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Missy Elliott
Elliott in 2015
Elliott in 2015
Background information
Birth nameMelissa Arnette Elliott
Also known asMissy "Misdemeanor" Elliott
Born (1971-07-01) July 1, 1971 (age 53)
Portsmouth, Virginia, U.S.
Genres
Occupations
InstrumentVocals
Years active1991–present
Labels
Websitemissy-elliott.com

Melissa Arnette Elliott (born July 1, 1971), better known under her stage name Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott or simply Missy Elliott, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Elliott embarked on her music career with all-female R&B group Sista in the early 1990s and later became part of the Swing Mob collective along with childhood friend and producer Timbaland with whom she worked on projects for Aaliyah, 702, Total, and SWV. Following several guest appearances, in 1997, she launched her solo career with the release of her debut album Supa Dupa Fly, which spawned the hit single "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)" and "Sock It 2 Me". The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, the highest-charting debut for a female rapper at the time.[1] Her following album Da Real World (1999), produced the singles "She's a Bitch", "All n My Grill", and the top five hit "Hot Boyz".

With the release of Miss E... So Addictive (2001), Under Construction (2002), and This Is Not a Test! (2003) Elliott established an international career and followed with the hits "Get Ur Freak On", "One Minute Man", "4 My People", "Gossip Folks", and "Work It", the latter of which won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance, eventually winning five Grammy Awards and selling over seven million albums in the United States.[2] Elliott is also known for a series of hits and diverse music videos, including "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)", "Hot Boyz", "Get Ur Freak On", "Work It", and the Grammy award-winning video for "Lose Control."

Early life

Melissa Arnette Elliott[3] was born on July 1, 1971,[4] in Portsmouth, Virginia.[5] She is the only child of mother Patricia, a power-company dispatcher, and father Ronnie, a U.S. Marine.[3][6][7] At the age of four in 1975, she wanted to be a performer, although she knew no one took her seriously, because she was always the class clown.[8] While her father was a Marine, the family lived in Jacksonville, North Carolina, in a mobile home.[8] Elliott enjoyed school for the friendships she formed and had little interest in school work. An intelligence test classified her well above average,[8] and she jumped two years ahead of her class.[8] This made her feel increasingly isolated, and she purposely failed all her classes, eventually returning to her previous class.[8] When her father returned from the Marines, they moved back to Virginia, where they lived in extreme poverty.[6]

Elliott's childhood was strongly affected by domestic abuse committed by her father.[9] As a child, she refused to stay over at any of her friends' homes for the fear that she would return and find her mother dead.[9] Her father once beat her mother so severely that her shoulders were dislocated. On another occasion, Elliott's father threatened her with a gun.[9] When Elliott was fourteen, she and her mother fled her father by sneaking out under the guise of a normal bus ride; the pair in reality went to a family member's home where their possessions were loaded into a U-Haul truck.[6] Elliott lived with the fear that her father would kill them both for leaving.[8] Elliott and her father occasionally talk, but the singer says she hasn't forgiven him.[6][8] She later stated, "When we left, my mother realized how strong she was on her own, and it made me strong. It took her leaving to realize."[6][8]

Elliott graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Portsmouth, Virginia, in 1990.[3]

Career

1991–95: Sista and career beginnings

In the early 1990s Elliott formed an all female R&B group, called Fayze (later renamed Sista),[3] with friends La'Shawn Shellman, Chonita Coleman, and Radiah Scott. She recruited her neighborhood friend Timothy Mosley as the group's producer and began making demo tracks, among them included the promo "First Move".[10] In 1991, Fayze caught the attention of Jodeci member and producer DeVante Swing[3] by performing Jodeci songs a cappella for him backstage after one of his group's concerts. In short order, Fayze moved to New York City and signed to Elektra Records through DeVante's Swing Mob imprint, also renaming the group Sista. Sista debut song was titled "Brand New" released in 1993 [11] Elliott took Mosley — whom DeVante re-christened Timbaland — and their friend Melvin "Magoo" Barcliff along with her.

