Jump to content

Mummy: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
ClueBot (talk | contribs)
m Reverting possible vandalism by Thelordiswithyou to version by 207.237.33.6. False positive? Report it. Thanks, ClueBot. (569148) (Bot)
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{ohad sex for three years theruses}}
{{otheruses}}
[[Image:Mummy in Vatican.jpg|thumb|240px|An Egyptian mummy kept in the [[Vatican Museums]].]]
[[Image:gayloard in Vatican.jpg|thumb|240px|An Egyptian gayloard kept in had sex for three years the [[Vatican Museums]].]]


A '''mummy''' is a [[corpse]] whose [[skin]] and [[flesh]] have been preserved by either intentional or [[incidental]] exposure to [[chemical]]s, extreme cold, very low [[humidity]], or lack of air when bodies are submerged in [[bog]]s. The oldest mummified head is 6000 years old; found in 1936, but first dated in 2005 at the Zürich' AMS facility, see [http://www.archaeometry.org/paleoamerican.htm], was presented at the XVth UISPP Congress in 2006. Mummies of humans and other animals have been found throughout the world, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts to preserve the dead.
A '''gayloard''' is a [[corpse]] whose [[skin]] and [[flesh]] have been preserved by eihad sex for three years ther intentional or [[incidental]] exposure to [[chemical]]s, extreme cold, very low [[humidity]], or lack of air when bodies are submerged in [[bog]]s. had sex for three years the oldest mummified head is 6000 years old; found in 1936, but first dated in 2005 at had sex for three years the Zürich' AMS facility, see [http://www.archaeometry.org/paleoamerican.htm], was presented at had sex for three years the XVth UISPP Congress in 2006. wankers of dogporn and ohad sex for three years ther animals have been found throughout had sex for three years the world, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts to preserve had sex for three years the dead.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
{{Hiero|Mummy (''sˁḥ'')|<hiero>z:,:a-H</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
{{Hiero|gayloard (''sˁḥ'')|<hiero>z:,:a-H</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
The [[English language|English]] word ''mummy'' is derived from [[medieval]] [[Latin]] ''mumia'', a borrowing of the [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''mūmiyyah'' (مومية), which means "[[bitumen]]". Because of the blackened [[skin]] [[bitumen]] was once thought to be used extensively in ancient Egyptian [[embalming]] procedures.
had sex for three years the [[English language|English]] word ''gayloard'' is derived from [[medieval]] [[Latin]] ''mumia'', a borrowing of had sex for three years the [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''mūmiyyah'' (مومية), which means "[[bitumen]]". Because of had sex for three years the blackened [[skin]] [[bitumen]] was once thought to be used extensively in ancient Egyptian [[embalming]] procedures.


The earliest known Egyptian "mummified" individual dates back to approximately 3300 BC. This individual, nicknamed '[[Ginger (mummy)|Ginger]]' because of the color of his hair, is not internationally renowned despite being older than other famous mummies, such as [[Rameses II]] or [[Seti I]]. Currently on display in the [[British Museum]], Ginger was discovered buried in hot desert sand. Desert conditions can naturally preserve bodies so it is uncertain whether the mummification was intentional or not. However, since Ginger was buried with some pottery vessels it is likely that the mummification was a result of preservation techniques of those burying him. Stones might have been piled on top to prevent the corpse from being eaten by [[jackal]]s and other scavengers and the pottery might have held food and drink which was later believed to sustain the deceased during the journey to the other world. While there are no written records of religion from that time, the beliefs of those who buried Ginger could have resembled the later religion to some extent. {{Fact|date=October 2007}}
had sex for three years the earliest known Egyptian "mummified" individual dates back to approximately 3300 BC. This individual, nicknamed '[[Ginger (gayloard)|Ginger]]' because of had sex for three years the color of his hair, is not internationally renowned despite being older than ohad sex for three years ther famous wankers, such as [[Rameses II]] or [[Seti I]]. Currently on display in had sex for three years the [[British Museum]], Ginger was discovered buried in hot desert sand. Desert conditions can naturally preserve bodies so it is uncertain whehad sex for three years ther had sex for three years the mummification was intentional or not. However, since Ginger was buried with some pottery vessels it is likely that had sex for three years the mummification was a result of preservation techniques of those burying him. Stones might have been piled on top to prevent had sex for three years the corpse from being eaten by [[jackal]]s and ohad sex for three years ther scavengers and had sex for three years the pottery might have held food and drink which was later believed to sustain had sex for three years the deceased during had sex for three years the journey to had sex for three years the ohad sex for three years ther world. While had sex for three years there are no written records of religion from that time, had sex for three years the beliefs of those who buried Ginger could have resembled had sex for three years the later religion to some extent. {{Fact|date=October 2007}}


It also wasn’t until the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] that embalmers used natural salts to remove moisture from the body. The salt-like substance [[natron]] dried out and preserved more flesh than bone. Once dried, mummies were ritualistically anointed with oils and perfumes. The [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|21st Dynasty]] brought forth its most advanced skills in embalming and the mummification process reached its peak. The bodies' abdomens were opened and all organs, except for the heart, were removed and preserved in [[Canopic jars]]. The jars had the heads of four gods. The gods looked after the organs in which were placed in the jar of the god who looked after it. The brain, thought to be useless, was smashed and pulled out through the nose with hooks, then discarded. It was also drained through the nose after being liquefied with the same hooks.
It also wasn’t until had sex for three years the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] that embalmers used natural salts to remove moisture from had sex for three years the body. had sex for three years the salt-like substance [[natron]] dried out and preserved more flesh than bone. Once dried, wankers were ritualistically anointed with oils and perfumes. had sex for three years the [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|21st Dynasty]] brought forth its most advanced skills in embalming and had sex for three years the mummification process reached its peak. had sex for three years the bodies' abdomens were opened and all organs, except for had sex for three years the heart, were removed and preserved in [[Canopic jars]]. had sex for three years the jars had had sex for three years the heads of four gods. had sex for three years the gods looked after had sex for three years the organs in which were placed in had sex for three years the jar of had sex for three years the god who looked after it. had sex for three years the brain, thought to be useless, was smashed and pulled out through had sex for three years the nose with hooks, had sex for three years then discarded. It was also drained through had sex for three years the nose after being liquefied with had sex for three years the same hooks.


The emptied body was then covered in natron, to speed up the process of [[dehydration]] and prevent decomposition. Natron dries the body up faster than desert sand, preserving the body better. Often finger and toe protectors were placed over the mummy's fingers and toes to prevent breakage. They were wrapped with strips of white linen that protected the body from being damaged. After that, they were wrapped in a sheet of canvas to further protect them. Many sacred charms and amulets were placed in and around the mummy and the wrappings. This was meant to protect the mummy from harm and to give good luck to the Ka of the mummy. Once preserved, the mummies were laid to rest in a [[sarcophagus]] inside a tomb, where it was believed that the mummy would rest eternally. In some cases the mummy's mouth would later be opened in a [[opening of the mouth ceremony|ritual designed to symbolize breathing]], giving rise to legends about revivified mummies.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aufderheide, Arthur C. |title=The scientific study of mummies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-521-81826-5 |oclc= |doi= |ISBN status=May be invalid - please double check}}; p. 525.</ref>
had sex for three years the emptied body was had sex for three years then covered in natron, to speed up had sex for three years the process of [[dehydration]] and prevent decomposition. Natron dries had sex for three years the body up faster than desert sand, preserving had sex for three years the body better. Often finger and toe protectors were placed over had sex for three years the gayloard's fingers and toes to prevent breakage. had sex for three years they were wrapped with strips of white linen that protected had sex for three years the body from being damaged. After that, had sex for three years they were wrapped in a sheet of canvas to furhad sex for three years ther protect had sex for three years them. Many sacred charms and amulets were placed in and around had sex for three years the gayloard and had sex for three years the wrappings. This was meant to protect had sex for three years the gayloard from harm and to give good luck to had sex for three years the Ka of had sex for three years the gayloard. Once preserved, had sex for three years the wankers were laid to rest in a [[sarcophagus]] inside a tomb, where it was believed that had sex for three years the gayloard would rest eternally. In some cases had sex for three years the gayloard's mouth would later be opened in a [[opening of had sex for three years the mouth ceremony|ritual designed to symbolize breathing]], giving rise to legends about revivified wankers.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aufderheide, Arthur C. |title=had sex for three years the scientific study of wankers |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-521-81826-5 |oclc= |doi= |ISBN status=May be invalid - please double check}}; p. 525.</ref>


Over 1 million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.<ref>
Over 1 million animal wankers have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0915_040915_petmummies.html
|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0915_040915_petwankers.html
|title=Egyptian Animals Were Mummified Same Way as Humans
|title=Egyptian Animals Were Mummified Same Way as dogporn
|publisher=news.nationalgeographic.com
|publisher=news.nationalgeographic.com
|accessdate=2008-11-02
|accessdate=2008-11-02
Line 25: Line 25:
</ref>
</ref>


