List of emperors of Japan
Appearance
This list of Emperors of Japan presents the traditional order of succession.[1] Records of the reigns of the Emperors of Japan are compiled according to the traditional Japanese calendar. In the nengō system which has been in use since the late-seventh century, years are numbered using the Japanese era name and the number of years which have taken place since that nengō era started.[2]
The sequence, order and dates of the first 28 Emperors of Japan, and especially the first 16, are based on the Japanese calendar system.[3]
Emperors of Japan (660 BC–present)
№ | Reign | Portrait | Posthumous name | Personal name (imina) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Legendary Emperors (660 BC–269 AD) | |||||
1 | 660–585 BC | Emperor Jimmu | Kan'yamato Iwarebiko | Traditional dates; claimed descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu;[4] presumed legendary | |
2 | 581–549 BC | Emperor Suizei | Kamu Nunagawamimi no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[5] 3rd son of Jimmu;[6] presumed legendary | |
3 | 549–511 BC | Emperor Annei | Shikitsuhiko Tamademi no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[7] son and heir of Suizei;[6] presumed legendary | |
4 | 510–476 BC | Emperor Itoku | Oho Yamatohiko Sukitomo no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[7] 2nd son of Annei;[6] presumed legendary | |
5 | 475–393 BC | Emperor Kōshō | Mimatsuhiko Kaeshine no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[8] son and heir of Itoku;[6] presumed legendary | |
6 | 392–291 BC | Emperor Kōan | Oho Yamato Tarasihiko Kunioshi Hito no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[9] 2nd son of Kōshō;[6] presumed legendary | |
7 | 290–215 BC | Emperor Kōrei | Oho Yamato Nekohiko Futoni no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[10] son and heir of Kōan;[6] presumed legendary | |
8 | 214–158 BC | Emperor Kōgen | Oho Yamato Nekohiko Kuni Kuru no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[11] son and heir of Kōrei;[6] presumed legendary | |
9 | 157–98 BC | Emperor Kaika | Waka Yamato Nekohiko Oho Bibino no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[12] 2nd son of Kōgen;[6] presumed legendary | |
10 | 97–30 BC | Emperor Sujin | Mimaki Irihiko Inie no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[13] first Emperor with a direct possibility of existence | |
11 | 29 BC–70 AD | Emperor Suinin | Ikume Irihiko Isachi no Mikoto | Traditional dates[14] | |
12 | 71–130 | Emperor Keikō | Oho Tarasihiko Osirowake no Mikoto | Traditional dates[15] | |
13 | 131–191 | Emperor Seimu | Waka Tarasihiko | Traditional dates[16] | |
14 | 192–200 | Emperor Chūai | Tarasi Nakatsuhiko no Mikoto | Traditional dates[17] | |
201–269 | Empress Jingu | Okinaga Tarashihime no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[18] served as regent for Emperor Ōjin; not counted among the officially numbered Emperors | ||
Kofun Period (270–539) | |||||
15 | 270–310 | Emperor Ōjin | Honda no Sumera-mikoto / Ōtomowake no Mikoto / Homutawake no Mikoto | Traditional dates;[19] last proto-historical Emperor[citation needed]; deified as Hachiman. | |
16 | 313–399 | Emperor Nintoku | Ō Sazaki no Mikoto | Traditional dates[20] | |
17 | 400–405 | Emperor Richū | Isaho Wake no Mikoto | Traditional dates[21] | |
18 | 406–410 | Emperor Hanzei | Tajihi Mizuha Wake no Mikoto | Traditional dates[22] | |
19 | 411–453 | Emperor Ingyō | Wo Asazuma Wakugo no Sukune | Traditional dates[23] | |