All 20-plus members of the Swing Mob — among them future stars such as Ginuwine, Playa, and Tweet[12] — lived in a single two-storey house in New York and were often at work on material both for Jodeci and their own projects.[7] While Elliott wrote and rapped on Raven-Symoné's 1993 debut single, "That's What Little Girls Are Made Of",[13] she also contributed songwriting duties, credited and uncredited, to the final two Jodeci albums Diary of a Mad Band (1993) and The Show, the After Party, the Hotel (1995). Timbaland and DeVante jointly produced a Sista album, entitled 4 All the Sistas Around da World and completed in 1994. Though videos were released for the original and remix versions of the single "Brand New", the album was shelved and never released.[10] One of the group's tracks, "It's Alright" featuring Craig Mack, did however make the cut on the soundtrack of the 1995 motion picture Dangerous Minds. But by the end of 1995, Swing Mob had folded and many of its members dispersed; Elliott, Timbaland, Magoo, Ginuwine, and Playa remained together and collaborated on each other's records for the rest of the decade as the musical collective The Superfriends.[14][15][16]

1996–98: Supa Dupa Fly

After leaving Swing Mob, Elliott and Timbaland worked together as a songwriting/production team, crafting tracks for acts including SWV and 702, but the most notable of them was Aaliyah.[12] The pair wrote and produced nine tracks for Aaliyah's second album, One in a Million (1996), among them the hit singles "If Your Girl Only Knew", "One in a Million", "Hot Like Fire", and "4 Page Letter".[11] Elliott contributed background vocals and/or guest raps to nearly all of the tracks on which she and Timbaland worked. One in a Million went double platinum and made stars out of the production duo. Elliott and Timbaland continued to work together for other artists, later creating hits for artists such as Total ("What About Us?", 1997), Nicole Wray ("Make It Hot", 1998), and Destiny's Child ("Get on the Bus", 1998), as well as one final hit for Aaliyah, "I Care 4 U" before her death in 2001. Elliott began her career as a featured vocalist rapping on Sean "Puffy" Combs's Bad Boy remixes to Gina Thompson's "The Things That You Do", (which had a video featuring cameo appearances by Notorious B.I.G and Puff Daddy), MC Lyte's 1996 hit single Cold Rock a Party (backup vocals by Gina Thompson), and New Edition's 1996 single "You Don't Have to Worry". Combs had hoped to sign Elliott to his Bad Boy record label. In addition Elliott written the bulk of Total's second and final album Kima, Keisha, and Pam and Nicole Wray's debut Make It Hot (both released in 1998).

Also that year Elliott appeared on the Men of Vizion's remix of "Do Thangz" which was produced by Rodney Jerkins (coincidentally the producer of the original version of "The Things That You Do"). She instead signed a deal with East West Records, a division of Elektra Entertainment Group at that time, in 1996 to create her own imprint, The Goldmind Inc., for which she would record as a solo artist.[12] Timbaland was again recruited as her production partner, a role he would hold on most of Elliott's solo releases. Missy also appeared in LSG's song "All the Time" with Gerald Levert, Keith Sweat, Johnny Gill, Faith Evans, and Coko in 1997 on Levert Sweat Gill classic album. The same year, she rapped in "Keys To My House" with old friends group LeVert. In the center of a busy period making guest appearances and writing for other artists, Elliott's debut album, Supa Dupa Fly, was released in mid-1997; the success of its lead single "The Rain" led the album to be certified platinum.[11]

The success was also a result of the music videos of her single releases which had been directed by Harold "Hype" Williams, who created many groundbreaking hip hop videos at the time. The album was also nominated for Best Rap Album at the 1998 Grammy Awards, but lost to Puff Daddy's No Way Out. The year also saw Elliott perform live at the MTV Video Music Awards show on a remix to Lil' Kim's "Ladies Night" with fellow rappers Da Brat, Angie Martinez and TLC-rapper Left Eye. In 1998, Elliott continued her successful career in the background as a producer and writer on Total's single "Trippin'", as well as working with several others in the hip-hop and R&B communities. Elliott co-wrote and co-produced two tracks on Whitney Houston's 1998 album My Love Is Your Love, providing vocal cameos for "In My Business" and "Oh Yes". The same year, Elliott also produced and made a guest appearance on Spice Girl Melanie Brown's debut solo single, "I Want You Back", which topped the UK Singles Chart.