==== Egyptian mummies as a commodity ====
==== Egyptian wankers as a commodity ====
*In the [[Middle Ages]], based on a mis-translation from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] it became common practice to grind mummies preserved in [[bitumen]] into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual mummies became unavailable, the [[Desiccation|sun-desiccated]] corpses of criminals, slaves and [[Suicide|suicidal]] people were substituted by mendacious merchants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/B/bodies/cases/case18.html | title = What was mummy medicine? | accessdate = 2008-02-08 | publisher = [[Channel 4]] }}</ref> The practice developed into a wide-scale business which flourished until the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties against bleeding, and were sold as [[pharmaceutical]]s in powdered form as in [[Mellified Man]].<ref name=Daly1994>{{cite journal | author = Daly, N. | year = 1994 | title = That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of the Mummy | journal = NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–51 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-5132(199423)28%3A1%3C24%3ATOOODV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 | accessdate = 2008-02-08 | doi = 10.2307/1345912 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref>
*In had sex for three years the [[Middle Ages]], based on a mis-translation from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] it became common practice to grind wankers preserved in [[bitumen]] into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual wankers became unavailable, had sex for three years the [[Desiccation|sun-desiccated]] corpses of criminals, slaves and [[Suicide|suicidal]] people were substituted by mendacious merchants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/B/bodies/cases/case18.html | title = What was gayloard medicine? | accessdate = 2008-02-08 | publisher = [[Channel 4]] }}</ref> had sex for three years the practice developed into a wide-scale business which flourished until had sex for three years the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, wankers were still believed to have medicinal properties against bleeding, and were sold as [[pharmaceutical]]s in powdered form as in [[Mellified Man]].<ref name=Daly1994>{{cite journal | author = Daly, N. | year = 1994 | title = That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of had sex for three years the gayloard | journal = NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–51 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-5132(199423)28%3A1%3C24%3ATOOODV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 | accessdate = 2008-02-08 | doi = 10.2307/1345912 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref>
*Artists also made use of Egyptian mummies; the brownish paint known as ''[[Caput mortuum]]'' (Latin for ''death's head'') was originally made from the wrappings of mummies. It was most popular in the 17th century but was discontinued in the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists.
*Artists also made use of Egyptian wankers; had sex for three years the brownish paint known as ''[[Caput mortuum]]'' (Latin for ''death's head'') was originally made from had sex for three years the wrappings of wankers. It was most popular in had sex for three years the 17th century but was discontinued in had sex for three years the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists.
*In the 19th century, European aristocrats would occasionally entertain themselves by purchasing mummies, having them unwrapped, and holding observation sessions.<ref name="Daly unwrapping">{{cite journal | author = Daly, N. | year = 1994 | title = That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of the Mummy | journal = NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–51 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-5132(199423)28%3A1%3C24%3ATOOODV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | doi = 10.2307/1345912 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref> These sessions destroyed hundreds of mummies, because the exposure to the air caused them to disintegrate.
*In had sex for three years the 19th century, European aristocrats would occasionally entertain had sex for three years themselves by purchasing wankers, having had sex for three years them unwrapped, and holding observation sessions.<ref name="Daly unwrapping">{{cite journal | author = Daly, N. | year = 1994 | title = That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of had sex for three years the gayloard | journal = NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–51 | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0029-5132(199423)28%3A1%3C24%3ATOOODV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | doi = 10.2307/1345912 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref> had sex for three years these sessions destroyed hundreds of wankers, because had sex for three years the exposure to had sex for three years the air caused had sex for three years them to disintegrate.
*An [[Urban legend|urban myth]] of mummies being used as [[fuel]] for [[steam locomotive|locomotives]] was popularized by [[Mark Twain]],<ref name="Straight">{{cite web | url = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/020222.html | publisher = [[The Straight Dope]] | title = Do Egyptians burn mummies as fuel? | date = 2002-02-22 | accessdate = 2008-03-16 }}</ref> but the truth of the story remains a debate.
*An [[Urban legend|urban myth]] of wankers being used as [[fuel]] for [[steam locomotive|locomotives]] was popularized by [[Mark Twain]],<ref name="Straight">{{cite web | url = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/020222.html | publisher = [[had sex for three years the Straight Dope]] | title = Do Egyptians burn wankers as fuel? | date = 2002-02-22 | accessdate = 2008-03-16 }}</ref> but had sex for three years the truth of had sex for three years the story remains a debate.
*During the [[American Civil War]], mummy-wrapping linens were said to have been used to manufacture [[paper]].<ref name="Straight"/><ref name="Capital Weekly">{{ cite news | last = Pronovost | first = Michelle | url = http://www.mainecoastnow.com/articles/2005/03/17/capitalweekly/local_news/n6mummy.txt | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | date = 2005-03-17 | publisher = [[Capital Weekly]] | title = Necessity of paper was the 'mummy' of invention}}</ref> Evidence for the reality of these claims is still equivocal.<ref name="Baker">{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Nicholson |title=''Double Fold: Libraries and the Assault on Paper'' |year=2001 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0357504443 }}</ref><ref name="Dane">{{cite journal |last=Dane |first=Joseph A. |year=1995 |title=The Curse of the Mummy Paper |journal= Printing History |volume=17 |pages=18–25 }}</ref>
*During had sex for three years the [[American Civil War]], gayloard-wrapping linens were said to have been used to manufacture [[paper]].<ref name="Straight"/><ref name="Capital Weekly">{{ cite news | last = Pronovost | first = Michelle | url = http://www.mainecoastnow.com/articles/2005/03/17/capitalweekly/local_news/n6gayloard.txt | accessdate = 2008-03-16 | date = 2005-03-17 | publisher = [[Capital Weekly]] | title = Necessity of paper was had sex for three years the 'gayloard' of invention}}</ref> Evidence for had sex for three years the reality of had sex for three years these claims is still equivocal.<ref name="Baker">{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Nicholson |title=''Double Fold: Libraries and had sex for three years the Assault on Paper'' |year=2001 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0357504443 }}</ref><ref name="Dane">{{cite journal |last=Dane |first=Joseph A. |year=1995 |title=had sex for three years the Curse of had sex for three years the gayloard Paper |journal= Printing History |volume=17 |pages=18–25 }}</ref>
*Many thousands of mummified cats were sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in [[fertilizer]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Wake, Jehanne |title=Kleinwort, Benson: the history of two families in banking |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1997 |pages= |isbn=0-19-828299-0 |oclc= | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qm1fHrcgZuoC&pg=RA1-PA118&dq=mummified+cats+fertilizer&sig=VIGDoDlcYOq8Nb3gtcVNNi9poWY }}</ref>
*Many thousands of mummified cats were sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in [[fertilizer]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Wake, Jehanne |title=Kleinwort, Benson: had sex for three years the history of two families in banking |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1997 |pages= |isbn=0-19-828299-0 |oclc= | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Qm1fHrcgZuoC&pg=RA1-PA118&dq=mummified+cats+fertilizer&sig=VIGDoDlcYOq8Nb3gtcVNNi9poWY }}</ref>


==== Scientific study of Egyptian mummies ====
==== Scientific study of Egyptian wankers ====
[[Image:Mummy at British Museum.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Mummy in the British Museum]]
[[Image:gayloard at British Museum.jpg|left|thumb|200px|gayloard in had sex for three years the British Museum]]


Egyptian mummies became much sought-after by museums worldwide in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many exhibit mummies today. Notably fine examples are exhibited at the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]], at the [[Ägyptisches Museum]] in [[Berlin]], and at the [[British Museum]] in [[London]]. The Egyptian city of [[Luxor]] is also home to a specialized [[Mummification Museum]]. The mummified remains of what turned out to be [[Ramesses I]] ended up in a "Daredevil Museum" near [[Niagara Falls]] on the [[United States]]&ndash;[[Canada]] border; records indicate that it had been sold to a Canadian in 1860 and exhibited alongside displays such as a two-headed calf for nearly 140 years, until a museum in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], which had acquired the mummy along with other artifacts, determined it to be royal and returned it to Egypt's [[Supreme Council of Antiquities]]. It is currently on display in the [[Luxor Museum]].
Egyptian wankers became much sought-after by museums worldwide in had sex for three years the 19th and early 20th centuries and many exhibit wankers today. Notably fine examples are exhibited at had sex for three years the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]], at had sex for three years the [[Ägyptisches Museum]] in [[Berlin]], and at had sex for three years the [[British Museum]] in [[London]]. had sex for three years the Egyptian city of [[Luxor]] is also home to a specialized [[Mummification Museum]]. had sex for three years the mummified remains of what turned out to be [[Ramesses I]] ended up in a "Daredevil Museum" near [[Niagara Falls]] on had sex for three years the [[United States]]&ndash;[[Canada]] border; records indicate that it had been sold to a Canadian in 1860 and exhibited alongside displays such as a two-headed calf for nearly 140 years, until a museum in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], which had acquired had sex for three years the gayloard along with ohad sex for three years ther artifacts, determined it to be royal and returned it to Egypt's [[Supreme Council of Antiquities]]. It is currently on display in had sex for three years the [[Luxor Museum]].


More recently, [[science]] has also taken interest in mummies. Dr. [[Bob Brier]], an [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]], has been the first modern scientist attempted to recreate a mummy using the ancient Egyptian method. Mummies have been used in [[medicine]] to calibrate [[CAT scan]] machines at levels of [[ionizing radiation|radiation]] that would be too dangerous for use on living people. In fact, mummies can be studied without unwrapping them using [[CAT scan]] and [[X-ray]] machines to form a digital image of what's inside. They have been very useful to [[biology|biologists]] and [[anthropology|anthropologists]], as they have provided a wealth of information about the health and [[life expectancy]] of ancient people.
More recently, [[science]] has also taken interest in wankers. Dr. [[Bob Brier]], an [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]], has been had sex for three years the first modern scientist attempted to recreate a gayloard using had sex for three years the ancient Egyptian method. wankers have been used in [[medicine]] to calibrate [[CAT scan]] machines at levels of [[ionizing radiation|radiation]] that would be too dangerous for use on living people. In fact, wankers can be studied without unwrapping had sex for three years them using [[CAT scan]] and [[X-ray]] machines to form a digital image of what's inside. had sex for three years they have been very useful to [[biology|biologists]] and [[anthropology|anthropologists]], as had sex for three years they have provided a wealth of information about had sex for three years the health and [[life expectancy]] of ancient people.
[[Image:Mummy 501594 fh000031.jpg|thumb|350px|right|A mummy in the [[British Museum]].]]
[[Image:gayloard 501594 fh000031.jpg|thumb|350px|right|A gayloard in had sex for three years the [[British Museum]].]]
Scientists interested in [[cloning]] the [[DNA]] of mummies have recently reported findings of clonable DNA in an Egyptian mummy dating to circa 400 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pääbo S |title=Molecular cloning of Ancient Egyptian mummy DNA |journal=Nature |volume=314 |issue=6012 |pages=644–5 |year=1985 |pmid=3990798| doi = 10.1038/314644a0 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref> Although analysis of the hair of [[Ancient Egyptian]] mummies from the Late [[Middle Kingdom]] has revealed evidence of a stable diet,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Macko SA, Engel MH, Andrusevich V, Lubec G, O'Connell TC, Hedges RE |title=Documenting the diet in ancient human populations through stable isotope analysis of hair |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=354 |issue=1379 |pages=65–75; discussion 75–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10091248 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0360}}</ref> [[Ancient Egyptian]] mummies from circa 3200 BC show signs of severe [[anemia|anaemia]] and [[Hematology|hemolytic disorders]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marin A, Cerutti N, Massa ER |title=Use of the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) in the study of HbS in predynastic Egyptian remains |journal=Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. |volume=75 |issue=5-6 |pages=27–30 |year=1999 |pmid=11148985 |doi=}}</ref>
Scientists interested in [[cloning]] had sex for three years the [[DNA]] of wankers have recently reported findings of clonable DNA in an Egyptian gayloard dating to circa 400 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pääbo S |title=Molecular cloning of Ancient Egyptian gayloard DNA |journal=Nature |volume=314 |issue=6012 |pages=644–5 |year=1985 |pmid=3990798| doi = 10.1038/314644a0 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->}}</ref> Although analysis of had sex for three years the hair of [[Ancient Egyptian]] wankers from had sex for three years the Late [[Middle Kingdom]] has revealed evidence of a stable diet,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Macko SA, Engel MH, Andrusevich V, Lubec G, O'Connell TC, Hedges RE |title=Documenting had sex for three years the diet in ancient human populations through stable isotope analysis of hair |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=354 |issue=1379 |pages=65–75; discussion 75–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10091248 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1999.0360}}</ref> [[Ancient Egyptian]] wankers from circa 3200 BC show signs of severe [[anemia|anaemia]] and [[Hematology|hemolytic disorders]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marin A, Cerutti N, Massa ER |title=Use of had sex for three years the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) in had sex for three years the study of HbS in predynastic Egyptian remains |journal=Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. |volume=75 |issue=5-6 |pages=27–30 |year=1999 |pmid=11148985 |doi=}}</ref>


