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List of city nicknames and slogans in Canada

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For airport codes often used as city nicknames, see List of airports by IATA code.

Many of Canada's cities and communities are known by various aliases, slogans, sobriquets, and other nicknames to the general population at either the local, regional, national or international scales, often due to marketing campaigns and widespread usage in the media. Some nicknames are officially adopted by municipal governments, tourism boards or chambers of commerce while others are unofficial, and some are current while others are antiquated. Some nicknames are positive, while others are derisive, disparaging or derogatory.

City nicknames can help establish a civic identity, promote civic pride, build civic unity, market the community, and attract residents and businesses.[1] They are also believed to have economic value, but their economic value is difficult to measure.[1]

Cities by province

Alberta

  • Brooks
    • "Alberta's Centennial City"[2]
  • Calgary
    • "C-Town"[3]
    • "Cowtown"[4]
    • "Heart of The New West", derived from the city's former official slogan[5]
    • "The Stampede City"[6]
    • "Sandstone City"[7]
  • Camrose
    • "The Rose City"[8]
  • Edmonton
    • "The Big E"[9]
    • "Canada's Festival City" or "Festival City", an unofficial city slogan[10][11]
    • "Canada's Richest Mixed Farming District", an unofficial city slogan[10]
    • "City of Champions", unofficial slogan popularized by former mayor Laurence Decore's characterization of the community's response to the 1987 Edmonton tornado[10]
    • "Crossroads of the World", an unofficial city slogan[10]
    • "Deadmonton", a disparaging term used by British reporter, Robert Philip, during the 2001 World Championships in Athletics (although the term was coined earlier), painting Edmonton as a boring place,[12] and re-emerging in 2011 due to an increasing amount of homicide[13]
    • "E-Town"[14]
    • "Edmonchuck"[15] or "The Chuck",[12] in reference to Edmonton's large Ukrainian population
    • "Gateway to the North", an unofficial city slogan[10][16]
    • "Heart of Canada's Great North West", an unofficial city slogan[10]
    • "Official Host City of the Turn of the Century", an unofficial city slogan[10]
    • "The Oil Capital of Canada", Edmonton's only official slogan adopted by city council, which dates back to 1947[10]
    • "Redmonton", in reference to the city being the most friendly territory for left wing parties in the province.[17]
    • "River City"[18]
    • "Smart City", an unofficial city slogan[10]
    • "Top of the World", an unofficial city slogan[10]
    • "Volunteer Capital of Canada", an unofficial city slogan[10]
  • Fort McMurray
  • Fox Creek
  • Grande Prairie
  • Lloydminster
    • "Border City"[24] or "Canada's Border City"[25]
    • "Heavy Oil Capital of Canada"[25]
  • Lethbridge
    • "The Windy City"[26]
  • Medicine Hat
    • "The City with All Hell for a Basement", derived from a quote by Rudyard Kipling referring to Medicine Hat's natural gas reserves[27][28]
    • "The City with Energy"[27]
    • "The Gas City"[27]
    • "The Hat"[29]
    • "An Oasis on the Prairies"[27]
    • "Saamis", from which Medicine Hat's name is derived, a Blackfoot word for medicine man's hat[27]
  • Red Deer
  • Stettler
    • "The Heart of Alberta"[31]
  • Whitecourt
    • "Snowmobile Capital of Alberta"[32]

British Columbia

Main article: Nicknames of Vancouver
  • Victoria
    • "The Garden City"[54]
    • "City of Newly Weds and Nearly Deads", with larger numbers of seniors or young families as the two major demographics[55]

Manitoba

New Brunswick

Newfoundland and Labrador

  • St. John's
    • "City of Legends"[80]
    • "Newfiejohn", a nickname given by American servicemen in World War II [81]
    • "Sin Jawns" [82]
    • "Town" - as St. John's is the only major urban area in Newfoundland, going across the island to "town" is heading to St. John's [83]
  • Twillingate
    • "The Iceberg Capital of the World"[84]

Nova Scotia

  • Pictou
    • "The Birthplace of New Scotland" - the town was the landing place of the ship Hector, which carried some of the first Scottish immigrants to North America[96]
  • Truro
    • "The Hub of Nova Scotia" or "Hubtown", due to its geographical location within the province and its significance in its history[97]