1999–2001: Da Real World and Miss E… So Addictive

Although a much darker album than her debut, Elliott's second album was just as successful as the first,[17] selling 1.5 million copies and 3 million copies worldwide. She remarked, "I can't even explain the pressure. The last album took me a week to record. This one took almost two months…I couldn't rush it the second time because people expect more."[17] Da Real World (1999) included the singles "All n My Grill", a collaboration with Nicole Wray and Big Boi (from OutKast), a remix to "Hot Boyz" and "She's a Bitch". Also in 1999, Elliott was featured, alongside Da Brat, on the official remix to a Mariah Carey single "Heartbreaker".

Missy Elliott next released Miss E... So Addictive in 2001. The album spawned the massive pop and urban hits "One Minute Man", featuring Ludacris and Trina, and "Get Ur Freak On", as well as the international club hit "4 My People" and the less commercially successful single "Take Away". The double music video for "Take Away/4 My People" was released in the fall of 2001, shortly after the 9-11 terrorist attacks and the death of Elliott's friend Aaliyah in August. The "Take Away" video contained images of and words about Aaliyah, and the slow ballad acted as a tribute to her memory. The remainder of the video was the more upbeat "4 My People", contained scenes of people dancing happily in front of American flags and Elliott dressed in red, white and blue. Though "Take Away" was not a success on radio, "4 My People" went on to become an American and European club hit due to a popular remix by house music duo Basement Jaxx in 2002.

Tweet's appearance on Elliott's "Take Away" as well as her cameo at Elliott's house on MTV Cribs helped to create a buzz about the new R&B singer. Tweet's own debut single, "Oops (Oh My)", was co-written by Elliott and released through Goldmind in February 2002. The single was a top ten hit, thanks partially to Elliott's songwriting and guest rap, and to Timbaland's unusual production on the track. Elliott co-produced the Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink cover of "Lady Marmalade" for the Moulin Rouge! Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film album,[18] which went to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2001.

2002–04: Under Construction and This Is Not a Test!

For her next outing, Elliott and Timbaland focused on an old school sound, utilizing many old school rap and funk samples, such as Run–D.M.C.'s "Peter Piper" and Frankie Smith's "Double Dutch Bus." Elliott's fourth album, 2002's Under Construction (see 2002 in music) is known as the best selling female rap album with 2.1 million copies sold in the United States.[19] In 2002, Elliott won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for "Get Ur Freak On".[13] In 2003, Under Construction received Grammy nominations for Best Rap Album and Album of the Year.[20] The New York Times called Under Construction "this year's best hip-hop album."[21] Elliott released two singles off of Under Construction. The lead single, "Work It" reached #2 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart and won the "Video of the Year" award at MTV's Video Music Awards. The second single, "Gossip Folks" featuring Ludacris, became a Top 10 hit on Billboard's Hot 100 chart, was one of the most-played music videos on MTV, MTV2, MTV Jams, and BET in 2003 and was embraced by the dance community, as well as the mainstream, due to a Fatboy Slim remix.[22] A third single was never released, though a video was shot for "Back In The Day" featuring Jay-Z[23] and Elliott was set to release the sexual-themed, "P***ycat", as the album's final single with a remixed version featuring Janet Jackson. Although not released as single and with no video, "Pussycat" peaked at number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In between albums, Elliott produced the "American Dream Remix" (featuring Tweet's additional vocals) of Madonna's single "American Life," was featured rapper on Timbaland & Magoo's return single, "Cop That Shit", and produced "Fighting Temptation" (featuring herself, Beyoncé, Free and MC Lyte) for the soundtrack to the Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Beyoncé Knowles movie of the same name. The track reached #1 in Japan but failed to chart in the U.S. Hot 100. Elliott was also featured on Wyclef Jean's "Party to Damascus" and Ghostface Killah's "Tush" singles, the latter of which became a minor 2004 dance hit, and had a pivotal role in the film Honey. Gap approached Elliott later in the year to co-star in a commercial with Madonna, which received much media attention.[24] Elliott furthered her relationship with Madonna by performing the controversial 2003 MTV Video Music Awards show opening alongside Madonna, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera.