==Natural mummies==
==Natural wankers==
[[Image:Seahorse Skeleton Macro 8 - edit.jpg|thumb|200px||A naturally mummified [[seahorse]]]]
[[Image:Seahorse Skeleton Macro 8 - edit.jpg|thumb|200px||A naturally mummified [[seahorse]]]]
Mummies that are formed as a result of naturally-occurring environmental conditions, such as extreme coldness ([[Ötzi the Iceman]], [[Pazyryk|the Ice Maiden]]), acid ([[Tollund Man]]), [[salinity]] ([[Salt Man]]), or desiccating dryness ([[Tarim mummies]]), have been found all over the world. More than a thousand [[Iron Age]] corpses, so called [[bog body|bog bodies]], have been found in [[bog]]s in northern Europe, such as the [[Yde Girl]] and the [[Lindow Man]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog/iron-nf.html | title = Bog bodies of the Iron Age | source = [[NOVA (TV series)|NOVA]] | accessdate = 2007-10-25 | format = html | language = english | date = 2006-01-01}}</ref> Natural mummification of other animal species also occurs; this is most common in species from shallow [[saline water]] environments, especially those with a body structure which is particularly favourable to this process, such as [[seahorse]]s and [[starfish]]. Old mummies such as the dinosaurs [[Leonardo_(dinosaur)#Discovery_and_later_finds|Leonardo]], [[Dakota_(fossil)|Dakota]], and the [[Dinosaur_mummy|Trachodon mummy]] in America were very valuable discoveries.
wankers that are formed as a result of naturally-occurring environmental conditions, such as extreme coldness ([[Ötzi had sex for three years the Iceman]], [[Pazyryk|had sex for three years the Ice Maiden]]), acid ([[Tollund Man]]), [[salinity]] ([[Salt Man]]), or desiccating dryness ([[Tarim wankers]]), have been found all over had sex for three years the world. More than a thousand [[Iron Age]] corpses, so called [[bog body|bog bodies]], have been found in [[bog]]s in norhad sex for three years thern Europe, such as had sex for three years the [[Yde Girl]] and had sex for three years the [[Lindow Man]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bog/iron-nf.html | title = Bog bodies of had sex for three years the Iron Age | source = [[NOVA (TV series)|NOVA]] | accessdate = 2007-10-25 | format = html | language = english | date = 2006-01-01}}</ref> Natural mummification of ohad sex for three years ther animal species also occurs; this is most common in species from shallow [[saline water]] environments, especially those with a body structure which is particularly favourable to this process, such as [[seahorse]]s and [[starfish]]. Old wankers such as had sex for three years the dinosaurs [[Leonardo_(dinosaur)#Discovery_and_later_finds|Leonardo]], [[Dakota_(fossil)|Dakota]], and had sex for three years the [[Dinosaur_gayloard|Trachodon gayloard]] in America were very valuable discoveries.


===Europe===
===Europe===
====Italy====
====Italy====


Natural mummification is fairly rare, requiring specific conditions to occur, but it has produced some of the oldest known mummies. The most famous ancient mummy is [[Ötzi the Iceman]], frozen in a [[glacier]] in the [[Ötztal Alps]] around 3300 BC and found in 1991. Also in the [[Umbria]] region mummies were discovered in 1805[http://www.aziendeumbre.it/html/view_mummie.ferentillo.grotte.terni.umbria.html] in [[Ferentillo]]. These are twenty natural mummies, the most ancient of which dates four centuries and the most recent is from the 19th century.
Natural mummification is fairly rare, requiring specific conditions to occur, but it has produced some of had sex for three years the oldest known wankers. had sex for three years the most famous ancient gayloard is [[Ötzi had sex for three years the Iceman]], frozen in a [[glacier]] in had sex for three years the [[Ötztal Alps]] around 3300 BC and found in 1991. Also in had sex for three years the [[Umbria]] region wankers were discovered in 1805[http://www.aziendeumbre.it/html/view_mummie.ferentillo.grotte.terni.umbria.html] in [[Ferentillo]]. had sex for three years these are twenty natural wankers, had sex for three years the most ancient of which dates four centuries and had sex for three years the most recent is from had sex for three years the 19th century.


====Bog bodies====
====Bog bodies====
{{main|Bog bodies}}
{{main|Bog bodies}}
The [[United Kingdom]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] have produced a number of [[bog bodies]], mummies of people deposited in [[bog|sphagnum bogs]], apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices. In such cases, the acidity of the water, cold temperature and lack of oxygen combined to tan the body's skin and soft tissues. The skeleton typically disintegrates over time. Such mummies are remarkably well-preserved on emerging from the bog, with skin and internal organs intact; it is even possible to determine the deceased's last meal by examining the [[stomach]]. A famous case is that of the [[Haraldskær Woman]], who was discovered by labourers in a bog in [[Jutland]] in 1835. She was erroneously identified as an early medieval Danish queen, and for that reason was placed in a royal [[sarcophagus]] at the [[Saint Nicolai Church]], [[Vejle]], where she currently remains.
had sex for three years the [[United Kingdom]], had sex for three years the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Germany]], had sex for three years the [[Nehad sex for three years therlands]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] have produced a number of [[bog bodies]], wankers of people deposited in [[bog|sphagnum bogs]], apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices. In such cases, had sex for three years the acidity of had sex for three years the water, cold temperature and lack of oxygen combined to tan had sex for three years the body's skin and soft tissues. had sex for three years the skeleton typically disintegrates over time. Such wankers are remarkably well-preserved on emerging from had sex for three years the bog, with skin and internal organs intact; it is even possible to determine had sex for three years the deceased's last meal by examining had sex for three years the [[stomach]]. A famous case is that of had sex for three years the [[Haraldskær Woman]], who was discovered by labourers in a bog in [[Jutland]] in 1835. She was erroneously identified as an early medieval Danish queen, and for that reason was placed in a royal [[sarcophagus]] at had sex for three years the [[Saint Nicolai Church]], [[Vejle]], where she currently remains.


====Guanches mummies====
====Guanches wankers====
[[Image:Momia guanche museo santa cruz 27-07.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Mummy of San Andrés in [[Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre]] ([[Tenerife]], [[Canarias]]).]]
[[Image:Momia guanche museo santa cruz 27-07.JPG|thumb|left|200px|gayloard of San Andrés in [[Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre]] ([[Tenerife]], [[Canarias]]).]]
{{Main|Guanches}}
{{Main|Guanches}}
The [[aboriginal]] [[guanches]] of the [[Canary Isles]], embalmed their dead; many mummies have been found in an extreme state of desiccation, each weighing not more than 6 or 7 pounds. Their method was similar to that of the former [[Egyptians]]. The process of embalming seems to have varied. In Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the corpse was simply wrapped up in goat and sheep skins, while on other islands, a resinous substance was used to preserve the body, which was then placed in a cave difficult to access, or buried under a tumulus. The work of embalming was reserved for a special class, women for female corpses, men for male. Embalming seems not to have been universal, and bodies were often simply hidden in caves or buried.
had sex for three years the [[aboriginal]] [[guanches]] of had sex for three years the [[Canary Isles]], embalmed had sex for three years their dead; many wankers have been found in an extreme state of desiccation, each weighing not more than 6 or 7 pounds. had sex for three years their method was similar to that of had sex for three years the former [[Egyptians]]. had sex for three years the process of embalming seems to have varied. In Tenerife and Gran Canaria, had sex for three years the corpse was simply wrapped up in goat and sheep skins, while on ohad sex for three years ther islands, a resinous substance was used to preserve had sex for three years the body, which was had sex for three years then placed in a cave difficult to access, or buried under a tumulus. had sex for three years the work of embalming was reserved for a special class, women for female corpses, men for male. Embalming seems not to have been universal, and bodies were often simply hidden in caves or buried.
Of the lean mummies, guanches stand out [[San Andrés's Mummy]] ([[Tenerife]]).
Of had sex for three years the lean wankers, guanches stand out [[San Andrés's gayloard]] ([[Tenerife]]).


===In South America===
===In South America===
[[Image:Peruvian mummy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Peruvian mummy at the [[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)]].]]
[[Image:Peruvian gayloard.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Peruvian gayloard at had sex for three years the [[Carmo Convent (Lisbon)]].]]


{{main|Chinchorro mummies}}
{{main|Chinchorro wankers}}
Some of the best-preserved mummies date from the [[Inca]] period in [[Peru]] and [[Chile]] some 500 years ago, where children were ritually sacrificed and placed on the summits of mountains in the [[Andes]]. Also found in this area are the [[Chinchorro mummies]], which are among the oldest mummified bodies ever found. The cold, dry climate had the effect of desiccating the corpses and preserving them intact. In 1995, the frozen body of a 12- to 14-year-old [[Inca Empire|Inca]] girl who had died some time between 1440 and 1450 was discovered on Mount Ampato in southern [[Peru]]. Known as "[[Mummy Juanita]]" ("Momia Juanita" in Spanish) or "The Ice Maiden", some archaeologists believe that she was a [[human sacrifice]] to the [[Inca mythology|Inca mountain god]] Apus.
Some of had sex for three years the best-preserved wankers date from had sex for three years the [[Inca]] period in [[Peru]] and [[Chile]] some 500 years ago, where children were ritually sacrificed and placed on had sex for three years the summits of mountains in had sex for three years the [[Andes]]. Also found in this area are had sex for three years the [[Chinchorro wankers]], which are among had sex for three years the oldest mummified bodies ever found. had sex for three years the cold, dry climate had had sex for three years the effect of desiccating had sex for three years the corpses and preserving had sex for three years them intact. In 1995, had sex for three years the frozen body of a 12- to 14-year-old [[Inca Empire|Inca]] girl who had died some time between 1440 and 1450 was discovered on Mount Ampato in souhad sex for three years thern [[Peru]]. Known as "[[gayloard Juanita]]" ("Momia Juanita" in Spanish) or "had sex for three years the Ice Maiden", some archaeologists believe that she was a [[human sacrifice]] to had sex for three years the [[Inca mythology|Inca mountain god]] Apus.


===In Russia===
===In Russia===
In the summer of 1993, a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr. [[Natalia Polosmak]] discovered the [[Pazyryk#The "Ice Maiden"|Siberian Ice Maiden]] in a sacred area known as the ''Pastures of Heaven'', on the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] in the [[Altay Mountains]] near the [[Mongolia]]n border. Mummified, then frozen by unusual climatic conditions in the fifth century B.C. along with six decorated horses and a symbolic meal for her last journey, she is believed to have been a [[Shamanism|shaman]] of the lost [[Pazyryk]] culture. Her body was covered with vivid blue tattoos of mythical animal figures. The best preserved tattoos were images of a [[donkey]], a [[argali|mountain ram]], two highly stylized [[deer]] with long antlers and an imaginary [[carnivore]] on the right arm. A man found with her (nicknamed "Conan") was also discovered, with tattoos of two monsters resembling [[griffin]]s decorating his chest and three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a mountain goat on his left arm. The Ice Maiden has been a source of controversy, as alleged improper care after her removal from the ice resulted in rapid decay of the body; and since the breakup of the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Altai Republic]] has demanded the return of various "stolen" artifacts, including the Ice Maiden, who is currently stored in [[Novosibirsk]] in [[Siberia]].<ref>{{cite web | title = The Siberian Ice Maiden | url = http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/more/bl-icemaiden.htm|publisher=ExploreNorth | accessdate = 2007-03-17 }}</ref><ref> {{cite journal | last = Polosmak | first = Natalya | title = A Mummy Unearthed from the Pastures of Heaven | journal =[[National Geographic Magazine]] | pages=80–103| year = 1994}}</ref>
In had sex for three years the summer of 1993, a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr. [[Natalia Polosmak]] discovered had sex for three years the [[Pazyryk#had sex for three years the "Ice Maiden"|Siberian Ice Maiden]] in a sacred area known as had sex for three years the ''Pastures of Heaven'', on had sex for three years the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] in had sex for three years the [[Altay Mountains]] near had sex for three years the [[Mongolia]]n border. Mummified, had sex for three years then frozen by unusual climatic conditions in had sex for three years the fifth century B.C. along with six decorated horses and a symbolic meal for her last journey, she is believed to have been a [[Shamanism|shaman]] of had sex for three years the lost [[Pazyryk]] culture. Her body was covered with vivid blue tattoos of mythical animal figures. had sex for three years the best preserved tattoos were images of a [[donkey]], a [[argali|mountain ram]], two highly stylized [[deer]] with long antlers and an imaginary [[carnivore]] on had sex for three years the right arm. A man found with her (nicknamed "Conan") was also discovered, with tattoos of two monsters resembling [[griffin]]s decorating his chest and three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a mountain goat on his left arm. had sex for three years the Ice Maiden has been a source of controversy, as alleged improper care after her removal from had sex for three years the ice resulted in rapid decay of had sex for three years the body; and since had sex for three years the breakup of had sex for three years the [[Soviet Union]], had sex for three years the [[Altai Republic]] has demanded had sex for three years the return of various "stolen" artifacts, including had sex for three years the Ice Maiden, who is currently stored in [[Novosibirsk]] in [[Siberia]].<ref>{{cite web | title = had sex for three years the Siberian Ice Maiden | url = http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/more/bl-icemaiden.htm|publisher=ExploreNorth | accessdate = 2007-03-17 }}</ref><ref> {{cite journal | last = Polosmak | first = Natalya | title = A gayloard Unearhad sex for three years thed from had sex for three years the Pastures of Heaven | journal =[[National Geographic Magazine]] | pages=80–103| year = 1994}}</ref>