20 | 453–456 | Emperor Ankō | Anaho no Mikoto | Traditional dates[24] | |
21 | 456–479 | Emperor Yūryaku | Oho Hatsuse Wakatakeru no Mikoto | Traditional dates[25] | |
22 | 480–484 | Emperor Seinei | Siraka Takehiro Kuni Osi Waka Yamato Neko no Mikoto | Traditional dates[26] | |
23 | 485–487 | Emperor Kenzō | Ohoke no Mikoto | Traditional dates[27] | |
24 | 488–498 | Emperor Ninken | Ohosi(Ohosu) no Mikoto/ Simano Iratsuko | Traditional dates[28] | |
25 | 498–506 | Emperor Buretsu | Wohatsuse Wakasazaki | Traditional dates[29] | |
26 | 507–531 | Emperor Keitai | Ōto/Hikofuto (Hikofuto no Mikoto/Ōdo no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates;[30] genealogy from this point is considered accurate[citation needed] | |
27 | 531–535 | Emperor Ankan | Hirokuni Oshitake Kanahi no Mikoto | Traditional dates[31] | |
28 | 535–539 | Emperor Senka | Takeo Hirokuni Oshitate no Mikoto | Traditional dates[32] | |
Asuka Period (539–710) | |||||
29 | 539–571 | Emperor Kinmei | Amekuni Oshiharuki Hironiwa no Sumera Mikoto | Traditional dates[33] | |
30 | 572–585 | Emperor Bidatsu | Osada no Nunakura no Futotamashiki no Mikoto | Traditional dates[34] | |
31 | 585–587 | Emperor Yōmei | Ooe/Tachibana no Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto | Traditional dates[35] | |
32 | 587–592 | Emperor Sushun | Hatsusebe no (Wakasasagi) Mikoto | Traditional dates[36] | |
33 | 592–628 | Empress Suiko | Nukatabe/Toyomike Kashikiyahime | Traditional dates;[37] first non-legendary female Emperor; Prince Shotoku acted as her regent | |
34 | 629–641 | Emperor Jomei | Tamura (Oki Nagatarashihi Hironuka no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[38] | |
35 | 642–645 | Empress Kōgyoku | Takara (Ame Toyotakaraikashi Hitarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates;[39] reigned twice | |
36 | 645–654 | Emperor Kōtoku | Karu (Ame Yorozu Toyohi no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[40] | |
37 | 655–661 | Empress Saimei | Takara (Ame Toyotakaraikashi Hitarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates;[41] second reign of Empress Kōgyoku | |
38 | 661–672 | Emperor Tenji | Katsuragi/Nakano-ooe (Ame Mikoto Hirakasuwake no Mikoto/Amatsu Mikoto Sakiwake no Mikoto) | Traditional dates[42] | |
39 | 672 | Emperor Kōbun | Ōtomo | Traditional dates;[43] usurped by Temmu; posthumously named (1870) | |
40 | 672–686 | Emperor Tenmu | Ōama/Ohoshiama/Ōsama (Ame no Nunahara Oki no Mahito no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[44] | |
41 | 686–697 | Empress Jitō | Unonosarara (Takama no Harahiro no Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[45] | |
42 | 697–707 | Emperor Monmu | Karu (Ame no Mamune Toyoohoji no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[46] | |
43 | 707–715 | Empress Genmei | Ahe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Mishiro Toyokuni Narihime no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[47] | |
Nara Period (710–794) | |||||
43 | 707–715 | Empress Genmei | Ahe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Mishiro Toyokuni Narihime no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[47] | |
44 | 715–724 | Empress Genshō | Hidaka/Niinomi (Yamatoneko Takamizu Kiyotarashi Hime no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[48] | |
45 | 724–749 | Emperor Shōmu | Obito (Ameshirushi Kunioshiharuki Toyosakurahiko no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates[49] | |