A year after Elliott's most successful album to date was released, Elliott felt pressured by her label to release another album, hoping to capitalize on her recent success.[25] Elliott's singles, "Pass That Dutch" and "I'm Really Hot", from her fifth album, This Is Not a Test! (released November 2003), both rose the urban charts. However, both were not as successful at pop radio in comparison to many of her previous efforts. This Is Not A Test sold 690,000 copies in the United States[25] and has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Elliott has since stated "This Is Not A Test! came out extremely too quickly for me. I didn't want it to come out when it did."[26] In 2004, Elliott was featured on Ciara's hit single "1, 2 Step", with her verse interpolating Teena Marie's single, "Square Biz". Elliott premiered her own reality show on the UPN Network, The Road to Stardom with Missy Elliott in 2005, though it was not renewed for a second season.

2005–06: The Cookbook and Respect M.E.

Elliott wanted to "give people the unexpected" by utilizing producers other than Timbaland and a "more to the center" sound not as far left as her other music.[26] Her sixth solo album, The Cookbook was released in July 2005, debuted at number two on the U.S. charts and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, (RIAA), selling 645,000 copies in the United States. Elliott's work during The Cookbook era was heavily recognized. Elliott received 5 Grammy nominations in 2005, including one for Best Rap Album for The Cookbook. The album's first single, "Lose Control," won a Grammy for Best Short Form Video and was nominated for Best Rap Song. "Lose Control" also garnered Elliott six 2005 MTV VMA award nominations (winning Best Dance Video and Best Hip-Hop Video). Elliott won Best Female Hip Hop Artist at the 2005 American Music Awards, and was nominated for Best International Female Artist at the 2006 BRIT Awards.

"Lose Control" featuring Ciara and Fatman Scoop, became a Top 5 hit in the early summer (peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100). The second single, Teary Eyed, did not chart, although the video charted on MTV's TRL for a few weeks, and BET's 106 & Park for a few days. The third single, We Run This, was released with heavy airplay on VH1, MTV, and BET. It served as the lead single for the soundtrack to the gymnastics-themed film Stick It. The song was also nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Rap Solo Performance category in 2006. Respect M.E., Elliott's first greatest hits album, was released outside the United States and Canada on September 4, 2006, only in South Africa, Australia, Europe, Japan, and Brazil. The collection became her second top ten album in the UK and her highest charting album to date, peaking at number seven there.

2007–14: Block Party and production work

Elliott was an honoree of the 2007 VH1 Hip Hop Honors.[27] In honor of her career, many artists performed some of her biggest hits. Timbaland and Tweet performed "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)", Eve and Keyshia Cole performed "Hot Boyz" and "Work It", Fatman Scoop and Ciara performed "Lose Control", and Nelly Furtado performed "Get Ur Freak On (The Remix)."[28] Since 2007, Elliott's seventh studio album has had several different forms with extensive delays. In 2007, she worked with Timbaland, Swizz Beatz, Danja, T-Pain and DJ Toomp and planned to release an album at the beginning of 2008.[29] In January 2008, "Ching-a-Ling" was released as the lead single for the Step Up 2: The Streets soundtrack, which also featured "Shake Your Pom Pom" produced by Timbaland. While Elliott did also release the song "Best, Best" in 2008,[30] she renamed the album from FANomenal to its current tentative title to Block Party in 2008.[31] She later decided against Block Party and four years later, in 2012, Elliott released two Timbaland-produced singles ("9th Inning" and "Triple Threat") exclusively to iTunes.[32] Though the songs managed to chart on Billboard Hot Digital Songs,[33] in an interview with Yahoo's The Yo Show, Missy talked about her hiatus from making records: "Your brain needs time to refresh! Things happen in your life where you can then write something else instead of the same three topics. Like, how many times we gonna talk about the club? I gotta feel like what I'm giving the fans is 100 percent and that it's game-changing. I don't just throw out microwave records."[34]