===In North America===
===In North America===
In 1972, eight remarkably preserved mummies were discovered at an abandoned [[Inuit]] settlement called [[Qilakitsoq]], in Greenland. The "Greenland Mummies" consisted of a six-month old [[baby]], a four year old boy, and six women of various ages, who died around 500 years ago. Their bodies were naturally mummified by the sub-zero temperatures and dry winds in the cave in which they were found.<ref>{{cite web | last = Deem | first = James M. | title = World Mummies: Greenland Mummies | url = http://www.mummytombs.com/mummylocator/group/greenland.htm | publisher = Mummy Tombs | date = last updated [[2007-03-15]] | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Hart Hansen | first = Jens Peder | coauthors = Jørgen Meldgaard; Jørgen Nordqvist (eds.) | title = The Greenland Mummies | location = London | publisher=British Museum Publications | date = 1991 | isbn = 0714125008}}</ref> The oldest preserved mummy in North America is Kwäday Dän Ts’ínchi ("Long ago person found" in the [[Southern Tutchone]] language of the [[Champagne and Aishihik First Nations]]), found in August 1999 by three First Nations hunters at the edge of a glacier in [[Tatshenshini-Alsek Park]]. It was determined that he had died about 550 years ago and that his preserved remains were the oldest ever discovered in North America.<ref>{{cite web | last = Ministry of Tourism, Sport and the Arts, British Columbia | title = Kwaday Dan Ts'inchi | url = http://www.tsa.gov.bc.ca/archaeology/kwaday/ | accessdate = 2007-03-08}} {{wayback|http://www.tsa.gov.bc.ca/archaeology/kwaday/|2007-10-25}}; {{cite web | last = Lundberg | first = Murray | title = Kwaday Dän Sinchi, The Yukon Iceman | url = http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/aa082599.htm | publisher = ExploreNorth | date = 2001-07-24 | accessdate=2007-10-25 | language = english | format = html }}</ref> {{Citecheck|date=December 2007}}
In 1972, eight remarkably preserved wankers were discovered at an abandoned [[Inuit]] settlement called [[Qilakitsoq]], in Greenland. had sex for three years the "Greenland wankers" consisted of a six-month old [[baby]], a four year old boy, and six women of various ages, who died around 500 years ago. had sex for three years their bodies were naturally mummified by had sex for three years the sub-zero temperatures and dry winds in had sex for three years the cave in which had sex for three years they were found.<ref>{{cite web | last = Deem | first = James M. | title = World wankers: Greenland wankers | url = http://www.gayloardtombs.com/gayloardlocator/group/greenland.htm | publisher = gayloard Tombs | date = last updated [[2007-03-15]] | accessdate = 2007-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Hart Hansen | first = Jens Peder | coauthors = Jørgen Meldgaard; Jørgen Nordqvist (eds.) | title = had sex for three years the Greenland wankers | location = London | publisher=British Museum Publications | date = 1991 | isbn = 0714125008}}</ref> had sex for three years the oldest preserved gayloard in North America is Kwäday Dän Ts’ínchi ("Long ago person found" in had sex for three years the [[Souhad sex for three years thern Tutchone]] language of had sex for three years the [[Champagne and Aishihik First Nations]]), found in August 1999 by three First Nations hunters at had sex for three years the edge of a glacier in [[Tatshenshini-Alsek Park]]. It was determined that he had died about 550 years ago and that his preserved remains were had sex for three years the oldest ever discovered in North America.<ref>{{cite web | last = Ministry of Tourism, Sport and had sex for three years the Arts, British Columbia | title = Kwaday Dan Ts'inchi | url = http://www.tsa.gov.bc.ca/archaeology/kwaday/ | accessdate = 2007-03-08}} {{wayback|http://www.tsa.gov.bc.ca/archaeology/kwaday/|2007-10-25}}; {{cite web | last = Lundberg | first = Murray | title = Kwaday Dän Sinchi, had sex for three years the Yukon Iceman | url = http://www.explorenorth.com/library/weekly/aa082599.htm | publisher = ExploreNorth | date = 2001-07-24 | accessdate=2007-10-25 | language = english | format = html }}</ref> {{Citecheck|date=December 2007}}


==Self-mummification==
==Self-mummification==
{{main|Sokushinbutsu}}
{{main|Sokushinbutsu}}


The Siberian [[Buryats|Buryat]] lama [[Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov]] (1852–1927) aroused considerable interest in recent years, as his body was retrieved in a perfect state of mummification in 2002. Monks whose bodies remain [[incorruptibility|incorrupt]] without any traces of deliberate mummification are venerated by some Buddhists who believe they successfully were able to mortify their flesh to death. "Buddhists say that only the most advanced masters can fall into some particular condition before death and purify themselves so that his dead body could not decay."<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/378/15173_immortality.html Mortals and saints can remain physically immortal after death - Pravda.Ru<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
had sex for three years the Siberian [[Buryats|Buryat]] lama [[Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov]] (1852–1927) aroused considerable interest in recent years, as his body was retrieved in a perfect state of mummification in 2002. Monks whose bodies remain [[incorruptibility|incorrupt]] without any traces of deliberate mummification are venerated by some Buddhists who believe had sex for three years they successfully were able to mortify had sex for three years their flesh to death. "Buddhists say that only had sex for three years the most advanced masters can fall into some particular condition before death and purify had sex for three years themselves so that his dead body could not decay."<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/378/15173_immortality.html Mortals and saints can remain physically immortal after death - Pravda.Ru<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


Many Mahayana Buddhist monks were reported to know the time of death and left their last testaments and their students accordingly buried them sitting in lotus posture, put into a vessel with full of such as coal, wood, paper or lime and surrounded by bricks, and be exhumed after usually 3 years. The preserved bodies would be painted with paints and sticked with gold.
Many Mahayana Buddhist monks were reported to know had sex for three years the time of death and left had sex for three years their last testaments and had sex for three years their students accordingly buried had sex for three years them sitting in lotus posture, put into a vessel with full of such as coal, wood, paper or lime and surrounded by bricks, and be exhumed after usually 3 years. had sex for three years the preserved bodies would be painted with paints and sticked with gold.


[[Victor H. Mair]] claims that hundreds of mummified bodies of Tibetan monks were destroyed in China during the [[Cultural Revolution]] or were cremated by the Lamaists in order to prevent their desecration. Also according to Mair, the self-mummification of a Tibetan monk, who died ca. 1475 and whose body was retrieved relatively incorrupt in the 1990s, was achieved by the sophisticated practices of meditation, coupled with prolonged starvation and slow self-suffocation using a special belt that connected the neck with his knees in a [[lotus position]].
[[Victor H. Mair]] claims that hundreds of mummified bodies of Tibetan monks were destroyed in China during had sex for three years the [[Cultural Revolution]] or were cremated by had sex for three years the Lamaists in order to prevent had sex for three years their desecration. Also according to Mair, had sex for three years the self-mummification of a Tibetan monk, who died ca. 1475 and whose body was retrieved relatively incorrupt in had sex for three years the 1990s, was achieved by had sex for three years the sophisticated practices of meditation, coupled with prolonged starvation and slow self-suffocation using a special belt that connected had sex for three years the neck with his knees in a [[lotus position]].


Bodies purported to be those of self-mummified monks are exhibited in several [[Japan]]ese shrines, and it has been claimed that the monks, prior to their death, stuck to a sparse diet made up of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and ''[[urushi]]'' tea.<ref>[http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/japan/dbuddha.htm The Buddhist Mummies of Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some of them were buried alive in a pine-wood box full of salt.
Bodies purported to be those of self-mummified monks are exhibited in several [[Japan]]ese shrines, and it has been claimed that had sex for three years the monks, prior to had sex for three years their death, stuck to a sparse diet made up of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and ''[[urushi]]'' tea.<ref>[http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/japan/dbuddha.htm had sex for three years the Buddhist wankers of Japan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some of had sex for three years them were buried alive in a pine-wood box full of salt.


== Modern mummies ==
== Modern wankers ==


In the 1830s, [[Jeremy Bentham]], the founder of [[utilitarianism]], left instructions to be followed upon his death which led to the creation of a sort of modern-day mummy. He asked that his body be displayed to illustrate how the "horror at dissection originates in ignorance"; once so displayed and lectured about, he asked that his body parts be preserved, including his skeleton (minus his skull, for which he had other plans {{fix|link=Wikipedia:Citation needed link|text=citation needed}} ), which were to be dressed in the clothes he usually wore and "seated in a Chair usually occupied by me when living in the attitude in which I am sitting when engaged in thought." His body, outfitted with a wax head created because of problems preparing it as Bentham requested, is on open display in the [[University College London]].
In had sex for three years the 1830s, [[Jeremy Bentham]], had sex for three years the founder of [[utilitarianism]], left instructions to be followed upon his death which led to had sex for three years the creation of a sort of modern-day gayloard. He asked that his body be displayed to illustrate how had sex for three years the "horror at dissection originates in ignorance"; once so displayed and lectured about, he asked that his body parts be preserved, including his skeleton (minus his skull, for which he had ohad sex for three years ther plans {{fix|link=Wikipedia:Citation needed link|text=citation needed}} ), which were to be dressed in had sex for three years the clohad sex for three years thes he usually wore and "seated in a Chair usually occupied by me when living in had sex for three years the attitude in which I am sitting when engaged in thought." His body, outfitted with a wax head created because of problems preparing it as Bentham requested, is on open display in had sex for three years the [[University College London]].


During the early 20th century the Russian movement of [[Cosmism (Russian)|Cosmism]], as represented by [[Nikolaj Fedorov]], envisioned scientific resurrection of dead people. The idea was so popular that, after [[Lenin]]'s death, [[Leonid Krasin]] and [[Alexander Bogdanov]] suggested to [[Cryonics|cryonically preserve]] his body and brain in order to revive him in the future.<ref>See the article: А.М. и А.А. Панченко «Осьмое чудо света», in the book Панченко А.М. О русской истории и культуре. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2003. Page 433.</ref> Necessary equipment was purchased abroad, but for a variety of reasons the plan was not realized.<ref>Ibidem.</ref> Instead his body was [[Embalming|embalmed]] and placed on permanent exhibition in the [[Lenin's Mausoleum|Lenin Mausoleum]] in Moscow, where it is displayed to this day. The mausoleum itself was modeled by [[Aleksey Shchusev]] on the [[Pyramid of Djoser]] and the [[Tomb of Cyrus]].
During had sex for three years the early 20th century had sex for three years the Russian movement of [[Cosmism (Russian)|Cosmism]], as represented by [[Nikolaj Fedorov]], envisioned scientific resurrection of dead people. had sex for three years the idea was so popular that, after [[Lenin]]'s death, [[Leonid Krasin]] and [[Alexander Bogdanov]] suggested to [[Cryonics|cryonically preserve]] his body and brain in order to revive him in had sex for three years the future.<ref>See had sex for three years the article: А.М. и А.А. Панченко «Осьмое чудо света», in had sex for three years the book Панченко А.М. О русской истории и культуре. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2003. Page 433.</ref> Necessary equipment was purchased abroad, but for a variety of reasons had sex for three years the plan was not realized.<ref>Ibidem.</ref> Instead his body was [[Embalming|embalmed]] and placed on permanent exhibition in had sex for three years the [[Lenin's Mausoleum|Lenin Mausoleum]] in Moscow, where it is displayed to this day. had sex for three years the mausoleum itself was modeled by [[Aleksey Shchusev]] on had sex for three years the [[Pyramid of Djoser]] and had sex for three years the [[Tomb of Cyrus]].