Ontario

Prince Edward Island

Quebec

Montreal
Main article: Name of Montreal § Nicknames
  • "Québec's Metropolis", "La Métropole du Québec" in French[141]
  • "The City of Saints" [132]
  • "La métropole", French for "The Metropolis"[142]
  • "La ville aux cent clochers", French for "The City of a Hundred Steeples"[143]
  • "Sin City", a historical nickname from the prohibition-era[144]
  • "The City of Festivals"[145]
  • "The Real City"[146]
Quebec City
  • "La Vieille Capitale"[147]

Saskatchewan

Cities by territory

Northwest Territories

Yukon

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Muench, David (December 1993). "Wisconsin Community Slogans: Their Use and Local Impacts" (PDF). Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  2. ^ "History of Brooks". City of Brooks. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
  3. ^ Meghan Jessiman (2011-05-17). "A Healthy Dose of C-Town Couture". Calgary Herald. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  4. ^ Eric Volmers (2012-05-13). "Alberta's best in TV, film feted at Rosies". Calgary Herald. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  5. ^ Sean Myers (2012-01-21). "Calgarians give thumbs-down to new slogan to attract visitors". Calgary Herald. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  6. ^ Curtis Stock (2009-07-07). "Alberta's got plenty of swing". Calgary Herald. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  7. ^ "Calgary's Great Fire of 1886 sparks 'Sandstone City'". CBC News. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
  8. ^ "Hockey Day here". Camrose Canadian. Sun Media Corporation. 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  9. ^ "Envisioning Big E in 2040". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. 2007-11-22. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Economic Development Edmonton 'Branding Edmonton' Initiative" (Doc). City of Edmonton. March 28, 2003. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  11. ^ "Reminder: new experiences lead to a new you". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  12. ^ a b "Defending 'Deadmonton' from British blitz". BBC News. 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  13. ^ Kaufmann, Bill (2011-08-01). "Economy to blame for 'Deadmonton' bloodshed?". Sun News Network. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
  14. ^ Marty Forbes (2012-04-30). "Lots to boast about in E-Town". Edmonton Sun. Sun Media Corporation. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  15. ^ Darryl Sterdan (2009-02-15). "Garage Band Idol". Edmonton Sun. Sun Media Corporation. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  16. ^ "City Centre Airport (Gateway to the North)". Aviation Edmonton. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
  17. ^ Josh Wingrove. "With party soaring, NDP aims to paint 'Redmonton' orange".
  18. ^ Cam Tait (2012-07-07). "Time for local fans to support every level of baseball offered at Telus Field ... before it's too late". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  19. ^ Keith Gerein (2012-04-04). "Highway 63 twinning vital issue in Fort Mac". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  20. ^ a b c Josh Visser (2012-05-31). "Census 2011: Single Canadians, here are the men/women-starved towns you want to move to". National Post. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  21. ^ Paul Wells (2006-01-04). "Up in Fort McMoney". Maclean's. Rogers Digital Media. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  22. ^ "Fox Vegas Hockey team wins Gold in Viva Las Vegas". Fox in Focus. Fox in Focus. May 13, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  23. ^ "History of Grande Prairie". City of Grande Prairie. Retrieved 2012-06-09.
  24. ^ Carl Carter (2011-02-03). "Bobcats leaving the Border City?". Lloydminster Meridian Booster. Sun Media Corporation. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  25. ^ a b "Mayor's Office". City of Lloydminster. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  26. ^ Jamie Woodford (2012-02-08). "Elton's coming". Lethbridge Herald. Alberta Newspaper Group Limited Partnership. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Medicine Hat, The Gas City: 100 Years Incorporated, 1906-2006 (annual report)". City of Medicine Hat. 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  28. ^ Rudyard Kipling said:

    This part of the country seems to have all hell for a basement, and the only trap door appears to be in Medicine Hat. And don’t you ever think of changing the name of your town. It's all your own and the only hat of its kind on earth.