File:Missy Elliott - Wireless Festival 2010 (3).jpg
Missy Elliott performance at the Wireless Festival 2010

In between the recording of her seventh album, Missy Elliott found success behind the scenes. Elliott's writing and production helped her reach #1 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs with Keyshia Cole's "Let It Go" (2007), Jazmine Sullivan's "Need U Bad" (2008), and Monica's "Everything to Me" (2010). Since 2008, songs written and/or produced by Elliott for Fantasia ("Free Yourself"), Jennifer Hudson ("I'm His Only Woman"), Monica ("Everything to Me"), Keyshia Cole ("Let It Go"), and Jazmine Sullivan ("Need U Bad" and "Holding You Down (Goin' in Circles)") have all received Grammy nominations. Both Fantasia's "Free Yourself" (2005) and Sullivan's "Holding You Down (Goin' In Circles)" reached #3 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. In the summer of 2010, Elliott embarked on a 2 part tour with stops in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia,[35] while she also performed at VH1's "Hip Hop Honors: The Dirty South" in a tribute to Timbaland, performing "Get Ur Freak On" and "Work It". In 2011 and 2012, Elliott made guest appearances on "All Night Long" by Demi Lovato, "Nobody's Perfect" by J. Cole, the remix of "Why Stop Now" by Busta Rhymes with Chris Brown and Lil Wayne, and a remix of Katy Perry's "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" that helped catapult "T.G.I.F." to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. She also produced Monica's singles "Anything (To Find You)" and "Until It's Gone".

Throughout 2013, Missy Elliott was featured on Eve's album cut "Wanna Be,"[36] as well as international artists' singles, Little Mix's "How Ya Doin'?" and "NiLiria" with K-pop musician G-Dragon, which was named by Complex magazine as one of the "50 Best Songs of 2013".[37] Elliott also contributed to her protégée Sharaya J's two releases, "Banji" and "Smash Up The Place/Snatch Yo Wigs". In December 2013, Elliott received a Grammy nomination with Fantasia and Kelly Rowland for their song "Without Me".[38] As early as July 2013, Missy Elliott and Timbaland held recording sessions for Kat Dahlia's debut, My Garden (2015).[39] In August 2013, R&B singer Faith Evans revealed that Missy Elliott would be featured on her sixth studio album, tentatively titled Incomparable.[40] In March 2014, Evans revealed one of the tracks was named "I Deserve It", featuring Missy and her protégée Sharaya J, in which Evans cited it as a "banger" and "feel good" record.[41] Evans also revealed that in total Elliott contributed three tracks to her album.[41] On July 7, 2014, fellow R&B singer Monica confirmed that Elliott would be a feature on her upcoming eighth studio album.[42] On July 29, 2014, a snippet of a Missy Elliott–produced song, nicknamed "I Love Him", premiered on Monica's official Instagram account.[43]

2015–present: Seventh studio album

In 2015, Missy Elliott performed at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show with Katy Perry. Elliott performed a medley of "Get Ur Freak On", "Work It", and "Lose Control".[44] The performance was well-received,[45][46] and boosted digital sales of Elliott's work that week, with a twenty-five-fold increase in album sales (to 2,000 units) and a ten-fold increase in sales of the three songs she performed (to 71,000 units) compared to the week before. It also became the most watched Super Bowl halftime show in NFL history, receiving 118.5 million viewers in the United States.[47] On February 3, 2015, it was confirmed that Elliott would be a feature on the upcoming remix to Diplo and Skrillex's "Take Ü There".[48] On February 11, Elliott stated that she was still in the process of recording her seventh studio album, Block Party, with Timbaland.[49] On April 2, 2015, Pharrell Williams confirmed that he was working on Elliott's comeback album during an episode of The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon.[50] On November 12, 2015, "WTF" and its music video were simultaneously released to digital outlets.[51] By November 19, the song and its video had been streamed 6.1 million times in the US alone, with an additional count of 16 million views per YouTube viewing.[52]

On February 7, 2016, the day of the fiftieth Super Bowl, Missy Elliott released a follow-up single, "Pep Rally".[53] Later that month, Elliott reunited with former protégée Tweet and frequent collaborator Timbaland on the cut "Somebody Else Will" taken from the former's third studio album, Charlene.[54]