46 | 749–758 | Empress Kōken | Abe (Yamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates;[50] reigned twice | |
47 | 758–764 | Emperor Junnin | Ōi | Traditional dates[51] dethroned by Shōtoku; posthumously named (1870) | |
48 | 764–770 | Empress Shōtoku | Abe (Yamatoneko no Sumera Mikoto) | Traditional dates;[52] second reign of Empress Kōken | |
49 | 770–781 | Emperor Kōnin | Shirakabe (Amemune Takatsugi no Mikoto) | Traditional dates[53] | |
(posthumous reign) | Prince Sawara (Sudō-Tennō) | Sawara-shinnō | Traditional dates. Only recorded instance of posthumously elevated Emperor | ||
50 | 781–806 | Emperor Kanmu | Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto) | Traditional dates[54] | |
Heian Period (794–1185) | |||||
50 | 781–806 | Emperor Kanmu | Yamabe (Yamatoneko Amatsu Hitsugi Iyaderi no Mikoto) | Traditional dates[54] | |
51 | 806–809 | Emperor Heizei | Ate (Yamatoneko Ameoshikuni Takahiko no Mikoto) | Traditional dates[55] | |
52 | 809–823 | Emperor Saga | Kamino | Traditional dates[56] | |
53 | 823–833 | Emperor Junna | Ōtomo | Traditional dates[57] | |
54 | 833–850 | Emperor Ninmyō | Masara | Traditional dates[58] | |
55 | 850–858 | Emperor Montoku | Michiyasu | Traditional dates[59] | |
56 | 858–876 | Emperor Seiwa | Korehito | Traditional dates[60] | |
57 | 876–884 | Emperor Yōzei | Sadaakira | Traditional dates[61] | |
58 | 884–887 | Emperor Kōkō | Tokiyasu | Traditional dates[62] | |
59 | 887–897 | Emperor Uda | Sadami | Traditional dates[63] | |
60 | 897–930 | Emperor Daigo | Atsuhito | Traditional dates[64] | |
61 | 930–946 | File:Tennō Suzaku detail.jpg | Emperor Suzaku | Yutaakira | Traditional dates[65] |
62 | 946–967 | Emperor Murakami | Nariakira | Traditional dates[66] | |
63 | 967–969 | Emperor Reizei | Norihira | Traditional dates[67] | |
64 | 969–984 | Emperor En'yū | Morihira | Traditional dates[68] | |
65 | 984–986 | Emperor Kazan | Morosada | Traditional dates[69] | |
66 | 986–1011 | Emperor Ichijō | Yasuhito/Kanehito | Traditional dates[70] | |
67 | 1011–1016 | Emperor Sanjō | Okisada/Iyasada | Traditional dates[71] | |
68 | 1016–1036 | Emperor Go-Ichijō | Atsuhira | Traditional dates[72] | |
69 | 1036–1045 | Emperor Go-Suzaku | Atsunaga/Atsuyoshi | Traditional dates[73] | |
70 | 1045–1068 | Emperor Go-Reizei | Chikahito | Traditional dates[74] | |
71 | 1068–1073 | Emperor Go-Sanjō | Takahito | Traditional dates[75] | |
72 | 1073–1087 | Emperor Shirakawa | Sadahito | Traditional dates[76] | |
73 | 1087–1107 | Emperor Horikawa | Taruhito | Traditional dates[77] | |
74 | 1107–1123 | Emperor Toba | Munehito | Traditional dates[78] | |
75 | 1123–1142 | Emperor Sutoku | Akihito | Traditional dates[79] | |
76 | 1142–1155 | Emperor Konoe | Narihito | Traditional dates[80] | |
77 | 1155–1158 | Emperor Go-Shirakawa | Masahito | Traditional dates[81] | |
78 | 1158–1165 | Emperor Nijō | Morihito | Traditional dates[82] | |
79 | 1165–1168 | Emperor Rokujō | Yorihito | Traditional dates[83] | |
80 | 1168–1180 | Emperor Takakura | Norihito | Traditional dates[83] | |
81 | 1180–1185 | Emperor Antoku | Tokihito | Traditional dates[84] | |
Kamakura Period (1185–1333) | |||||
82 | 1183–1198 | Emperor Go-Toba | Takahira | Traditional dates[85] | |
83 | 1198–1210 | Emperor Tsuchimikado | Tamehito | Traditional dates[86] | |
84 | 1210–1221 | Emperor Juntoku | Morihira/Morinari | Traditional dates[87] | |
85 | 1221 | Emperor Chūkyō | Kanehira/Kanenari | Traditional dates;[88] posthumously named (1870) | |