    Source: Brennan, Brian. Boondoggles, Bonanzas and other Alberta Stories.. Calgary: Fifth House Publishers, 2003, p. 43.[1]

  29. ^ Peggy Revell (2012-02-08). "Deputy premier tours Hat's projects". Medicine Hat News. Alberta Newspaper Group Limited Partnership. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  30. ^ "Ottawa the rudest city in Canada? We beg to differ". Ottawa Citizen. Postmedia Network. 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2012-06-06.
  31. ^ "Town of Stettler". www.stettler.net. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
  32. ^ Pamela Roth (March 31, 2013). "Snowmobiler dead, another missing after icy plunge into Athabasca River in Whitecourt". Edmonton Sun. Canoe Sun Media. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  33. ^ "Community Profile 201: Abbotsford Local Health Area" (PDF). Fraser Health. March 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  34. ^ "Abbotsford - British Columbia Tourism". Tourism British Columbia. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
  35. ^ Chase's calendar of events 2010. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill,. 2010. p. 353. ISBN 9780071627412.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  36. ^ Bryan, Liz (2011). Country roads of western BC : from the Fraser Valley to the islands. Surrey, B.C.: Heritage House. p. 24. ISBN 9781926613949.
  37. ^ a b "Campbell River". Super, Natural British Columbia. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  38. ^ a b "Port Alberni Fishing". Super, Natural British Columbia. Government of British Columbia. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  39. ^ "Canada's Tournament Capital". Brandmarks and Logos. City of Kamloops. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  40. ^ Hall, Neal (27 August 2005). "Fruit drove Kelowna's early economy". Vancouver Sun. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  41. ^ "Kelowna – 2014 Provincial Participant". Retrieved 2014-07-31.
  42. ^ "The City's Emblem". City of Nanaimo. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
  43. ^ "Federal grant paves way for airport plow". Nanaimo News Bulletin. Black Press. 2012-03-13. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  44. ^ "Heritage". City of Nelson. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  45. ^ Grant Granger (2012-03-01). "'Gastown-type potential' for Downtown New West: Fung". New Westminster News Leader. Black Press. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  46. ^ Show your love for New Westminster
  47. ^ [2]
  48. ^ James Miller (2012-09-12). "Greatest player ever from Clear Creek, Ont". Penticton Herald. Continental Newspapers Canada Ltd. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  49. ^ "PoCo wants new and old photos for exhibit". Coquitlam Now. LMP Publication Limited Partnership. 2012-10-17. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  50. ^ "Council Policy 205: Use of Corporate Brand". City of Powell River. 2005-03-22. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  51. ^ "Surrey Is..." City of Surrey. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  52. ^ "Home of Champions built on community participation". Trail Daily Times. Black Press. 2012-10-12. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  53. ^ "Sliver City salute". Trail Daily Times. Black Press. 2012-09-22. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  54. ^ "B.C. Transit drivers return to calling out stops on Victoria buses". Victoria News. Black Press. 2012-05-06. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  55. ^ Macionis, John J (2002). Society: The Basics. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. p. 69. ISBN 9780131111646.
  56. ^ "Enriching the Wheat City". Brandon Sun. Brandon Sun. 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  57. ^ Brian Vinh Tien Trinh (2014-02-27). "Churchill, Manitoba, Canada's Polar Bear Capital, As Seen From Google Streetview". The Huffington Post Canada. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
  58. ^ "Historic Sites of Manitoba: Steinbach - The Automobile City (Steinbach)". Manitoba Historical Society. 2011-12-31. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  59. ^ John Barker (2009-12-23). "City of Thompson flag flying in Kandahar". Thompson Citizen. Glacier Community Media. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  60. ^ "Sunday and holiday shopping hours extended". City of Thompson. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  61. ^ a b John Barker (2012-02-08). "Thompson takes a big tumble: Drops to fifth-largest city in Manitoba". Thompson Citizen. Glacier Community Media. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  62. ^ Bartley Kives (2012-03-11). "Katz's city state". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  63. ^ Margo Goodhand (2012-10-10). "Winnipeg Now was 100 years in the making". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  64. ^ Randall King (2010-09-10). "It must be TIFF". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  65. ^ Rob Williams (2011-12-31). "Live... in the Peg!". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  66. ^ Jenny Ford (2012-07-06). "Slurpee title just getting sweeter". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  67. ^ Tim Campbell (2011-01-06). "Winner-peg gets its game back". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
