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June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake

Coordinates: 33°05′31″N 69°30′50″E / 33.092°N 69.514°E / 33.092; 69.514
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June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake
June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake is located in Afghanistan
June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake
June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake is located in Pakistan
June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake
UTC time2022-06-21 21:54:36
ISC event624496986
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date22 June 2022 (2022-06-22)
Local time02:24 (UTC+4:30)
Magnitude6.2 Mw 
5.9 Mwb
Depth10.0 km (6.2 mi)
Epicenter33°05′31″N 69°30′50″E / 33.092°N 69.514°E / 33.092; 69.514
TypeStrike-slip
Max. intensityMMI VII (Very strong)
Casualties
  • 1,500+ dead, 2,000+ injured in Afghanistan
  • 43 dead, 25 injured in Pakistan

An earthquake measuring moment magnitude (Mw ) 6.2 struck the border region between Afghanistan and Pakistan on 22 June 2022 at 02:24 Afghanistan Time (UTC+4:30). According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the earthquake measured Mwb  5.9 and occurred at a depth of ten kilometres (6.2 mi).[1] It was felt over 500 km (310 mi) away by at least 119 million people,[2] in parts of India, in Pakistan's capital Islamabad, eastern Punjab province, and in Iran.[3][4]

At least 1,533 people died and over 2,000 people were injured throughout Afghanistan and Pakistan,[5] making it the deadliest earthquake in 2022.[6][7] More than 25 villages were severely affected, with hundreds of buildings destroyed. The earthquake was very destructive relative to its magnitude, due to its shallow hypocenter underneath a densely populated area prone to landslides, in which low quality buildings made of wood and mud are not earthquake-resistant.[6]

Earthquake

The tectonic plate boundary map of the South Asian region. Afghanistan is located on the left.

More than 7,000 people in Afghanistan have died from earthquakes in the past decade, averaging 560 deaths a year.[8] A major earthquake in 2015 in northeast Afghanistan killed over 200 people in the country and neighboring Pakistan.[4] In 2008, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake in western Pakistan killed 166 people and destroyed several villages from triggered landslides.[1] Earlier earthquakes in 2002 and 1998 killed over a thousand and about 4,700 people respectively.[9]

Tectonic setting

Much of Afghanistan is situated in a broad zone of continental deformation within the Eurasian Plate. Seismic activity in Afghanistan is influenced by the subduction of the Arabian Plate to the west and the oblique subduction of the Indian Plate in the east. The subduction rate of the Indian Plate along the continental convergent boundary is estimated to be 39 mm/yr or higher. Transpression due to the plates interacting is associated with high seismicity within the shallow crust. Seismicity is detectable to a depth of 300 km (190 mi) beneath Afghanistan due to plate subduction.[10] Deep earthquakes beneath the Hindu Kush are the result of movement on faults accommodating detachment of the subducted crust.[11] The Chaman Fault is a major transform fault associated with large shallow earthquakes that forms the transpressional boundary between the Eurasian and Indian Plates. This zone consists of seismically active thrust and strike-slip faults that have accommodated crustal deformation since the beginning of the formation of the Himalayan orogeny. Seismicity is also recorded beneath the Sulaiman Range. These earthquakes tend to display strike-slip faulting due to its abundance and high deformation rate.[12]

Characteristic

The earthquake was the result of shallow strike-slip faulting. Initially reported as a magnitude 6.1 event by the USGS at the depth of 51 kilometres (32 mi), it was later revised to 5.9 (Mwb ) or 6.0 (Mww ) at 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) depth.[13][1] The USGS said that it occurred along either a northeast-striking left-lateral fault or northwest-striking right-lateral fault.[1] The GEOSCOPE Observatory reported the earthquake at a magnitude of 6.2 Mw  at a depth of 6 km (3.7 mi), [14] and proposed two fault solutions. The first was a south-southwest–north-northeast striking, 70° west–northwest dipping left-lateral fault. A second solution is on a west-northwest–east-southeast trending, near-vertical, right-lateral fault.[14] The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) reported the magnitude as 5.9 Mw .[15] Meanwhile, the Global Centroid Moment Tensor recorded the event as 6.2 Mw  at 15.1 km (9.4 mi) depth.[16] A magnitude 4.5 aftershock occurred 6 km (3.7 mi) south of the mainshock epicenter, one minute later.[17]

Impact

A strong ground motions map by the USGS showing the varying levels of intensities felt across the region relative to the epicenter.

