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Gori, Georgia

Coordinates: 41°58′N 44°06′E / 41.967°N 44.100°E / 41.967; 44.100
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For other uses, see Gori (disambiguation).
Gori
გორი
City
From top: Town Hall
Gogebashvili Garden and Gori Fortress, Gori Cathedral,
FC Dila Stadium, Joseph Stalin Museum,
Panoramic view to Gori
Flag of Gori
Flag
Official seal of Gori
Seal
Country Georgia
RegionShida Kartli
Area
 • Total16.85 km2 (6.51 sq mi)
Elevation
588 m (1,929 ft)
Population
 (2014)[1]
 • Total48,143
 • Density2,857/km2 (7,400/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4 (Georgian Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+5
ClimateCfb
Websitehttp://www.gori.gov.ge/

Gori (Georgian: გორი [ɡɔri]) is a city in eastern Georgia, which serves as the regional capital of Shida Kartli and the centre of the homonymous administrative district. The name is from Georgian gora (გორა), that is, "heap", or "hill".[2]

Gori was an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages and maintains a strategic importance due to its location on the principal highway connecting eastern and western parts of Georgia. In the course of its history, Gori has been invaded by the armies of regional powers several times. The city was occupied by Russian troops during the 2008 Russia–Georgia war.

Gori is also known as the birthplace of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, ballistic missile designer Alexander Nadiradze and philosopher Merab Mamardashvili.

Geography and climate

Gori is located 86 kilometers (53 mi) west of Georgia's capital Tbilisi, at the confluence of the rivers Mtkvari and Greater Liakhvi, 588 meters (1,929 ft) above sea level. The climate is transitional from moderately warm steppe to moderately humid. Summer is usually hot. The average annual temperature is 10.6 °C (51.1 °F), minimal in January (−1.0 °C or 30.2 °F) and maximal in July and August (21.4 °C or 70.5 °F). The maximum precipitation falls in May (76 mm or 3.0 in) and minimum in February (34 mm or 1.3 in). Precipitation here averages 603 mm.

Climate data for Gori
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		5.1
(41.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		16.3
(61.3) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.0
(77.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		17.6
(63.7) 		10.5
(50.9) 		5.4
(41.7) 		16.1
(61.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.3
(59.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.4
(70.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		11.8
(53.2) 		5.8
(42.4) 		1.1
(34.0) 		10.6
(51.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.4
(22.3) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.0
(42.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		5.1
(41.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 36
(1.4) 		34
(1.3) 		36
(1.4) 		53
(2.1) 		76
(3.0) 		72
(2.8) 		54
(2.1) 		49
(1.9) 		44
(1.7) 		55
(2.2) 		52
(2.0) 		42
(1.7) 		603
(23.6)
Source: Climate-data.org[3]

History

Gori Fortress as of 1642, by an Italian missionary Cristoforo Castelli

The territory of Gori has been populated since the early Bronze Age. According to medieval Georgian chronicles, the town of Gori was founded by King David IV (r. 1089-1125) who settled refugees from Armenia there.[citation needed] However, the fortress of Gori (Goris-Tsikhe) appears to have been in use already in the 7th century, and archaeological evidence indicates the existence of an urban community in Classical Antiquity. In 1299, Gori was captured by the Alan tribesmen fleeing the Mongol conquest of their original homeland in the North Caucasus. The Georgian king George V recovered the town in 1320, pushing the Alans back over the Caucasus mountains.

Gori Fortress on the hilltop

With the downfall of the medieval Georgian kingdom, Gori – strategically located at the crossroads of major transit routes – was frequently targeted by foreign invaders, and changed its masters on several occasions. It was first taken and sacked by Uzun Hassan of the Ak Koyunlu in 1477, followed by Tahmasp I of Persia in the mid-16th century. By the end of that century, Gori briefly passed to the Ottomans through the 1578-90 Ottoman-Persian War, and became their major outpost in Georgia until being recovered by the Georgians under Simon I of Kartli after heavy fighting in 1599. The town was once again garrisoned by the Persians under Shah Abbas I in 1614.

Following successive occupations by the Ottomans (1723–35) and Persians (1735-40s), Gori returned to Georgian control under the kings Teimuraz II and Erekle II whose efforts helped to advance economy and culture in the town. Following the Russian annexation of Georgia, Gori was granted the status of a town within the Tiflis Governorate in 1801. It grew in size and population throughout the 19th century but was destroyed in the 1920 earthquake. An important industrial center in Soviet times, Gori suffered from an economic collapse and the outflow of the population during the years of a post-Soviet crisis of the 1990s.

Gori is close to the Georgian-Ossetian conflict zone. It is connected to breakaway South Ossetia's capital Tskhinvali via a railroad spur which has been defunct since the early 1990s. Since the 2000s, Georgia has increased the military infrastructure in and around the city. Thus, the Central Military Hospital was relocated from Tbilisi to Gori and re-equipped in October 2006.[4] On January 18, 2008, Georgia’s second NATO-standard base to accommodate the 1st Infantry Brigade (Georgia) of the Georgian Ground Forces was established at Gori.[5]

The Georgian Agrarian Science Academy Branch was established in the city in 1995; this became Sukhishvili University in 2003.