  68. ^ Bartley Kives (2012-02-12). "Proud to be Winterpeg". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  69. ^ Randy Turner (2014-09-19). "City Beautiful - Part III: Our Renaissance". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2014-10-02.
  70. ^ Doug Lunney (2014-06-09). "Oakbank rocker living in Dubai's fast lane". Winnipeg Sun. Sun Media. Retrieved 2014-10-02.
  71. ^ Doug Lunney (2013-08-11). "Depreciation deals: Nott's luxury cars provide great value for wholesale Winnipeg". Winnipeg Sun. Sun Media. Retrieved 2014-10-02.
  72. ^ "Churches/Places of Worship". City of Fredericton. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  73. ^ "History of Fredericton". City of Fredericton. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  74. ^ "Relay for Life raises big money in Freddy Beach". 106.9 Capital FM. 2012-06-09. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  75. ^ Cathy LeBreton (2012-10-22). "Major employment forum held this week in Moncton". News 91.9. Rogers Communications. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  76. ^ a b c "History of Saint John". City of Saint John. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  77. ^ "Saint John - Canada's Original City". City of Saint John. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  78. ^ "Energized: A fresh look at Canada's Original City" (PDF). City of Saint John and Enterprise Saint John. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  79. ^ Melody Wren (2012-06-15). "Travel: The Fundy City". Guelph Mercury. Metroland Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
  80. ^ "St. John's - City of Legends". Memorial University. February 13, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  81. ^ [3]
  82. ^ [4]
  83. ^ [5]
  84. ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-13935006
  85. ^ "Historic Amherst - Town of Amherst". www.amherst.ca. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  86. ^ Corey LeBlanc (October 18, 2011). "Silver to serve in Yukon". The Casket. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  87. ^ "LIVE From ANTIGONOWHERE!". goudieface.tripod.com. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  88. ^ Boylan-Hartling, Carol. "Town Hall | Town of Berwick". www.town.berwick.ns.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  89. ^ Company, Dartmouth Clothing. "City of Lakes Tee | Dartmouth Clothing Company". Dartmouth Clothing Company. Retrieved 2016-07-14. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  90. ^ "JOHN DeMONT: Something's blooming on the Darkside". Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  91. ^ "Welcome to the Town of Digby". www.digby.ca. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  92. ^ Ruskin, Brett (25 Aug 2014). "Halifax doesn't want Nova Scotia Power cutting down its trees". Global News. Retrieved 5 Nov 2016.
  93. ^ a b https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/-33-popular-nicknames-for-canadian-cities/51405
  94. ^ "The News - New Glasgow Newspaper". www.ngnews.ca. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  95. ^ "Home - Town of Oxford". www.town.oxford.ns.ca. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  96. ^ "Home | Town of Pictou | Birthplace of New Scotland". www.townofpictou.ca. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
  97. ^ "Home | Town of Truro". www.truro.ca. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
  98. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/how-brampton-demonstrates-the-new-vision-of-canada/article12581170/?page=all
  99. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/brampton-a-story-of-political-importance-power-and-ethnic-enclaves/article30273820/
  100. ^ http://www.brampton.ca/en/residents/digital/brampton-the-flower-city-story/brampton-the-flower-city-story/mobile/index.html?doc=E3AB10A9ED2FFEA9B1662DAE50180612. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  101. ^ Dale, Geoff. "Chatham-Kent's impressive roots - agriculture & automobiles". What Travel Writers Say. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  102. ^ O'Keefe, Dan (Jan 28, 2010). "Monopolizing Guelph". Retrieved Jan 4, 2015.
  103. ^ Bailey, Thomas Melville (1991). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol II, 1876–1924). W.L. Griffin Ltd.
  104. ^ Daniel Nolan (December 22, 2011). "Bieber Fever hits the Hammer". The Hamilton Spectator. Metroland Media.
  105. ^ Daniel Nolan (April 6, 2011). "Showdown in Steeltown". The Hamilton Spectator. Metroland Media.
  106. ^ "History". City of Kingston. The Corporation of the City of Kingston. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  107. ^ Sher, Jonathan (2008-12-05). "London developers win first round in woodland battle". London Free Press.