86 | 1221–1232 | Emperor Go-Horikawa | Yutahito | Traditional dates[89] | |
87 | 1232–1242 | Emperor Shijō | Mitsuhito/Hidehito | Traditional dates[90] | |
88 | 1242–1246 | Emperor Go-Saga | Kunihito | Traditional dates[91] | |
89 | 1246–1260 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa | Hisahito | Traditional dates[92] | |
90 | 1260–1274 | Emperor Kameyama | Tsunehito | Traditional dates[93] | |
91 | 1274–1287 | Emperor Go-Uda | Yohito | Traditional dates[94] | |
92 | 1287–1298 | Emperor Fushimi | Hirohito | Traditional dates[95] | |
93 | 1298–1301 | Emperor Go-Fushimi | Tanehito | Traditional dates[96] | |
94 | 1301–1308 | Emperor Go-Nijō | Kuniharu | Traditional dates[97] | |
95 | 1308–1318 | Emperor Hanazono | Tomihito | Traditional dates[98] | |
96 | 1318–1339 | Emperor Go-Daigo | Takaharu | Traditional dates;[99] Southern Court | |
Northern Court (1333–1392) | |||||
1331–1333 | Emperor Kōgon | Kazuhito | Traditional dates[100] | ||
1336–1348 | Emperor Kōmyō | Yutahito | Traditional dates[101] | ||
1348–1351 | Emperor Sukō | Okihito | Traditional dates[102] | ||
1351–1352 | Interregnum | ||||
1352–1371 | Emperor Go-Kōgon | Iyahito | Traditional dates[103] | ||
1371–1382 | Emperor Go-En'yū | Ohito | Traditional dates[104] | ||
1382–1392 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | Motohito | Traditional dates;[105] reunified courts in 1392; see 100 below | ||
Muromachi Period (1333–1573) | |||||
96 | 1318–1339 | Emperor Go-Daigo | Takaharu | Traditional dates;[99] Southern Court | |
97 | 1339–1368 | Emperor Go-Murakami | Norinaga/Noriyoshi | Traditional dates;[106] Southern Court | |
98 | 1368–1383 | Emperor Chōkei | Yutanari | Traditional dates;[107] Southern Court | |
99 | 1383–1392 | Emperor Go-Kameyama | Hironari | Traditional dates;[108] Southern Court | |
100 | 1392–1412 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | Motohito | Traditional dates;[109] reunified courts; see also entry in Northern Court section above | |
101 | 1412–1428 | Emperor Shōkō | Mihito | Traditional dates[110] | |
102 | 1428–1464 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | Hikohito | Traditional dates[111] | |
103 | 1464–1500 | Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | Fusahito | Traditional dates[112] | |
104 | 1500–1526 | Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | Katsuhito | Traditional dates[113] | |
105 | 1526–1557 | Emperor Go-Nara | Tomohito | Traditional dates[114] | |
106 | 1557–1586 | Emperor Ōgimachi | Michihito | Traditional dates[115] | |
Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573–1603) | |||||
106 | 1557–1586 | Emperor Ōgimachi | Michihito | Traditional dates[115] | |
107 | 1586–1611 | Emperor Go-Yōzei | Kazuhito/Katahito | Traditional dates[116] | |
Edo Period (1603–1867) | |||||
107 | 1586–1611 | Emperor Go-Yōzei | Kazuhito/Katahito | Traditional dates[116] | |
108 | 1611–1629 | Emperor Go-Mizunoo (Go-Minoo) |
Kotohito | Traditional dates[117] | |
109 | 1629–1643 | Empress Meishō | Okiko | Traditional dates[118] | |
110 | 1643–1654 | Emperor Go-Kōmyō | Tsuguhito | Traditional dates[119] | |
111 | 1655–1663 | Emperor Go-Sai | Nagahito | Traditional dates[120] | |
112 | 1663–1687 | Emperor Reigen | Satohito | Traditional dates[121] | |
113 | 1687–1709 | Emperor Higashiyama | Asahito | Traditional dates[122] | |
114 | 1709–1735 | Emperor Nakamikado | Yasuhito | Traditional dates[123] | |
115 | 1735–1747 | Emperor Sakuramachi | Teruhito | Traditional dates[124] | |