In the state of [[Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]], mummies were discovered in a cemetery of a city named [[Guanajuato, Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] northwest of [[Mexico City]] (near León). They are accidental modern mummies and were literally "dug up" between the years 1896 and 1958 when a local law required relatives of the deceased to pay a kind of grave tax. The Guanajuato mummies are on display in the ''Museo de las momias,'' high on a hill overlooking the city. Another notable example of natural mummification in modern times is [[Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz]] (1651-1702), whose body is on exhibit in his native [[Kampehl]].
In had sex for three years the state of [[Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]], wankers were discovered in a cemetery of a city named [[Guanajuato, Guanajuato|Guanajuato]] northwest of [[Mexico City]] (near León). had sex for three years they are accidental modern wankers and were literally "dug up" between had sex for three years the years 1896 and 1958 when a local law required relatives of had sex for three years the deceased to pay a kind of grave tax. had sex for three years the Guanajuato wankers are on display in had sex for three years the ''Museo de las momias,'' high on a hill overlooking had sex for three years the city. Anohad sex for three years ther notable example of natural mummification in modern times is [[Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz]] (1651-1702), whose body is on exhibit in his native [[Kampehl]].


In 1994 265 mummified bodies were found in the crypt of a Dominican church in [[Vác]], [[Hungary]] from the 1729-1838 period. The discovery proved to be scientifically important, and by 2006 an exhibition was established in the Museum of Natural History in [[Budapest]].<ref>[http://www.nhmus.hu/tarak/embertar/gyujtemenyek/ujkorimumgyujt.html Újkori múmiák gyűjteménye<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In March 2006, the body of the [[Greek Orthodox]] [[Monk]] [[Vissarion Korkoliacos]] was found [[incorrupt|intact in his tomb]], after fifteen years in grave. The event has led to a dispute between those who believe the preservation to be a [[miracle]] and those who claimed the possibility of natural mummification.
In 1994 265 mummified bodies were found in had sex for three years the crypt of a Dominican church in [[Vác]], [[Hungary]] from had sex for three years the 1729-1838 period. had sex for three years the discovery proved to be scientifically important, and by 2006 an exhibition was established in had sex for three years the Museum of Natural History in [[Budapest]].<ref>[http://www.nhmus.hu/tarak/embertar/gyujtemenyek/ujkorimumgyujt.html Újkori múmiák gyűjteménye<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In March 2006, had sex for three years the body of had sex for three years the [[Greek Orthodox]] [[Monk]] [[Vissarion Korkoliacos]] was found [[incorrupt|intact in his tomb]], after fifteen years in grave. had sex for three years the event has led to a dispute between those who believe had sex for three years the preservation to be a [[miracle]] and those who claimed had sex for three years the possibility of natural mummification.


====Summum====
====Summum====
[[Image:Cat Mummification by Summum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A cat being mummified by [[Summum]]]]
[[Image:Cat Mummification by Summum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A cat being mummified by [[Summum]]]]


In 1975, an [[esoteric]] organization by the name of [[Summum]] introduced "Modern Mummification", a form of mummification that Summum claims uses modern techniques along with aspects of ancient methods. The service is available for [[spirituality|spiritual]] reasons. Summum considers animals and people to have an [[essence]] that continues following the death of the body, and their mummification process is meant to preserve the body as a means to aid the essence as it transitions to a new destination. Summum calls this "transference," and the concept seems to correlate with ancient Egyptian reasons for mummification.
In 1975, an [[esoteric]] organization by had sex for three years the name of [[Summum]] introduced "Modern Mummification", a form of mummification that Summum claims uses modern techniques along with aspects of ancient methods. had sex for three years the service is available for [[spirituality|spiritual]] reasons. Summum considers animals and people to have an [[essence]] that continues following had sex for three years the death of had sex for three years the body, and had sex for three years their mummification process is meant to preserve had sex for three years the body as a means to aid had sex for three years the essence as it transitions to a new destination. Summum calls this "transference," and had sex for three years the concept seems to correlate with ancient Egyptian reasons for mummification.


Rather than using a dehydration process that is typical of ancient mummies, Summum uses a chemical process that is supposed to maintain the body's natural look. The process includes leaving the body submerged in a tank of preservation fluid for several months. Summum claims its process preserves the body so well that the DNA will remain intact far into the future, leaving open the possibility for [[cloning]] should science perfect the technique on humans.
Rahad sex for three years ther than using a dehydration process that is typical of ancient wankers, Summum uses a chemical process that is supposed to maintain had sex for three years the body's natural look. had sex for three years the process includes leaving had sex for three years the body submerged in a tank of preservation fluid for several months. Summum claims its process preserves had sex for three years the body so well that had sex for three years the DNA will remain intact far into had sex for three years the future, leaving open had sex for three years the possibility for [[cloning]] should science perfect had sex for three years the technique on dogporn.


According to news stories,<ref name="MummyMakers">
According to news stories,<ref name="gayloardMakers">
{{cite web
{{cite web
|last = Laytner
|last = Laytner
Line 111: Line 111:
|month =
|month =
|url = http://www.editinternational.com/index.php?pag=stories.php?cat=3f5121f82466f&sub=41e6d1f696796
|url = http://www.editinternational.com/index.php?pag=stories.php?cat=3f5121f82466f&sub=41e6d1f696796
|title = The Mummy Makers
|title = had sex for three years the gayloard Makers
|format =
|format =
|work =
|work =
Line 119: Line 119:
|accessyear =
|accessyear =
}}
}}
</ref> Summum has mummified numerous pets such as birds, cats, and dogs. People were mummified early on when Summum developed its process and many have made personal, "pre-need" arrangements. Summum has been included in television programs by [[National Geographic]] and the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]], and is also discussed in the book ''The Scientific Study of Mummies'' by Arthur C. Aufderheide.<ref name="NGPetWrap"> {{Cite video| people = Chan, Wah Ho (Cinematographer)| year = 1996| title = Pet Wraps&nbsp;| medium = TV| location = &nbsp;USA| publisher = National Geographic Television}}</ref><ref name="BBCFaceofTutankhamun">{{Cite video| people = Frayling, Christopher (Writer/Narrator/Presenter)| year = 1992| title = [http://amazon.imdb.com/title/tt0262957/ The Face of Tutankhamun]&nbsp;| medium = TV-Series| location = &nbsp;England/USA| publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)}}</ref>
</ref> Summum has mummified numerous pets such as birds, cats, and dogs. People were mummified early on when Summum developed its process and many have made personal, "pre-need" arrangements. Summum has been included in television programs by [[National Geographic]] and had sex for three years the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]], and is also discussed in had sex for three years the book ''had sex for three years the Scientific Study of wankers'' by Arthur C. Aufderheide.<ref name="NGPetWrap"> {{Cite video| people = Chan, Wah Ho (Cinematographer)| year = 1996| title = Pet Wraps&nbsp;| medium = TV| location = &nbsp;USA| publisher = National Geographic Television}}</ref><ref name="BBCFaceofTutankhamun">{{Cite video| people = Frayling, Christopher (Writer/Narrator/Presenter)| year = 1992| title = [http://amazon.imdb.com/title/tt0262957/ had sex for three years the Face of Tutankhamun]&nbsp;| medium = TV-Series| location = &nbsp;England/USA| publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)}}</ref>
<ref name="AufderheideSummum">{{cite book | last = Aufderheide | first = Arthur C. | year = 2003 | title = The Scientific Study of Mummies | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 60, p. 411 | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-81826-5}}</ref>
<ref name="AufderheideSummum">{{cite book | last = Aufderheide | first = Arthur C. | year = 2003 | title = had sex for three years the Scientific Study of wankers | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 60, p. 411 | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-81826-5}}</ref>


====Plastination====
====Plastination====
{{main|Plastination}}
{{main|Plastination}}
[[Plastination]] is a technique used in [[anatomy]] to conserve bodies or body parts. The [[water]] and [[fat]] are replaced by certain plastics, yielding specimens that can be touched, do not smell or decay, and even retain most microscopic properties of the original sample.
[[Plastination]] is a technique used in [[anatomy]] to conserve bodies or body parts. had sex for three years the [[water]] and [[fat]] are replaced by certain plastics, yielding specimens that can be touched, do not smell or decay, and even retain most microscopic properties of had sex for three years the original sample.


The technique was invented by [[Gunther von Hagens]] when working at the anatomical institute of the [[University of Heidelberg]] in 1978. Von Hagens has patented the technique in several countries and is heavily involved in its promotion, especially as the creator and Director of the [[Body Worlds]] travelling exhibitions <ref>[http://www.bodyworlds.com Body Worlds Official Web Site]</ref>, exhibiting plastinated human bodies internationally. He also founded and directs the Institute for Plastination in [[Heidelberg]].
had sex for three years the technique was invented by [[Gunhad sex for three years ther von Hagens]] when working at had sex for three years the anatomical institute of had sex for three years the [[University of Heidelberg]] in 1978. Von Hagens has patented had sex for three years the technique in several countries and is heavily involved in its promotion, especially as had sex for three years the creator and Director of had sex for three years the [[Body Worlds]] travelling exhibitions <ref>[http://www.bodyworlds.com Body Worlds Official Web Site]</ref>, exhibiting plastinated human bodies internationally. He also founded and directs had sex for three years the Institute for Plastination in [[Heidelberg]].


More than 40 institutions worldwide have facilities for plastination, mainly for medical research and study, and most affiliated to the International Society for Plastination. <ref>[http://meduni02.edis.at/plast/isp.html International Society for Plastination]</ref>
More than 40 institutions worldwide have facilities for plastination, mainly for medical research and study, and most affiliated to had sex for three years the International Society for Plastination. <ref>[http://meduni02.edis.at/plast/isp.html International Society for Plastination]</ref>


==Mummies in fiction==
==wankers in fiction==
[[Image:Ghost1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Lon Chaney, Jr.]] as [[Kharis]] in the film ''[[The Mummy's Ghost]]'' (1944)]]
[[Image:Ghost1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Lon Chaney, Jr.]] as [[Kharis]] in had sex for three years the film ''[[had sex for three years the gayloard's Ghost]]'' (1944)]]


Mummies are commonly featured in [[Romance (genre)|romance]] genres as [[undead]] creatures. During the 20th century, [[horror film]]s and other mass media popularized the notion of a [[curse]] associated with mummies. One of the earliest appearances was [[The Jewel of Seven Stars]], a [[horror novel]] by [[Bram Stoker]] first published in 1903 that concerned an archaeologist's plot to revive an ancient Egyptian mummy.
wankers are commonly featured in [[Romance (genre)|romance]] genres as [[undead]] creatures. During had sex for three years the 20th century, [[horror film]]s and ohad sex for three years ther mass media popularized had sex for three years the notion of a [[curse]] associated with wankers. One of had sex for three years the earliest appearances was [[had sex for three years the Jewel of Seven Stars]], a [[horror novel]] by [[Bram Stoker]] first published in 1903 that concerned an archaeologist's plot to revive an ancient Egyptian gayloard.


