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Mayor of Rome

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Mayor of Rome
Sindaco di Roma
SeatPalazzo Senatorio
AppointerElectorate of Rome
Term length5 years, renewable once
Inaugural holderFrancesco Rospigliosi Pallavicini
Formation23 September 1870
DeputySilvia Scozzese
Salary€10,000 monthly
Website[1]

The mayor of Rome (Italian: sindaco di Roma) is an elected politician who, along with the Rome City Council (Italian: Assemblea Capitolina) of 48 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Rome. As Rome is a comune speciale since 2009, the office is different from the offices of the other Italian cities. The title is the equivalent of Lord Mayor in the meaning of an actual executive leader.

Overview

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Current seat of the Mayor, Palazzo Senatorio on Capitoline Hill.

According to the City of Rome Statutes, the Mayor of Rome is a member of the Rome City Council (Italian: Assemblea Capitolina) ex-oficio as its overall head.

The Mayor is elected by the population of Rome. Citizens elect also the members of the City Council, which also controls the mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce the mayor's resignation by a motion of no confidence. The mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of the Council, which are twelve (Italian: Assessori delle Giunta Capitolina) according to the Italian Constitution.

The seat of the City Council is the city hall Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill.

History

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When the City of Rome was founded, it was initially ruled by Kings. After the last King was overthrown, it would be ruled by Consuls who were elected by the Assembly of the Centuries. The Assembly of the Centuries was an extremely oligarchic voting system, with voters organized into blocks based on wealth, and each block having but one vote to elect the Consuls.

There were two Consuls at a time, known as the Consul Priori and the Consul Posteriori, and they served a 1-year term. Technically the Consul Priori was in charge of the city as well as the larger Roman Republic, and the Consul Posteriori was his second-in-command, but in practice both Consuls shared power except in times of national emergency. (Said emergencies would lead to either Senatus Consultum Ultimum, or failing that the true last resort was a Dictatorship, to be held by the Consul Priori.)

Roman Emperors were essentially Mayors of Rome ex officio, although the Consuls continued to exist in a largely ceremonial role. The Assembly of the Centuries was abolished, and the power to elect Consuls was transferred to the Senate alone. Once the Western Roman Empire ended, Consuls retook charge of the city, even as Kings once again ruled larger territories that included Rome. By this time there were no longer two Consuls in Rome, but one, the position of Consul Posteriori having been ceded to the younger Eastern Roman Empire.

In 534, a man named Decius Paulinus served as the very last Consul of Rome. (The last Consul was Byzantine Emperor Leo VI, but he did not rule from Rome.) The Senate survived as a city council of sorts, until it passed its final acts and voted to disband in 603. All the while, law and order were largely kept by various foreign occupiers (and their appointed city-governors).

In 756, the Donation of Pepin made Rome the capital of a newly formed Federation of the Papal States. After this, the city would be directly ruled by the same Popes who also ruled the much larger Papal States territory. During the final third or so of its existence, the Papal States also had a Governor of Rome, appointed by the Pope to rule the city in his name, allowing the Pope himself to focus on national and ecclesial matters.

Having been the capital of the Papal States, Rome did not receive its modern Mayor until 1870, when it became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. The new Mayor served as a member of the city council, and he was appointed every three years by the King of Italy. Then since 1889 the Mayor was elected every four years by the City Council. However, the fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils in 1926, replacing them with a single authoritarian Rector (Podestà) chosen by the National Fascist Party. The rector of Rome was called "Governatore" (Governor).

After World War II, the Mayor was chosen by the City Council. In 1993, the election of the Mayor was transferred from the City Council to direct election by the people. In 2001, the schedule of such elections was changed from every 4 years to every 5 years.

List of Mayors of Rome

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Papal States (1558–1870)

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From 1558 to 1870, the Papal States created the office of Governatore (Governor), also called Vice Camerlengo, chosen by the Pope.

Kingdom of Italy (1870–1946)

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From 1870, when Rome was annexed, the Kingdom of Italy created the office of the Mayor of Rome (Sindaco di Roma), chosen by the City council. In 1926, the Fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils, replacing them with a single authoritarian Governatore (Governor) chosen by the National Fascist Party.