116 | 1747–1762 | Emperor Momozono | Toohito | Traditional dates[125] | |
117 | 1762–1771 | Empress Go-Sakuramachi | Toshiko | Traditional dates[126] | |
118 | 1771–1779 | Emperor Go-Momozono | Hidehito | Traditional dates[127] | |
119 | 1780–1817 | Emperor Kōkaku | Tomohito | Traditional dates[128] | |
120 | 1817–1846 | Emperor Ninkō | Ayahito | Traditional dates[129] | |
121 | 1846–1867 | Emperor Kōmei | Osahito | Last instance of an Emperor with multiple era names | |
Modern Japan (Imperial and Postwar) (1867–present) | |||||
122 | 1867–1912 | Emperor Meiji | Mutsuhito | First Emperor of the Empire of Japan. | |
123 | 1912–1926 | Emperor Taishō | Yoshihito | Crown Prince Hirohito served as Sesshō (Prince Regent) 1921–1926. | |
124 | 1926–1989 | Emperor Shōwa | Hirohito | Served as Sesshō (Prince Regent) 1921–1926. Last Emperor of the Empire of Japan. | |
125 | 1989–present | Emperor "Kinjō" (Incumbent) |
Akihito | Referred to as "the Present Emperor" or Tenno Heika (i.e. His Imperial Majesty the Emperor) in Japanese and as Emperor Akihito in English. His posthumous name is likely to be Emperor Heisei. |
See also
Notes
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric. (2005). "Traditional Order of Tennō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 962.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Nengō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 704.
- ^ A list of other Japanese calling themselves or being called emperors (追尊天皇, 尊称天皇, 異説に天皇とされる者, 天皇に準ずる者, 自称天皇) can be seen on the Japanese Wikipedia page 天皇の一覧 (List of Japanese monarchs).
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon (Nihon Ōdai Ichiran), pp. 1-3; Brown, Delmer M. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 249; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 84-88;
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 3-4; Brown, pp. 250-251; Varley, pp. 88-89.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Brown, p. 248.
- ^ a b Titsingh, p. 4; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 89.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 4-5; Brown, p. 251; Varley, p. 90.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 5; Brown, pp. 251-252; Varley, p. 90.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 5-6; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 90-92.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 6; Brown, p. 252; Varley, pp. 92-93.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 6-7; Brown, p. 252; Varley, p. 93.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 7-9; Brown, p. 253; Varley, p. 93-95.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 9-10; Brown, pp. 253-254; Varley, pp. 95-96.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 11-14; Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 96-99.
- ^ Brown, p. 254; Varley, pp. 99–100; Titsingh, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Brown, pp. 254–255; Varley, pp. 100–101; Titsingh, p. 15.
- ^ Brown, p. 255; Varley, pp. 101–103; Titsingh, pp. 16–19.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 19–22; Brown, p. 255-56; Varley, pp. 103–10.
- ^ Brown, pp. 256–257; Varley, pp. 110–111; Titsingh, pp. 22–24.
- ^ Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 111; Titsingh, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Brown, p. 257; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 25.
- ^ Brown, pp. 257–258; Varley, p. 112; Titsingh, p. 26.