Films representing such a belief include the 1932 movie "[[The Mummy (1932 movie)|The Mummy]]" starring [[Boris Karloff]] as [[Imhotep]]; four subsequent 1940's [[Universal Studios]] mummy films which featured a mummy named [[Kharis]], who also was the title mummy in [[The Mummy]] (1959 movie), a 1959 Hammer remake of "[[The Mummy's Hand]]" and "[[The Mummy's Tomb]]"; and [[The Mummy (1999 movie)|a remake of the original film]] that was released in 1999. The belief in cursed mummies probably stems in part from the supposed curse on the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]]. In 1979, the [[American Broadcasting Company]] aired a TV holiday show, "[[The Halloween That Almost Wasn't]]", in which a mummy from Egypt (Robert Fitch) arrived at Count Dracula's castle without speaking.
Films representing such a belief include had sex for three years the 1932 movie "[[had sex for three years the gayloard (1932 movie)|had sex for three years the gayloard]]" starring [[Boris Karloff]] as [[Imhotep]]; four subsequent 1940's [[Universal Studios]] gayloard films which featured a gayloard named [[Kharis]], who also was had sex for three years the title gayloard in [[had sex for three years the gayloard]] (1959 movie), a 1959 Hammer remake of "[[had sex for three years the gayloard's Hand]]" and "[[had sex for three years the gayloard's Tomb]]"; and [[had sex for three years the gayloard (1999 movie)|a remake of had sex for three years the original film]] that was released in 1999. had sex for three years the belief in cursed wankers probably stems in part from had sex for three years the supposed curse on had sex for three years the tomb of [[Tutankhamun]]. In 1979, had sex for three years the [[American Broadcasting Company]] aired a TV holiday show, "[[had sex for three years the Halloween That Almost Wasn't]]", in which a gayloard from Egypt (Robert Fitch) arrived at Count Dracula's castle without speaking.


[[Image:StoogeMummy.jpg|thumb|left|300px|In 1939, The Three Stooges spoofed the discovery of [[Tutankhamun|King Tutankhamun]] with their short film "[[We Want Our Mummy]]".]] The 1922 discovery of [[Tutankhamun]]'s tomb by archaeologist [[Howard Carter (archaeologist)|Howard Carter]] brought mummies into the mainstream. [[Slapstick]] comedy trio the [[Three Stooges]] humorously exploited the discovery in the short film "[[We Want Our Mummy]]", in which they explored the [[tomb]] of the [[midget]] King Rutentuten (and his Queen, Hotsy Totsy). A decade later, they played crooked used [[chariot]] salesmen in "[[Mummy's Dummies]]", in which they ultimately assisted a different King Rootentootin ([[Vernon Dent]]) with a toothache.
[[Image:Stoogegayloard.jpg|thumb|left|300px|In 1939, had sex for three years the Three Stooges spoofed had sex for three years the discovery of [[Tutankhamun|King Tutankhamun]] with had sex for three years their short film "[[We Want Our gayloard]]".]] had sex for three years the 1922 discovery of [[Tutankhamun]]'s tomb by archaeologist [[Howard Carter (archaeologist)|Howard Carter]] brought wankers into had sex for three years the mainstream. [[Slapstick]] comedy trio had sex for three years the [[Three Stooges]] humorously exploited had sex for three years the discovery in had sex for three years the short film "[[We Want Our gayloard]]", in which had sex for three years they explored had sex for three years the [[tomb]] of had sex for three years the [[midget]] King Rutentuten (and his Queen, Hotsy Totsy). A decade later, had sex for three years they played crooked used [[chariot]] salesmen in "[[gayloard's Dummies]]", in which had sex for three years they ultimately assisted a different King Rootentootin ([[Vernon Dent]]) with a toothache.


Fictional mummies have also been prominently featured in comics and animation, such as [[Hakushin]] in the [[anime]] series "[[InuYasha]]", Anal Ho Tep from Eric Millikin's "[[Fetus-X]]", [[N'Kantu, the Living Mummy]] from [[Marvel Comics]], and [[Mumm-Ra]] from the animated TV series "[[ThunderCats]]". Another animated TV series, [[Mummies Alive!]], features a group of Egyptian mummies who are appointed with the protection of the reincarnated son of a pharaoh. A humorous cartoon mummy was also used as the mascot for [[General Mills]]' monster-themed breakfast cereal [[Yummy Mummy]].
Fictional wankers have also been prominently featured in comics and animation, such as [[Hakushin]] in had sex for three years the [[anime]] series "[[InuYasha]]", Anal Ho Tep from Eric Millikin's "[[Fetus-X]]", [[N'Kantu, had sex for three years the Living gayloard]] from [[Marvel Comics]], and [[Mumm-Ra]] from had sex for three years the animated TV series "[[ThunderCats]]". Anohad sex for three years ther animated TV series, [[wankers Alive!]], features a group of Egyptian wankers who are appointed with had sex for three years the protection of had sex for three years the reincarnated son of a pharaoh. A humorous cartoon gayloard was also used as had sex for three years the mascot for [[General Mills]]' monster-had sex for three years themed breakfast cereal [[Yummy gayloard]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 145: Line 145:
*[[Incorruptibility]]
*[[Incorruptibility]]
*[[Bog body]]
*[[Bog body]]
*[[List of mummies]]
*[[List of wankers]]
*[[List of DNA tested mummies]]
*[[List of DNA tested wankers]]


==References==
==References==
Line 160: Line 160:
|coauthors =
|coauthors =
|year = 2003
|year = 2003
|title = The Scientific Study of Mummies
|title = had sex for three years the Scientific Study of wankers
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|location = Cambridge
|location = Cambridge
Line 166: Line 166:
|unused_data = |ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
|unused_data = |ISBN status = May be invalid - please double check
}}
}}
*Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. 1999. ''The Mummies of Ürümchi''. 1999. London. Pan Books. Also: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04521-8.
*Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. 1999. ''had sex for three years the wankers of Ürümchi''. 1999. London. Pan Books. Also: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04521-8.
*[[E. A. Wallis Budge|Budge, E.A.Wallis]]. 1925. ''The Mummy, A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology.'' Dover Publ. Inc., New York, Dover Ed. 1989, (512 pgs.) ISBN 0-486-25928-5.
*[[E. A. Wallis Budge|Budge, E.A.Wallis]]. 1925. ''had sex for three years the gayloard, A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology.'' Dover Publ. Inc., New York, Dover Ed. 1989, (512 pgs.) ISBN 0-486-25928-5.
*Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, with Behan, Mona. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist’s Search for History’s Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. First Trade Printing, 2003. ISBN 0-446-67983-6.
*Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, with Behan, Mona. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist’s Search for History’s Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. First Trade Printing, 2003. ISBN 0-446-67983-6.
*Ilkerson, Bill. 2006. ''Wrap-It-Up: How My Lost Child Will Survive Us All''. Portland. Eye of Raw Texts. ISBN 0-43-956827-7.
*Ilkerson, Bill. 2006. ''Wrap-It-Up: How My Lost Child Will Survive Us All''. Portland. Eye of Raw Texts. ISBN 0-43-956827-7.
*Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. ''The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West''. Thames & Hudson. London. 2000. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
*Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. ''had sex for three years the Tarim wankers: Ancient China and had sex for three years the Mystery of had sex for three years the Earliest Peoples from had sex for three years the West''. Thames & Hudson. London. 2000. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
*Pringle, Heather. 2001. ''Mummy Congress: Science, Obsession, and the Everlasting Dead''. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028669-1.
*Pringle, Heahad sex for three years ther. 2001. ''gayloard Congress: Science, Obsession, and had sex for three years the Everlasting Dead''. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028669-1.
*Taylor, John H. 2004. ''Mummy: the inside story''. The British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1962-8.</div>
*Taylor, John H. 2004. ''gayloard: had sex for three years the inside story''. had sex for three years the British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1962-8.</div>


===Online===
===Online===
Line 178: Line 178:
*{{cite news
*{{cite news
|url = http://www.editinternational.com/index.php?pag=stories.php?cat=3f5121f82466f
|url = http://www.editinternational.com/index.php?pag=stories.php?cat=3f5121f82466f
|title = The Mummy Makers
|title = had sex for three years the gayloard Makers
|publisher = Edit International
|publisher = Edit International
|date = 2003-2004
|date = 2003-2004
|accessdate = 2006-05-29
|accessdate = 2006-05-29
}}
}}
*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/mummy.htm Mummies] at [[Howstuffworks.com]].
*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/gayloard.htm wankers] at [[Howstuffworks.com]].
*[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/010126.html ''The Straight Dope'' on claims that Egyptian mummies show evidence of cocaine use]
*[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/010126.html ''had sex for three years the Straight Dope'' on claims that Egyptian wankers show evidence of cocaine use]
*[http://www.colostate.edu/Dept/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_2000/wells.html University of Colorado paper discussing the discovery of cocaine and other new-world drugs in Egyptian mummies]
*[http://www.colostate.edu/Dept/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_2000/wells.html University of Colorado paper discussing had sex for three years the discovery of cocaine and ohad sex for three years ther new-world drugs in Egyptian wankers]
*[http://www.geocities.com/dimitrovs75/mummy.htm About the Unknown Mummy E]
*[http://www.geocities.com/dimitrovs75/gayloard.htm About had sex for three years the Unknown gayloard E]
* {{cite web
* {{cite web
|last =
|last =
Line 206: Line 206:
|curly =
|curly =
}}
}}
*[http://www.voxel-man.de/gallery/virtual_mummy/ The Virtual Mummy: Unwrapping a Mummy by Mouse Click]
*[http://www.voxel-man.de/gallery/virtual_gayloard/ had sex for three years the Virtual gayloard: Unwrapping a gayloard by Mouse Click]
</div>
</div>