Afghanistan

Officials confirmed that the earthquake resulted in at least 1,500 deaths and 2,000 injuries.[5][6][18][7] It is the deadliest earthquake in Afghanistan in nearly 25 years.[19] Poor construction practices and building materials contributed to the high death toll.[19] A USGS seismologist said that the earthquake was destructive due to its shallow depth of focus and epicenter in a densely populated, landslide-risk area where buildings are not designed to withstand ground shaking.[6] In addition, weeks of heavy rains prior to the earthquake had weakened the structural integrity of homes.[20] The head of a charity organization said that the death toll was expected to rise as the earthquake affected a region far from medical facilities and occurred at night, when most people were sleeping in their homes.[21]

More than 25 villages were nearly decimated. Schools, hospitals, homes and mosques collapsed. At least 381 of the 1,000+ fatalities were from Paktia. However, it is unclear if these figures were confirmed by the government or if there were more unrecorded deaths. In one village, 17 members of a family died when their home collapsed, with only one surviving member. In the Gayan District of Paktika Province, approximately 1,800 homes, or 70 percent of the district's homes, were destroyed.[22] In Khost Province, at least 600 homes were obliterated.[5] The Spera District of Khost experienced the loss of 40 residents, and 95 were injured.[21] The injured individuals were transported to a hospital.[23] Many houses constructed primarily of wood and mud were razed to the ground.[21] Survivors who had lost their homes resorted to sleeping outdoors, although the unpredictable living conditions have made it an issue.[24] Others were invited to reside in the homes of their families or community members.[24]

Initially, Bakhtar News Agency reported a total of 280 deaths, including 100 in Paktia, five in Nangarhar and 25 in Khost. Six hundred (600) injuries were also reported by the agency.[25][23] In many instances, bodies of the dead were laid on the streets overnight.[20] A Taliban official later urged aid agencies to send aid to the area to prevent further catastrophe.[26] Several apartment buildings in the affected provinces were destroyed.[23] The director-general of Bakhtar News Agency tweeted that over 90 homes were destroyed in Paktika.[27] Landslides also occurred, burying or destroying houses in Khost province.[28]

Pakistan

The earthquake also caused damage and several dozen fatalities in Pakistan, making it the deadliest earthquake in the country since 2015. According to Dawn, a local newspaper, 30 tribal members were killed.[29] Ten others were killed and 25 injured when a landslide buried a village in North Waziristan District, affecting 600 people.[30] Injuries were also reported and hospitals in North Waziristan District and South Waziristan District have reserved amenities for potential patients. In Darra Pezu, Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa a man died when a roof fell on him.[31] Another death was caused by the combined effects of the earthquake and heavy rains, resulting in another roof collapse.[32] In Datakhel, North Waziristan, a checkpoint station collapsed, killing one soldier and injuring two. Some mud houses were also damaged. In Islamabad and Peshawar, shaking was felt, causing panic among residents. It was also felt in Punjab.[33]

Afghan government response

The Ministry of Disaster Management of the Islamic Emirate, along with other relevant officials including governors and other Afghan people are instructed to rush to the affected area as soon as possible, evacuate the martyrs, transport and treat the wounded and take essential steps to provide emergency assistance to the displaced.

We also call on the international community and all humanitarian organizations to help the Afghan people affected by this great tragedy and to spare no effort to help the affected people.

We ask God to save our poor people from trials and harms.

Supreme Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada, 22 June 2022[34]

The government of Afghanistan launched rescue operations in the country to prevent future loss. Rescue teams arrived via helicopters supplied by the Ministry of Defense.[35][36] Officials said that the death toll may rise as recovery efforts are ongoing to locate more casualties.[25] Many injured residents were airlifted via helicopters away from the devastated area. Helicopters also delivered medical supplies and food to the region.[18]