- ^ Brown, p. 258; Varley, p. 113; Titsingh, p. 26.
- ^ Brown, p. 258; Varley, pp. 113–115; Titsingh, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Brown, p. 258–259; Varley, pp. 115–116; Titsingh, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Brown, p. 259; Varley, p. 116; Titsingh, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 30; Brown, p. 259-260; Varley, p. 117.
- ^ Brown, p. 260; Varley, pp. 117–118; Titsingh, p. 31.
- ^ Brown, pp. 260–261; Varley, pp. 17–18, 119–120; Titsingh, p. 31–32.
- ^ Brown, p. 261; Varley, pp. 120–121; Brown, p. 261; Titsingh, p. 33.
- ^ Brown, p. 261; Varley, p. 121; Titsingh, p. 33–34.
- ^ Brown, pp. 261–262; Varley, pp. 123–124; Titsingh, p. 34–36.
- ^ Varley, pp. 124–125; Brown, pp. 262–263; Titsingh, p. 36–37.
- ^ Brown, p. 263; Varley, pp. 125–126; Titsingh, p. 37–38.
- ^ Brown, p. 263; Varley, p. 126; Titsingh, p. 38–39.
- ^ Brown, pp. 263–264; Varley, pp. 126–129; Titsingh, pp. 39–42.
- ^ Brown, pp. 264–265; Varley, pp. 129–130; Titsingh, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Brown, pp. 265–266; Varley, pp. 130–132; Titsingh, pp. 43–47.
- ^ Brown, pp. 266–267; Varley, pp. 132–133; Titsingh, pp. 47–50.
- ^ Brown, p. 267; Varley, pp. 133–134; Titsingh, pp. 50–52.
- ^ Brown, p. 268; Varley, p. 135; Titsingh, pp. 52–56.
- ^ Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Titsingh, pp. 56–58.
- ^ Brown, pp. 268–269; Varley, pp. 135–136; Titsingh, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Brown, pp. 269–270; Varley, pp. 136–137; Titsingh, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Brown, pp. 270–271; Varley, pp. 137–140; Titsingh, pp. 60–63.
- ^ a b Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Titsingh, pp. 63–65.
- ^ Brown, p. 271–272; Varley, pp. 140–141; Titsingh, pp. 65–67.
- ^ Brown, pp. 272–273; Varley, pp. 141–143; Titsingh, pp. 67–73.
- ^ Brown, pp. 274–275; Varley, p. 143; Titsingh, pp. 73–75.
- ^ Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143–144; Titsingh, pp. 75–78.
- ^ Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144–147; Titsingh, pp. 78–81.
- ^ Brown, p. 276–277; Varley, pp. 147–148; Titsingh, pp. 81–85.
- ^ a b Brown, pp. 277–279; Varley, pp. 148–150; Titsingh, pp. 86–95.
- ^ Brown, pp. 279–280; Varley, p. 151; Titsingh, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Brown, pp. 280–282; Varley, pp. 151–164; Titsingh, pp. 97–102.
- ^ Brown, p. 282–283; Varley, p. 164; Titsingh, pp. 103–106.
- ^ Brown, pp. 283–284; Varley, pp. 164–165; Titsingh, pp. 106–112.
- ^ Brown, pp. 285–286; Varley, p. 165; Titsingh, pp. 112–115.
- ^ Brown, pp. 286–288; Varley, pp. 166–170; Titsingh, pp. 115–121.
- ^ Brown, pp. 288–289; Varley, pp. 170–171; Titsingh, pp. 121–124.
- ^ Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171–175; Titsingh, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Brown, p. 289–290; Varley, pp. 175–179; Titsingh, pp. 125–129.
- ^ Brown, pp. 290–293; Varley, pp. 179–181; Titsingh, pp. 129–134.
- ^ Brown, pp. 294–295; Varley, pp. 181–183; Titsingh, pp. 134–138.
- ^ Brown, pp. 295–298; Varley, pp. 183–190; Titsingh, pp. 139–142.