  Mayor Term start Term end Party
– Michelangelo Caetani[1] 23 September 1870 30 September 1870 Independent
– Giuseppe Lunati[2] 29 November 1870 20 December 1870 Independent
– Filippo Doria Pamphili[2] 21 December 1870 March 1871 Independent
– Giovanni Angelini[2] March 1871 16 April 1871 Independent
1 Francesco Rospigliosi Pallavicini 16 April 1871 21 October 1871 Independent
2 Luigi Pianciani 29 July 1873 5 August 1874 Left
3 Pietro Venturi 15 January 1875 7 November 1877 Left
4 Emanuele Ruspoli 18 July 1878 20 July 1880 Right
(2) Luigi Pianciani October 1881 May 1882 Left
5 Leopoldo Torlonia May 1882 31 December 1887 Right
6 Alessandro Guiccioli 24 October 1888 28 November 1889 Left
7 Augusto Armellini 28 November 1889 20 June 1890 Left
8 Onorato Caetani 29 December 1890 14 November 1892 Right
(4) Emanuele Ruspoli 14 November 1892 29 November 1899 Right
9 Prospero Colonna di Paliano December 1899 October 1904 Right
10 Enrico Cruciani Alibrandi 10 July 1905 10 July 1907 Independent
11 Ernesto Nathan 25 November 1907 8 December 1913 Radical
(9) Prospero Colonna di Paliano 6 July 1914 8 June 1919 Liberal
12 Adolfo Apolloni 8 June 1919 25 November 1920 Liberal
13 Luigi Rava 25 November 1920 23 May 1921 Liberal
14 Giannetto Valli 23 May 1921 26 June 1922 Liberal
15 Filippo Cremonesi 26 June 1922 1 January 1926 Independent
Fascist Governor (1926–1944)
1 Filippo Cremonesi 1 January 1926 9 December 1926 PNF
2 Ludovico Spada Veralli Potenziani 9 December 1926 13 September 1928 PNF
3 Francesco Boncompagni Ludovisi 13 September 1928 23 January 1935 PNF
4 Giuseppe Bottai 23 January 1935 15 November 1936 PNF
5 Piero Colonna 15 November 1936 30 August 1939 PNF
6 Giangiacomo Borghese 30 August 1939 21 August 1943 PNF
7 Giovanni Orgera 6 January 1944 10 June 1944 PFR
Allied occupation (1944–1946)
16 Filippo Andrea VI Doria Pamphili 10 June 1944 10 December 1946 Independent

Republic of Italy (1946–present)

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City Council election (1946–1993)

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From 1946 to 1993, the Mayor of Rome was chosen by the City Council.

  Mayor Term start Term end Party Coalition Election
17 Salvatore Rebecchini
(1891–1977) 		10 December 1946 5 November 1947 DC DC 1946
5 November 1947 4 July 1952 DC  • PLI  • UQ 1947
4 July 1952 2 July 1956 DC  • PLI  • PRI 1952
18 Umberto Tupini
(1889–1973) 		2 July 1956 10 January 1958 DC Centrism
(DC  • PLI  • PRI  • PSDI) 		1956
19 Urbano Cioccetti
(1905–1978) 		10 January 1958 11 July 1961 DC
-
Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (11 July 1961 – 17 July 1962)[a]
 1960
20 Glauco Della Porta
(1920–1976) 		17 July 1962 12 March 1964 DC Organic Centre-left
(DC  • PSI  • PSDI  • PRI) 		1962
21 Amerigo Petrucci
(1922–1983) 		12 March 1964 28 July 1966 DC
28 July 1966 29 December 1967 1966
22 Rinaldo Santini
(1914–2013) 		29 December 1967 30 July 1969 DC
23 Clelio Darida
(1927–2017) 		30 July 1969 7 August 1971 DC DC  • PSI  • PSDI
7 August 1971 9 August 1976 DC 1971
24 Giulio Carlo Argan
(1909–1992) 		9 August 1976 29 September 1979 SI Red Executive
(PCI  • PSI  • PSDI  • PRI) 		1976
25 Luigi Petroselli
(1932–1981) 		29 September 1979 7 October 1981[b] PCI
26 Ugo Vetere
(1924–2013) 		15 October 1981 30 July 1985 PCI 1981
27 Nicola Signorello
(1926–2022) 		30 July 1985 6 August 1988 DC Pentapartito
(DC  • PSI  • PSDI  • PRI  • PLI) 		1985
28 Pietro Giubilo
(b. 1942) 		6 August 1988 19 July 1989 DC
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Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (19 July 1989 – 19 December 1989)[c]
29 Franco Carraro
(b. 1939) 		19 December 1989 19 April 1993 PSI Pentapartito
(DC  • PSI  • PSDI  • PRI  • PLI) 		1989
-
Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (19 April 1993 – 6 December 1993)[d]
Notes
  1. ^ Nominated by the Prefect after the City Council failed to elect a Mayor.
  2. ^ Died in office.
  3. ^ Nominated by the Prefect after the Mayor lost the support of the majority of the City Council.
  4. ^ Nominated by the Prefect after the Mayor and the members of the City Council resigned in order to hold a new election under the provision of the new local electoral law.

Direct election (since 1993)

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Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Rome is chosen by direct election, originally every four, and since 2001 every five years.