2008 conflict

Main article: Occupation of Gori
A damaged apartment building in Gori.

In the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, town came under aerial attack by the Russian Air Force from the outset of the conflict, Military targets and residential districts of Gori were hit by the airstrikes, resulting in civilian injuries and deaths.[6][7] Human Rights Watch (HRW) claimed that Russian forces had indiscriminately deployed cluster bombs in civilian areas around Gori. According to HRW, on August 12 Russian forces dropped cluster bombs in the center of Gori, killing 11 civilians and wounding dozens more.[8] Russian military officials deny using cluster munitions in the conflict, calling the HRW assertion "slanderous" and questioning the HRW's objectivity.[9][10][11] Numerous unexploded "bomblets" have been found by locals and HRW employees.[12]

A largely intact missile lies in the bedroom of a Gori apartment.

By August 11, Georgian military personnel, government, and most residents had fled the city, which was then captured and occupied by the Russian military and South Ossetian separatist militia. HRW accused the militia of unleashing a campaign of looting, arson, kidnapping and other attacks against the remaining civilian population.[13] The Russian and South Ossetian forces withdrew from the city on August 22, 2008.[14]

Demographics

Year 1865 1897 1914 1977 1989 2002 2014
Population 5,100 10,500 25,700 54,100[15] 68,924[16] 49,522[16] 48,143[1]

Landmarks

Statue of Stalin stood outside the Town Hall until being removed in 2010 as part of the country's de-Sovietization process
Gori train station

Gori and its environs house several notable cultural and historical landmarks. Although for many foreigners Gori is principally known as the birthplace of Joseph Stalin, in Georgian historical memory the city has long been associated with its citadel, the Gori Fortress, which is built on a cliffy hill overlooking the central part of the modern city. On another hill stands the 18th century St. George's church of Gorijvari, a popular place of pilgrimage. The famous ancient rock-hewn town of Uplistsikhe and the 7th century Ateni Sioni Church are located not far from Gori.

Stalin's association with the city is emphasized by the Joseph Stalin Museum in downtown Gori and, until recently, the Stalin monument in front of the Gori City Hall, one of the few such monuments to survive Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization program. The monument was a source of controversy in a newly independent Georgia in the 1990s, but for several years the post-communist government acceded to the Gori citizens' request and left the statue untouched.[17][18] It was ultimately removed on June 25, 2010.[19] However, on 20 December 2012, the municipal assembly of Gori voted to reinstate the monument.[20][21]

References

  1. ^ a b "Population Census 2014". www.geostat.ge. National Statistics Office of Georgia. November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  2. ^ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow, 1998), p. 121.
  3. ^ "Climate: Gori". Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  4. ^ Georgia Today: "Georgian Armed Forces modernize infrastructure", October 4, 2007.
  5. ^ New military base in Gori. Ministry of Defense of Georgia, January 18, 2008.
  6. ^ "Russian jets attack Georgian town", BBC News, 9 August 2008
  7. ^ "Georgia conflict: Screams of the injured rise from residential streets", The Telegraph, 10 Aug 2008
  8. ^ "Georgia: Russian Cluster Bombs Kill Civilians. Stop Using Weapon Banned by 107 Nations" Human Rights Watch, August 15, 2008,
  9. ^ Russia Today: "Violence in South Ossetia conflict zone is over – Russian military", August 15, 2008
  10. ^ Russia Today: «Violence in South Ossetia conflict zone is over — Russian military», Августа 15, 2008
  11. ^ Александр Брод: западных правозащитников не интересует трагедия Южной Осетии // Полит.ру, 21 августа 2008
  12. ^ "Georgia: Civilians Killed by Russian Cluster Bomb ‘Duds’. More Attacks Confirmed; Unexploded Ordnance Threatens Many", Human Rights Watch, August 21, 2008
  13. ^ Russia/Georgia: Militias Attack Civilians in Gori Region; Russia Should Curb Militias and Allow in Humanitarian Aid, Human Rights Watch, August 17, 2008,
  14. ^ Civil Georgia: "Police Back in Gori", 23 August 2008
  15. ^ Template:Ge icon Kakabadze, V., Gvasalia, J., Gagoshidze I., Menabde, L., Zakaria, P. (1978), გორი ("Gori"). Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 3, p. 226. Tbilisi.
  16. ^ a b "2002 General Population Census Major Findings" (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  17. ^ Will Lasky. Selling Stalin. Georgian Business Magazine, Issue 4, August 2007.
  18. ^ Salome Asatiani. Great Terror: In Stalin's Birthplace, Forgiving And Forgetting. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 14, 2007.
  19. ^ "Stalin statue removed in Georgian town of Gori", BBC News, 25 June 2010
  20. ^ "Georgia: A Stalinist Restoration", The New York Times, 20 December 2012
  21. ^ "Georgia to Reinstate Stalin Monument", RIA Novosti, 21 December 2012
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gori, Georgia.

41°58′N 44°06′E / 41.967°N 44.100°E / 41.967; 44.100

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