    "Despite its Forest City moniker, London trails many Ontario municipalities in forest cover..."
  108. ^ http://www.guidingstar.ca/Amazing_Facts_About_Markham.htm
  109. ^ https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/blogs/jrhockey-buzzing-the-net/mississauga-majors-owner-might-change-ohl-team-name-154700709.html
  110. ^ http://niagarafallsupclose.com/niagara-falls-known-as-the-honeymoon-capital-of-the-world/
  111. ^ a b c [6]
  112. ^ [7]
  113. ^ Michele Mandel (2008-12-14). "Even in motor city, there's little loyalty: Half of the folks in Oshawa buy foreign cars". cnews. Canoe Media. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
  114. ^ Don Peat (August 17, 2010). "The Shwa Tiger-Cats? Oshawa municipal candidate eyes tackling team if it leaves Hamilton". Toronto Sun. Canoe Sun Media. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  115. ^ Kennedy, Ryan (2008-12-08). "A few blue and white things to be thankful for". Metro International.

    "But here we are after 30 games and the Leafs find themselves looking down in the Northeast Division standings at their archrivals from Bytown."
  116. ^ Peter Hum (November 9, 2009). "O-Town Originals". Ottawa Citizen. Postmedia Network. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  117. ^ http://www.orillia.com/
  118. ^ "The City of Owen Sound". The City of Owen Sound. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  119. ^ White, Paul (2000). Owen Sound: The Port City. Toronto: National Heritage. p. 83. ISBN 1896219233.
  120. ^ "Owen Sound". Ontario's small Jewish communities. Ontario Jewish archives. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  121. ^ "Owen Sound Tourism". The City of Owen Sound. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  122. ^ http://www.peterborough-on.worldweb.com/
  123. ^ http://www.factacular.com/subjects/City_Nicknames
  124. ^ DiManno, Rosie (2007-01-15). "A cheeky look at the rump of Toronto: Shhh on the S-word, coupled with crime, councillors say". Toronto Star.
  125. ^ Spears, John (2008-01-15). "Don't call it `Scarlem'". Toronto Star.
  126. ^ a b http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2013/04/08/the-game-of-the-name
  127. ^ a b Harold Carmichael (November 17, 2013). "Ukrainians say goodbye to Nickel City". Sudbury Star. Canoe Sun Media. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  128. ^ Sudbury Northern Life Staff (March 16, 2010). "Restoring the City of Lakes' aquatic luster". Northern Life. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  129. ^ http://www.portofthunderbay.com/article/canadas-gateway-to-the-west-271.asp
  130. ^ http://www.chroniclejournal.com/news/great-war-subject-of-gigantic-project/article_c26e4315-8bd7-5c5d-a931-ba6ed4ed5719.html?mode=jqm
  131. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20070809121412/http://www.thunderbay.ca/docs/business/1012.pdf
  132. ^ a b City nicknames
  133. ^ Why is Toronto called 'Hogtown?'
  134. ^ a b Benson, Denise. "Putting T-Dot on the Map". Eye Weekly. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
  135. ^ Johnson, Jessica (2007-08-04). "Quirky finds in the Big Smoke". Globe and Mail.
  136. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/we-the-6-why-the-name-drake-gave-us-is-here-to-stay/article25421112/
  137. ^ @UW
  138. ^ [8]
  139. ^ http://www1.uwindsor.ca/history/windsor-history
  140. ^ "City of Charlottetown: Welcome to the City of Charlottetown". City of Charlottetown. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  141. ^ "Quebec's Metropolis 1960-1992". Montreal Archives. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  142. ^ Gagné, Gilles (May 31, 2012). "La Gaspésie s'attable dans la métropole". Le Soleil (in French). Quebec City. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  143. ^ Leclerc, Jean-François (2002). "Montréal, la ville aux cent clochers : regards des Montréalais sur leurs lieux de culte". Les Éditions Fides (in French). Quebec City.
  144. ^ "Lonely Planet Montreal Guide - Modern History". Lonely Planet.
  145. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/montreal-festival-city/article18291688/
  146. ^ http://www.rapdict.org/Montreal#Montreal.2FMontr.C3.A9al
  147. ^ Marceau, Stéphane G.; Rémillard, François (2002). Ville de Québec (in French) (4th ed.). Montreal: Guides de voyage Ulysse. p. 14. ISBN 2-89464-510-4.
  148. ^ http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/kelvington.html
  149. ^ [9] From the number of marching bands in Moose Jaw.
  150. ^ a b c d e f g h "Saskatchewan slang". canada.com. Postmedia Network Inc. November 7, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  151. ^ Trans Canada Highway
  152. ^ Canadian Geographic Kids
  153. ^ [10]
  154. ^ [11]
  155. ^ The Province
  156. ^ [12]
  157. ^ http://www.ddcorp.ca/careers/life-in-yellowknife
  158. ^ http://cityofdawson.com/history-pages/john-gould/paris-of-the-north
  159. ^ http://www.city.whitehorse.yk.ca/index.aspx?page=262
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