Mayor of Rome Took office Left office Party Coalition Election
30 Francesco Rutelli
(b. 1954) 		6 December 1993 17 November 1997 FdV Alliance of Progressives
(PDS-FdV-AD-LP) 		1993
17 November 1997 8 January 2001[a] The Olive Tree
(PDS-PRC-FdV-PPI-LP-SDI) 		1997
Enzo Mosino, Special Prefectural Commissioner (8 January 2001 – 1 June 2001)
31 Walter Veltroni
(b. 1955) 		1 June 2001 1 June 2006 DS
PD 		The Olive Tree
(DS-FdV-DL-PRC) 		2001
1 June 2006 13 February 2008[b] The Olive Tree
(DS-FdV-DL-PRC-IdV-PdCI) 		2006
Mario Morcone, Special Prefectural Commissioner (13 February 2008 – 28 April 2008)
32 Gianni Alemanno
(b. 1958) 		28 April 2008 12 June 2013 PdL PdL 2008
33 Ignazio Marino
(b. 1955) 		12 June 2013 31 October 2015[c] PD PD  • SEL 2013
Francesco Paolo Tronca, Special Prefectural Commissioner (31 October 2015 – 22 June 2016)
34 Virginia Raggi
(b. 1978) 		22 June 2016 21 October 2021 M5S M5S 2016
35 Roberto Gualtieri
(b. 1966) 		21 October 2021[d] Incumbent PD PD  • SI  • EV  • DemoS 2021
Notes
  1. ^ He left the office because he was candidate at the 2001 general election as Prime Minister.
  2. ^ He left the office because he was candidate at the 2008 general election as Prime Minister.
  3. ^ Ousted from office after more than half the city's councillors stepped down.
  4. ^ Election originally scheduled for June 2021 and then postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.

Timeline

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Mayors
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Political coalition
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Five Star MovementCentre-right coalitionCentre-left coalitionPentapartitoItalian Communist PartyChristian Democracy (Italy)Organic Centre-leftCentrism (Italy)

By time in office

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Rank Mayor Political Party Total time in office
1 Salvatore Rebecchini DC 9 years, 205 days
2 Francesco Rutelli FdV 7 years, 33 days
3 Clelio Darida DC 7 years, 10 days
4 Walter Veltroni DS 6 years, 257 days
5 Virginia Raggi M5S 5 years, 121 days
6 Gianni Alemanno PdL 5 years, 45 days
7 Amerigo Petrucci DC 3 years, 292 days
8 Ugo Vetere PCI 3 years, 288 days
9 Urbano Cioccetti DC 3 years, 182 days
10 Franco Carraro PSI 3 years, 121 days
11 Roberto Gualtieri PD 3 years, 63 days
12 Giulio Carlo Argan SI 3 years, 51 days
13 Nicola Signorello DC 3 years, 7 days
14 Ignazio Marino PD 2 years, 141 days
15 Luigi Petroselli PCI 2 years, 8 days
16 Glauco Della Porta DC 1 year, 239 days
17 Rinaldo Santini DC 1 year, 213 days
18 Umberto Tupini DC 1 year, 192 days
19 Pietro Giubilo DC 347 days

Election

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See also: Elections in Rome

Deputy Mayor

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The office of the Deputy Mayor of Rome was officially created in 1993 with the adoption of the new local administration law. The Deputy Mayor is nominated and eventually dismissed by the Mayor.

# Deputy Term start Term end Party Mayor
1 Walter Tocci 8 December 1993 17 November 1997 PDS
DS 		Rutelli
20 November 1997 8 January 2001
2 Enrico Gasbarra 4 June 2001 17 June 2003[a] DL Veltroni
3 Mariapia Garavaglia 24 June 2003 1 June 2006 DL
8 June 2006 13 February 2008
4 Mario Cutrufo 16 May 2008 15 July 2011[b] PdL Alemanno
5 Sveva Belviso 19 July 2011 12 June 2013 PdL
6 Luigi Nieri 27 June 2013 27 July 2015[c] SEL Marino
7 Marco Causi 28 July 2015 31 October 2015 PD
8 Daniele Frongia 26 June 2016 17 December 2016[d] M5S Raggi
9 Luca Bergamo 22 December 2016 25 January 2021[e] M5S
10 Pietro Calabrese 27 January 2021 21 October 2021 M5S
11 Silvia Scozzese 3 November 2021 Incumbent Ind Gualtieri
Notes
  1. ^ Resigned after being elected President of the Province of Rome.
  2. ^ Resigned.
  3. ^ Resigned.
  4. ^ Resigned.
  5. ^ Dismissed by the Mayor.

References

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  1. ^ President of the Government Council of Rome (Presidente della Giunta di Governo di Roma).
  2. ^ a b c Acting mayor.
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