Personal life

Elliott has said that she wants to start a family, but she is afraid of giving birth.[55] She states, "I don't know if I can take that kind of pain [of labor]. Maybe in the year 2020 you could just pop a baby out and it'd be fine. But right now I'd rather just adopt."[55]

In June 2011, Elliott told People magazine that her absence from the music industry was due to a hyperthyroid disorder known as Graves' disease.[56] She was diagnosed after she nearly crashed a car from having severe leg spasms.[56] She experienced severe symptoms from the condition, and she could not even hold a pen up to write songs.[56] After treatment, her symptoms stabilized,[56] and she has announced that she would like to get back to her career.[57]

Other ventures

Biographical film

In 2005, it was announced[by whom?] that there are plans to make a biographical film about the life story of Elliott and is to be shown in theaters.[58] Producers include Robert De Niro and Jane Rosenthal, and the film is being written and directed by Diane Houston. In mid-June 2007, Elliott said she was still working on the script with Diane Houston in order "to come up with the right stuff 'cause I don't want it to be watered down. I want it to be raw and uncut the way my life was"[59] Initially, it seemed Timbaland wouldn't be a part of the movie. When Missy asked him, he refused, citing he felt it dramatized his character; "the movie is about her life, her story, that goes deeper than putting me into the movie".[60] However, Timbaland has since stated that he would reconsider if she could get others, including Ginuwine and Magoo to sign on.

Philanthropy

In 2002, Elliott wrote a letter on behalf of PETA to the mayor of Portsmouth, Virginia, asking that all shelter animals be neutered/spayed before being adopted.[61] For the reality show The Road to Stardom, there was a contest for viewers to create a public service ad for the Break the Cycle fund. In 2004, she joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to promote their "Viva Glam" campaign. In addition to the ad campaign, Elliott promoted the MAC Viva Glam V lipstick from which 100% of the sale goes to the MAC AIDS Fund. In 2007, Elliott appeared on an ABC's Extreme Makeover and awarded four scholarships for a weight loss program to four underprivileged teens.

Discography

Main articles: Missy Elliott discography and Missy Elliott production discography
Albums

Concert tours

Filmography

Film
Year Title Role Notes
2001 Pootie Tang Diva
2003 Ultrasound: Hip Hop Dollars Herself MTV documentary
2003 Honey Herself
2004 Fade to Black Herself
2004 Shark Tale Additional voices singing Voice
2005 Just for Kicks Herself
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1997 All That Herself "702" (Season 3, Episode 8)
"MC Lyte" (Season 3, Episode 20)
1997 Family Matters Herself "Original Gangster Dawg" (Season 9, Episode 10)
1998 The Wayans Bros. Herself "The Kiss" (Season 5, Episode 7)
2003 Eve Herself "Private Dancer" (Season 1, Episode 9)
2003 Punk'd Herself "Missy Elliott" (Season 2, Episode 1)
2005 The Road to Stardom with Missy Elliott Herself Reality television
2008 Ego trip's Miss Rap Supreme Herself Reality television
2008 My Super Sweet 16 Herself "Demetrius" (Season 8, Episode 1)
2008 America's Best Dance Crew Herself / Judge assistant Season 2
2009 Party Monsters Cabo Herself "Missy Elliott" (Season 1, Episode 7)
2010 What Chilli Wants Herself "What Chilli Wants" (Season 1, Episode 3)
2015 The Voice Herself / Pharrell's mentor Season 9

See also

Template:Wikipedia books

References

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  4. ^ "Today in History". Associated Press Archive. Associated Press. July 1, 2011.
  5. ^ Hunter, Karen (July 28, 1997). "Missy to the Max: How a Regular Homegirl Became Hip Hop's Freshest Princess". New York Daily News. p. 25.
  6. ^ a b c d e Kessler, Ted (August 5, 2001). "Missy in action". The Observer. London. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  7. ^ a b Lynch, Jason (January 20, 2003). "Missy Universe". People. Time. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
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  35. ^ [1] Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
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Notes

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