenue[citation needed] that could have helped prevent the Bangladesh famine of 1974.
In another effort to decentralize authority, 61 district governors were appointed with training for governorship—a new development in the history of Bangladesh. Local elections were also peaceful and free. In the 1975 Kishorganj local election, a schoolteacher won against the nephew of Syed Nazrul Islam, a leader of BakSAL at the time.
Party in the same name
[edit]Although BaKSAL was put into effect during September 1975, the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and most of his family members eventually led to the party's dissolution. However, another party participated in the 1986 and 1991 general elections in the same name; in 1986, the party's symbol was a boat, while it was a bicycle in 1991. The party acted independently until the 1990s, when almost all of its party leaders left the organization to join the Bangladesh Awami League.[11]
Legacy
[edit]In the 1974 Far Eastern Economic Review, Lawrence Lifschultz wrote how Bangladeshis thought that "the corruption and malpractices and plunder of national wealth" were "unprecedented" during Mujibur's governance.[12] Some of BakSAL's goals were adopted by successors of Mujibur such as President Ziaur Rahman, who worked against JASAD (Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal) and decreased the liberal sentiment in the country.
References
[edit]- ^ Rono, Haider Akbar Khan (2010). Śatābdī pēriẏē শতাব্দী পেরিয়ে (in Bengali). Taraphadara prakashani. p. 335. ISBN 978-984-779-027-5.
- ^ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 245. ISBN 3-515-04266-0.
- ^ "Bangladesh: The Second Revolution". Time. 10 February 1975. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- ^ "Bangabandhu: a forbidden name for 16yrs". The Daily Star. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
- ^ "State of emergency announced in Dacca". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. 29 December 1974. p. 6A. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ "Mujib names his Govt". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press-Reuter. 28 January 1975. p. 4. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ a b c Khan, Zillur R. (2001). "From Mujib to Zia, Elite Politics in Bangladesh". In Ahmed, Rafiuddin (ed.). Religion, Identity & Politics: Essays on Bangladesh. International Academic Publishers. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-58868-081-5.
... landslide victory of the Awami League in the 1973 elections ... [those] who were earlier inspired by the charisma of Sheikh Mujib grew increasingly restive in view of what they viewed as widespread corruption ... making it mandatory for members of parliament to join the single national party, called the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BaKSAL), if they wanted to retain their seats ... most Awami Leaguers, and many others from the other parties, decided to join the BaKSAL. Between Mujib's BaKSAL and total political oblivion, few were left with any choice ... All higher bureaucrats, professional people and trade union leaders were urged to join.
- ^ "'Second Revolution' Is Sham: No Real Change Seen in Bangladesh". The Capital Times. Madison, Wisconsin. Los Angeles Times News Service. 28 February 1975. p. 6. Retrieved 4 January 2016 – via newspaperarchive.com.
- ^ "One man, one party govern Bangladesh". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 January 1975. p. 1. Retrieved 4 January 2016 – via news.google.com.
- ^ Maniruzzaman, Talukder (February 1976). "Bangladesh in 1975: The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath". Asian Survey. 16 (2). University of California Press: 119–129. doi:10.2307/2643140. JSTOR 2643140.
- ^ "Near East & South Asia: Bangladesh" (PDF). JPRS Report. 1: 10. 12 September 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
- ^ "Tread Warily to the Dream". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 6 February 2010. Archived from the original on 8 February 2010.
- Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
- 1975 disestablishments in Bangladesh
- 1975 establishments in Bangladesh
- History of the Awami League
- Defunct left-wing political party alliances
- Defunct political party alliances in Bangladesh
- Parties of one-party systems
- Political parties disestablished in 1975
- Political parties established in 1975
- Popular fronts
- Political career of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
- Socialist parties in Bangladesh