- ^ Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190–191; Titsingh, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Brown, pp. 299–300; Varley, pp. 191–192; Titsingh, pp. 144–148.
- ^ Brown, pp. 300–302; Varley, p. 192; Titsingh, pp. 148–149.
- ^ Brown, pp. 302–307; Varley, pp. 192–195; Titsingh, pp. 150–154.
- ^ Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Titsingh, pp. 154–155.
- ^ Brown, pp. 307–310; Varley, pp. 195–196; Titsingh, pp. 156–160.
- ^ Brown, pp. 310–311; Varley, p. 197; Titsingh, pp. 160–162.
- ^ Brown, pp. 311–314; Varley, pp. 197–198; Titsingh, pp. 162–166.
- ^ Brown, pp. 314–315; Varley, pp. 198–199; Titsingh, pp. 166–168.
- ^ Brown, pp. 315–317; Varley, pp. 199–202; Titsingh, pp. 169–171.
- ^ Brown, pp. 317–320; Varley, p. 202; Titsingh, pp. 172–178.
- ^ Brown, pp. 320–322; Varley, pp. 203–204; Titsingh, pp. 178–181.
- ^ Brown, pp. 322–324; Varley, pp. 204–205; Titsingh, pp. 181–185.
- ^ Brown, pp. 324–326; Varley, p. 205; Titsingh, pp. 186–188.
- ^ Brown, p. 326–327; Varley, pp. 205–208; Titsingh, pp. 188–190.
- ^ Brown, pp. 327–329; Varley, pp. 208–212; Titsingh, pp. 191–194.
- ^ a b Brown, pp. 329–330; Varley, p. 212; Titsingh, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Brown, pp. 333–334; Varley, pp. 214–215; Titsingh, pp. 200–207.
- ^ Brown, pp. 334–339; Varley, pp. 215–220; Titsingh, pp. 207–221.
- ^ Brown, pp. 339–341; Varley, pp 220; Titsingh, pp. 221–230.
- ^ Brown, pp. 341–343, Varley, pp. 221–223; Titsingh, pp 230–238.
- ^ Brown, pp. 343–344; Varley, pp. 223–226; Titsingh, pp. 236–238.
- ^ Brown, pp. 344–349; Varley, pp. 226–227; Titsingh, pp. 238–241.
- ^ Varley, p. 227; Titsingh, pp. 242–245.
- ^ Varley, pp. 228–231; Titsingh, pp. 245–247.
- ^ Varley, pp. 231–232; Titsingh, pp. 248–253.
- ^ Varley, pp. 232–233; Titsingh, pp. 253–261.
- ^ Varley, pp. 233–237; Titsingh, pp. 262–269.
- ^ Varley, pp. 237–238; Titsingh, pp. 269–274.
- ^ Varley, pp. 238–239; Titsingh, pp. 274–275.
- ^ Varley, p. 239; Titsingh, pp. 275–278.
- ^ Varley, pp. 239–241; Titsingh, pp. 278–281.
- ^ a b Varley, pp. 241–269; Titsingh, pp. 281–286, and Titsingh, p. 290–294.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 286–289.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 294–298.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 298–301.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 302–309.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 310–316.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 317-327.
- ^ Varley, pp. 269–270 | Titsingh, p. .
- ^ Titsingh, p. .
- ^ [Titsingh, p. ]–320.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 320–327.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 327–331.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 331–351.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 352–364.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 364–372.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 372–382.
- ^ a b Titsingh, pp. 382–402.
- ^ a b Titsingh, pp. 402–409.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 410–411.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 411–412.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 412–413.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 413.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 414–415.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 415–416.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 416–417.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 417–418.
- ^ Titisngh, pp. 418–419.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 419.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 419–420.
- ^ Titsingh, pp. 420–421.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 421.
References
- Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982). Lessons from History: the 'Tokushi yoron'. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 9780702214851; OCLC 157026188
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842