In a statement, Supreme Leader Hibatullah Akhundzada instructed the Ministry of Disaster Management and governors to "rush to the affected area as soon as possible", and asked for humanitarian assistance from the international community.[4][34] Hasan Akhund, the acting Prime Minister of Afghanistan, said that 1 billion afghanis (around US$11.3 million) have been allocated to attending to the needs of the affected population. He also authorized the transportation of relief items to the region.[37] A tribe leader from Paktika said that many survivors and rescue workers rushed to attend to those affected. Local businesses in the area were closed as people went assist people in the area. Some survivors were reportedly trapped beneath collapsed debris.[38] The Afghan Red Crescent Society brought blankets, tents and kitchen sets for affected residents.[6]

Italian medical and aid organization, Emergency, provided seven ambulances and its staff to the area.[39] In a flash update, the UN OCHA said that over 130 injured survivors have been taken to four hospitals. The Afghanistan Ministry of Defense stated that five helicopters participated in evacuation efforts in Paktika. A medical party was also dispatched to the Gayan District. UNICEF said that teams of health and nutrition workers were assigned to work in the districts of Gayan and Barmal, Paktika and Spera, Khost.[22] Care International established a mobile health station and a team consisting medical professionals to deal with first aid.[40]

International response

Dealing with disasters was a struggle for Afghanistan's emergency services even before the Taliban takeover.[8] The Washington Post reports that with many international aid organizations having fled the country after the previous government was overthrown, rescue efforts are likely to progress more slowly.[6] It poses a challenge at the same time that Afghanistan faces flooding and an economic crisis. Many nations have induced sanctions following the Taliban's takeover, especially in the banking sector, cutting the country from much international assistance. Humanitarian aid continues to be available from agencies such as the United Nations (UN).[41] The European Union Special Representative for Afghanistan said that the European Union (EU) is "monitoring the situation" and is ready to provide assistance.[22]

A spokesman has called for aid agencies to provide supplies to victims in order to avoid a "humanitarian catastrophe". The head of the Iranian Red Crescent Society said that the organization was ready to provide relief, medical assistance and rescue efforts to the affected parties.[42] In Pakistan, trucks were expected to bring medicine, shelters, blankets and other relief goods across the border to Afghanistan on the orders of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on the night of 22 June.[43] On June 23, Pakistan distpatched 8 trucks of aid containing tents, tarpaulin, blankets and medicine for the victims in Afghanistan.[44] The Turkish Red Crescent also provided aid in the form of food packs to 500 families.[45]

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) responded in a tweet that they would "be issuing a flash update later today with further details on the situation and response". The Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Afghanistan said that the the needs of the affected were being assessed.[46]

The UN said that trauma care, shelter, non-food essentials, food, water and sanitary items were urgently needed and being distributed.[47] A UN official said that the organization does not have the capabilities to carry out search and rescue operations. The UN made a formal request to the embassy of Turkey in Afghanistan to carry out the missions.[48] The cost of an immediate response was evaluated to be about US$15 million.[49]

The Chinese Foreign Ministry offered its condolences and said that the nation was ready to provide emergency assistance to Afghanistan.[22] India has also expressed its condolences. The Ministry of External Affairs said that India "remain committed to providing assistance and support".[50] Pope Francis said that he was praying for the victims and has appealed for help to the area.[51] In a statement by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan, the United States would be committed to supporting the people of Afghanistan.[52] President Joe Biden has appointed USAID and other relevant federal partners to evaluate the response options.[52] The spokesperson for the United States Department of State, Ned Price, said that the United States would be open to discussion but have not received any requests by the Taliban.[53]

Seiji Kihara, the Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan, said that the Japanese government is planning to coordinate relief efforts.[54] South Korea's foreign affairs ministry said that US$1 million worth of humanitarian aid would be provided.[55] The Singapore Red Cross provided US$50 thousand in assistance.[56]

See also

References

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  15. ^ "M 5.9 - CENTRAL AFGHANISTAN - 2022-06-21 20:54:36 UTC". emsc-csem.org. European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre. 22 June 2022. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
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  30. ^ "شمالی وزیرستان میں زلزلہ اور لینڈ سلائیڈنگ، 10 افراد جاں بحق، 25 زخمی". news360.tv (in Urdu).
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  34. ^ a b Akhundzada, Hibatullah (22 June 2022). "Amir al-Mu'minin's message of condolence to the victims of an earthquake in Paktika and Khost provinces". Office of the Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister of Afghanistan. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
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  44. ^ "Pakistan dispatches relief package to Afghanistan as death toll crosses 1000 in earthquake". Pakistan Observer.
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ReliefWeb's main page for this event.

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