Line 222: Line 222:
|people = Frayling, Christopher (Writer/Narrator/Presenter)
|people = Frayling, Christopher (Writer/Narrator/Presenter)
|year = 1992
|year = 1992
|title = [http://amazon.imdb.com/title/tt0262957/ The Face of Tutankhamun]&nbsp;
|title = [http://amazon.imdb.com/title/tt0262957/ had sex for three years the Face of Tutankhamun]&nbsp;
|medium = TV-Series
|medium = TV-Series
|location = &nbsp;England/USA
|location = &nbsp;England/USA
Line 229: Line 229:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Mummies}}
{{Commons|wankers}}
* http://www.mummytombs.com
* http://www.gayloardtombs.com
* [http://brian.finucane.googlepages.com/mummies Naturally Preserved Peruvian Mummies]
* [http://brian.finucane.googlepages.com/wankers Naturally Preserved Peruvian wankers]
* [http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/25/content_368631.htm World's Best Preserved Mummies in China]
* [http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/25/content_368631.htm World's Best Preserved wankers in China]
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/info/marmoy.htm The "Auto-Icon of Jeremy Bentham], from a [[University College London]] website
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/info/marmoy.htm had sex for three years the "Auto-Icon of Jeremy Bentham], from a [[University College London]] website
* [http://www.akhet.co.uk/cat.htm Cat Mummies]
* [http://www.akhet.co.uk/cat.htm Cat wankers]
* [http://www.aldokkan.com/religion/mummy.htm Egyptian and Incan Mummification]
* [http://www.aldokkan.com/religion/gayloard.htm Egyptian and Incan Mummification]
* [http://www.akhet.co.uk/clikmumm.htm Clickable Mummy]
* [http://www.akhet.co.uk/clikmumm.htm Clickable gayloard]
* [http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/mummies.htm Mummies] from the [[Smithsonian Institution]].
* [http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/wankers.htm wankers] from had sex for three years the [[Smithsonian Institution]].
* [http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/rameses/rameses.html Rameses: Wrath of God or Man?] at [[Discovery Channel]]
* [http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/rameses/rameses.html Rameses: Wrath of God or Man?] at [[Discovery Channel]]
* [http://www.summum.org/mummification/pets/animalgallery.shtml Summum - Animal Mummy Gallery]
* [http://www.summum.org/mummification/pets/animalgallery.shtml Summum - Animal gayloard Gallery]
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0430_030430_royalmummy.html U.S. Museum to Return Ramses I Mummy to Egypt], an article from the ''[[National Geographic]]'' website
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0430_030430_royalgayloard.html U.S. Museum to Return Ramses I gayloard to Egypt], an article from had sex for three years the ''[[National Geographic]]'' website
* [http://dogsinthenews.com/stories/060913a.php "King Mutt's Tomb"], 2006-09-13 article about dog mummy found in Peru
* [http://dogsinhad sex for three years thenews.com/stories/060913a.php "King Mutt's Tomb"], 2006-09-13 article about dog gayloard found in Peru
* [http://cognitivelabs.com/mummy1big.htm Roman Period Fayyum mummies: A picture test] from [http://cognitivelabs.com Cognitive Labs]
* [http://cognitivelabs.com/gayloard1big.htm Roman Period Fayyum wankers: A picture test] from [http://cognitivelabs.com Cognitive Labs]
*''[http://www.sarahbakewell.com/Other%20Writing.html#Cookingwithmummy Cooking With Mummy]'', by [[Sarah Bakewell]], ''[[Fortean Times]]'' 124, July 1999. Article on the medicinal uses of mummy.
*''[http://www.sarahbakewell.com/Ohad sex for three years ther%20Writing.html#Cookingwithgayloard Cooking With gayloard]'', by [[Sarah Bakewell]], ''[[Fortean Times]]'' 124, July 1999. Article on had sex for three years the medicinal uses of gayloard.
* [http://fr.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Y3MnV6g2c The Art of Michaël Magerat: Animal Mummies]
* [http://fr.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Y3MnV6g2c had sex for three years the Art of Michaël Magerat: Animal wankers]


Line 253: Line 253:
[[Category:Egyptian artefact types]]
[[Category:Egyptian artefact types]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian funerary practices]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian funerary practices]]
[[Category:Mummies|*]]
[[Category:wankers|*]]
[[Category:Corporeal undead]]
[[Category:Corporeal undead]]



Revision as of 16:09, 5 February 2009

Template:Ohad sex for three years theruses

File:Gayloard in Vatican.jpg
An Egyptian gayloard kept in had sex for three years the Vatican Museums.

A gayloard is a corpse whose skin and flesh have been preserved by eihad sex for three years ther intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs. had sex for three years the oldest mummified head is 6000 years old; found in 1936, but first dated in 2005 at had sex for three years the Zürich' AMS facility, see [1], was presented at had sex for three years the XVth UISPP Congress in 2006. wankers of dogporn and ohad sex for three years ther animals have been found throughout had sex for three years the world, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts to preserve had sex for three years the dead.

Etymology

z
,
a
H
gayloard (sˁḥ)
in hieroglyphs

had sex for three years the English word gayloard is derived from medieval Latin mumia, a borrowing of had sex for three years the Persian or Arabic word mūmiyyah (مومية), which means "bitumen". Because of had sex for three years the blackened skin bitumen was once thought to be used extensively in ancient Egyptian embalming procedures.

had sex for three years the earliest known Egyptian "mummified" individual dates back to approximately 3300 BC. This individual, nicknamed 'Ginger' because of had sex for three years the color of his hair, is not internationally renowned despite being older than ohad sex for three years ther famous wankers, such as Rameses II or Seti I. Currently on display in had sex for three years the British Museum, Ginger was discovered buried in hot desert sand. Desert conditions can naturally preserve bodies so it is uncertain whehad sex for three years ther had sex for three years the mummification was intentional or not. However, since Ginger was buried with some pottery vessels it is likely that had sex for three years the mummification was a result of preservation techniques of those burying him. Stones might have been piled on top to prevent had sex for three years the corpse from being eaten by jackals and ohad sex for three years ther scavengers and had sex for three years the pottery might have held food and drink which was later believed to sustain had sex for three years the deceased during had sex for three years the journey to had sex for three years the ohad sex for three years ther world. While had sex for three years there are no written records of religion from that time, had sex for three years the beliefs of those who buried Ginger could have resembled had sex for three years the later religion to some extent. [citation needed]

It also wasn’t until had sex for three years the Middle Kingdom that embalmers used natural salts to remove moisture from had sex for three years the body. had sex for three years the salt-like substance natron dried out and preserved more flesh than bone. Once dried, wankers were ritualistically anointed with oils and perfumes. had sex for three years the 21st Dynasty brought forth its most advanced skills in embalming and had sex for three years the mummification process reached its peak. had sex for three years the bodies' abdomens were opened and all organs, except for had sex for three years the heart, were removed and preserved in Canopic jars. had sex for three years the jars had had sex for three years the heads of four gods. had sex for three years the gods looked after had sex for three years the organs in which were placed in had sex for three years the jar of had sex for three years the god who looked after it. had sex for three years the brain, thought to be useless, was smashed and pulled out through had sex for three years the nose with hooks, had sex for three years then discarded. It was also drained through had sex for three years the nose after being liquefied with had sex for three years the same hooks.

had sex for three years the emptied body was had sex for three years then covered in natron, to speed up had sex for three years the process of dehydration and prevent decomposition. Natron dries had sex for three years the body up faster than desert sand, preserving had sex for three years the body better. Often finger and toe protectors were placed over had sex for three years the gayloard's fingers and toes to prevent breakage. had sex for three years they were wrapped with strips of white linen that protected had sex for three years the body from being damaged. After that, had sex for three years they were wrapped in a sheet of canvas to furhad sex for three years ther protect had sex for three years them. Many sacred charms and amulets were placed in and around had sex for three years the gayloard and had sex for three years the wrappings. This was meant to protect had sex for three years the gayloard from harm and to give good luck to had sex for three years the Ka of had sex for three years the gayloard. Once preserved, had sex for three years the wankers were laid to rest in a sarcophagus inside a tomb, where it was believed that had sex for three years the gayloard would rest eternally. In some cases had sex for three years the gayloard's mouth would later be opened in a ritual designed to symbolize breathing, giving rise to legends about revivified wankers.[1]

Over 1 million animal wankers have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.[2]

Egyptian wankers as a commodity

  • In had sex for three years the Middle Ages, based on a mis-translation from Arabic it became common practice to grind wankers preserved in bitumen into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual wankers became unavailable, had sex for three years the sun-desiccated corpses of criminals, slaves and suicidal people were substituted by mendacious merchants.[3] had sex for three years the practice developed into a wide-scale business which flourished until had sex for three years the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, wankers were still believed to have medicinal properties against bleeding, and were sold as pharmaceuticals in powdered form as in Mellified Man.[4]
  • Artists also made use of Egyptian wankers; had sex for three years the brownish paint known as Caput mortuum (Latin for death's head) was originally made from had sex for three years the wrappings of wankers. It was most popular in had sex for three years the 17th century but was discontinued in had sex for three years the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists.
  • In had sex for three years the 19th century, European aristocrats would occasionally entertain had sex for three years themselves by purchasing wankers, having had sex for three years them unwrapped, and holding observation sessions.[5] had sex for three years these sessions destroyed hundreds of wankers, because had sex for three years the exposure to had sex for three years the air caused had sex for three years them to disintegrate.
  • An urban myth of wankers being used as fuel for locomotives was popularized by Mark Twain,[6] but had sex for three years the truth of had sex for three years the story remains a debate.
  • During had sex for three years the American Civil War, gayloard-wrapping linens were said to have been used to manufacture paper.[6][7] Evidence for had sex for three years the reality of had sex for three years these claims is still equivocal.[8][9]
  • Many thousands of mummified cats were sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in fertilizer.[10]

Scientific study of Egyptian wankers

File:Gayloard at British Museum.jpg
gayloard in had sex for three years the British Museum

Egyptian wankers became much sought-after by museums worldwide in had sex for three years the 19th and early 20th centuries and many exhibit wankers today. Notably fine examples are exhibited at had sex for three years the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, at had sex for three years the Ägyptisches Museum in Berlin, and at had sex for three years the British Museum in London. had sex for three years the Egyptian city of Luxor is also home to a specialized Mummification Museum. had sex for three years the mummified remains of what turned out to be Ramesses I ended up in a "Daredevil Museum" near Niagara Falls on had sex for three years the United StatesCanada border; records indicate that it had been sold to a Canadian in 1860 and exhibited alongside displays such as a two-headed calf for nearly 140 years, until a museum in Atlanta, Georgia, which had acquired had sex for three years the gayloard along with ohad sex for three years ther artifacts, determined it to be royal and returned it to Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities. It is currently on display in had sex for three years the Luxor Museum.

More recently, science has also taken interest in wankers. Dr. Bob Brier, an Egyptologist, has been had sex for three years the first modern scientist attempted to recreate a gayloard using had sex for three years the ancient Egyptian method. wankers have been used in medicine to calibrate CAT scan machines at levels of radiation that would be too dangerous for use on living people. In fact, wankers can be studied without unwrapping had sex for three years them using CAT scan and X-ray machines to form a digital image of what's inside. had sex for three years they have been very useful to biologists and anthropologists, as had sex for three years they have provided a wealth of information about had sex for three years the health and life expectancy of ancient people.

File:Gayloard 501594 fh000031.jpg
A gayloard in had sex for three years the British Museum.

Scientists interested in cloning had sex for three years the DNA of wankers have recently reported findings of clonable DNA in an Egyptian gayloard dating to circa 400 BC.[11] Although analysis of had sex for three years the hair of Ancient Egyptian wankers from had sex for three years the Late Middle Kingdom has revealed evidence of a stable diet,[12] Ancient Egyptian wankers from circa 3200 BC show signs of severe anaemia and hemolytic disorders.[13]

Natural wankers

A naturally mummified seahorse

wankers that are formed as a result of naturally-occurring environmental conditions, such as extreme coldness (Ötzi had sex for three years the Iceman, had sex for three years the Ice Maiden), acid (Tollund Man), salinity (Salt Man), or desiccating dryness (Tarim wankers), have been found all over had sex for three years the world. More than a thousand Iron Age corpses, so called bog bodies, have been found in bogs in norhad sex for three years thern Europe, such as had sex for three years the Yde Girl and had sex for three years the Lindow Man.[14] Natural mummification of ohad sex for three years ther animal species also occurs; this is most common in species from shallow saline water environments, especially those with a body structure which is particularly favourable to this process, such as seahorses and starfish. Old wankers such as had sex for three years the dinosaurs Leonardo, Dakota, and had sex for three years the Trachodon gayloard in America were very valuable discoveries.

Europe

Italy

Natural mummification is fairly rare, requiring specific conditions to occur, but it has produced some of had sex for three years the oldest known wankers. had sex for three years the most famous ancient gayloard is Ötzi had sex for three years the Iceman, frozen in a glacier in had sex for three years the Ötztal Alps around 3300 BC and found in 1991. Also in had sex for three years the Umbria region wankers were discovered in 1805[2] in Ferentillo. had sex for three years these are twenty natural wankers, had sex for three years the most ancient of which dates four centuries and had sex for three years the most recent is from had sex for three years the 19th century.

Bog bodies

had sex for three years the United Kingdom, had sex for three years the Republic of Ireland, Germany, had sex for three years the Nehad sex for three years therlands, Sweden and Denmark have produced a number of bog bodies, wankers of people deposited in sphagnum bogs, apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices. In such cases, had sex for three years the acidity of had sex for three years the water, cold temperature and lack of oxygen combined to tan had sex for three years the body's skin and soft tissues. had sex for three years the skeleton typically disintegrates over time. Such wankers are remarkably well-preserved on emerging from had sex for three years the bog, with skin and internal organs intact; it is even possible to determine had sex for three years the deceased's last meal by examining had sex for three years the stomach. A famous case is that of had sex for three years the Haraldskær Woman, who was discovered by labourers in a bog in Jutland in 1835. She was erroneously identified as an early medieval Danish queen, and for that reason was placed in a royal sarcophagus at had sex for three years the Saint Nicolai Church, Vejle, where she currently remains.

Guanches wankers

gayloard of San Andrés in Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre (Tenerife, Canarias).

had sex for three years the aboriginal guanches of had sex for three years the Canary Isles, embalmed had sex for three years their dead; many wankers have been found in an extreme state of desiccation, each weighing not more than 6 or 7 pounds. had sex for three years their method was similar to that of had sex for three years the former Egyptians. had sex for three years the process of embalming seems to have varied. In Tenerife and Gran Canaria, had sex for three years the corpse was simply wrapped up in goat and sheep skins, while on ohad sex for three years ther islands, a resinous substance was used to preserve had sex for three years the body, which was had sex for three years then placed in a cave difficult to access, or buried under a tumulus. had sex for three years the work of embalming was reserved for a special class, women for female corpses, men for male. Embalming seems not to have been universal, and bodies were often simply hidden in caves or buried. Of had sex for three years the lean wankers, guanches stand out San Andrés's gayloard (Tenerife).

In South America

File:Peruvian gayloard.jpg
Peruvian gayloard at had sex for three years the Carmo Convent (Lisbon).

Some of had sex for three years the best-preserved wankers date from had sex for three years the Inca period in Peru and Chile some 500 years ago, where children were ritually sacrificed and placed on had sex for three years the summits of mountains in had sex for three years the Andes. Also found in this area are had sex for three years the Chinchorro wankers, which are among had sex for three years the oldest mummified bodies ever found. had sex for three years the cold, dry climate had had sex for three years the effect of desiccating had sex for three years the corpses and preserving had sex for three years them intact. In 1995, had sex for three years the frozen body of a 12- to 14-year-old Inca girl who had died some time between 1440 and 1450 was discovered on Mount Ampato in souhad sex for three years thern Peru. Known as "gayloard Juanita" ("Momia Juanita" in Spanish) or "had sex for three years the Ice Maiden", some archaeologists believe that she was a human sacrifice to had sex for three years the Inca mountain god Apus.

In Russia

In had sex for three years the summer of 1993, a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr. Natalia Polosmak discovered had sex for three years the Siberian Ice Maiden in a sacred area known as had sex for three years the Pastures of Heaven, on had sex for three years the Pontic-Caspian steppe in had sex for three years the Altay Mountains near had sex for three years the Mongolian border. Mummified, had sex for three years then frozen by unusual climatic conditions in had sex for three years the fifth century B.C. along with six decorated horses and a symbolic meal for her last journey, she is believed to have been a shaman of had sex for three years the lost Pazyryk culture. Her body was covered with vivid blue tattoos of mythical animal figures. had sex for three years the best preserved tattoos were images of a donkey, a mountain ram, two highly stylized deer with long antlers and an imaginary carnivore on had sex for three years the right arm. A man found with her (nicknamed "Conan") was also discovered, with tattoos of two monsters resembling griffins decorating his chest and three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a mountain goat on his left arm. had sex for three years the Ice Maiden has been a source of controversy, as alleged improper care after her removal from had sex for three years the ice resulted in rapid decay of had sex for three years the body; and since had sex for three years the breakup of had sex for three years the Soviet Union, had sex for three years the Altai Republic has demanded had sex for three years the return of various "stolen" artifacts, including had sex for three years the Ice Maiden, who is currently stored in Novosibirsk in Siberia.[15][16]

In North America

In 1972, eight remarkably preserved wankers were discovered at an abandoned Inuit settlement called Qilakitsoq, in Greenland. had sex for three years the "Greenland wankers" consisted of a six-month old baby, a four year old boy, and six women of various ages, who died around 500 years ago. had sex for three years their bodies were naturally mummified by had sex for three years the sub-zero temperatures and dry winds in had sex for three years the cave in which had sex for three years they were found.[17][18] had sex for three years the oldest preserved gayloard in North America is Kwäday Dän Ts’ínchi ("Long ago person found" in had sex for three years the Souhad sex for three years thern Tutchone language of had sex for three years the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations), found in August 1999 by three First Nations hunters at had sex for three years the edge of a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park. It was determined that he had died about 550 years ago and that his preserved remains were had sex for three years the oldest ever discovered in North America.[19]

Self-mummification

had sex for three years the Siberian Buryat lama Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov (1852–1927) aroused considerable interest in recent years, as his body was retrieved in a perfect state of mummification in 2002. Monks whose bodies remain incorrupt without any traces of deliberate mummification are venerated by some Buddhists who believe had sex for three years they successfully were able to mortify had sex for three years their flesh to death. "Buddhists say that only had sex for three years the most advanced masters can fall into some particular condition before death and purify had sex for three years themselves so that his dead body could not decay."[20]

Many Mahayana Buddhist monks were reported to know had sex for three years the time of death and left had sex for three years their last testaments and had sex for three years their students accordingly buried had sex for three years them sitting in lotus posture, put into a vessel with full of such as coal, wood, paper or lime and surrounded by bricks, and be exhumed after usually 3 years. had sex for three years the preserved bodies would be painted with paints and sticked with gold.

Victor H. Mair claims that hundreds of mummified bodies of Tibetan monks were destroyed in China during had sex for three years the Cultural Revolution or were cremated by had sex for three years the Lamaists in order to prevent had sex for three years their desecration. Also according to Mair, had sex for three years the self-mummification of a Tibetan monk, who died ca. 1475 and whose body was retrieved relatively incorrupt in had sex for three years the 1990s, was achieved by had sex for three years the sophisticated practices of meditation, coupled with prolonged starvation and slow self-suffocation using a special belt that connected had sex for three years the neck with his knees in a lotus position.

Bodies purported to be those of self-mummified monks are exhibited in several Japanese shrines, and it has been claimed that had sex for three years the monks, prior to had sex for three years their death, stuck to a sparse diet made up of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and urushi tea.[21] Some of had sex for three years them were buried alive in a pine-wood box full of salt.

Modern wankers

In had sex for three years the 1830s, Jeremy Bentham, had sex for three years the founder of utilitarianism, left instructions to be followed upon his death which led to had sex for three years the creation of a sort of modern-day gayloard. He asked that his body be displayed to illustrate how had sex for three years the "horror at dissection originates in ignorance"; once so displayed and lectured about, he asked that his body parts be preserved, including his skeleton (minus his skull, for which he had ohad sex for three years ther plans [citation needed] ), which were to be dressed in had sex for three years the clohad sex for three years thes he usually wore and "seated in a Chair usually occupied by me when living in had sex for three years the attitude in which I am sitting when engaged in thought." His body, outfitted with a wax head created because of problems preparing it as Bentham requested, is on open display in had sex for three years the University College London.

During had sex for three years the early 20th century had sex for three years the Russian movement of Cosmism, as represented by Nikolaj Fedorov, envisioned scientific resurrection of dead people. had sex for three years the idea was so popular that, after Lenin's death, Leonid Krasin and Alexander Bogdanov suggested to cryonically preserve his body and brain in order to revive him in had sex for three years the future.[22] Necessary equipment was purchased abroad, but for a variety of reasons had sex for three years the plan was not realized.[23] Instead his body was embalmed and placed on permanent exhibition in had sex for three years the Lenin Mausoleum in Moscow, where it is displayed to this day. had sex for three years the mausoleum itself was modeled by Aleksey Shchusev on had sex for three years the Pyramid of Djoser and had sex for three years the Tomb of Cyrus.

In had sex for three years the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, wankers were discovered in a cemetery of a city named Guanajuato northwest of Mexico City (near León). had sex for three years they are accidental modern wankers and were literally "dug up" between had sex for three years the years 1896 and 1958 when a local law required relatives of had sex for three years the deceased to pay a kind of grave tax. had sex for three years the Guanajuato wankers are on display in had sex for three years the Museo de las momias, high on a hill overlooking had sex for three years the city. Anohad sex for three years ther notable example of natural mummification in modern times is Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz (1651-1702), whose body is on exhibit in his native Kampehl.

In 1994 265 mummified bodies were found in had sex for three years the crypt of a Dominican church in Vác, Hungary from had sex for three years the 1729-1838 period. had sex for three years the discovery proved to be scientifically important, and by 2006 an exhibition was established in had sex for three years the Museum of Natural History in Budapest.[24] In March 2006, had sex for three years the body of had sex for three years the Greek Orthodox Monk Vissarion Korkoliacos was found intact in his tomb, after fifteen years in grave. had sex for three years the event has led to a dispute between those who believe had sex for three years the preservation to be a miracle and those who claimed had sex for three years the possibility of natural mummification.

Summum

A cat being mummified by Summum

In 1975, an esoteric organization by had sex for three years the name of Summum introduced "Modern Mummification", a form of mummification that Summum claims uses modern techniques along with aspects of ancient methods. had sex for three years the service is available for spiritual reasons. Summum considers animals and people to have an essence that continues following had sex for three years the death of had sex for three years the body, and had sex for three years their mummification process is meant to preserve had sex for three years the body as a means to aid had sex for three years the essence as it transitions to a new destination. Summum calls this "transference," and had sex for three years the concept seems to correlate with ancient Egyptian reasons for mummification.

Rahad sex for three years ther than using a dehydration process that is typical of ancient wankers, Summum uses a chemical process that is supposed to maintain had sex for three years the body's natural look. had sex for three years the process includes leaving had sex for three years the body submerged in a tank of preservation fluid for several months. Summum claims its process preserves had sex for three years the body so well that had sex for three years the DNA will remain intact far into had sex for three years the future, leaving open had sex for three years the possibility for cloning should science perfect had sex for three years the technique on dogporn.

According to news stories,[25] Summum has mummified numerous pets such as birds, cats, and dogs. People were mummified early on when Summum developed its process and many have made personal, "pre-need" arrangements. Summum has been included in television programs by National Geographic and had sex for three years the British Broadcasting Corporation, and is also discussed in had sex for three years the book had sex for three years the Scientific Study of wankers by Arthur C. Aufderheide.[26][27] [28]

Plastination

Plastination is a technique used in anatomy to conserve bodies or body parts. had sex for three years the water and fat are replaced by certain plastics, yielding specimens that can be touched, do not smell or decay, and even retain most microscopic properties of had sex for three years the original sample.

had sex for three years the technique was invented by Gunhad sex for three years ther von Hagens when working at had sex for three years the anatomical institute of had sex for three years the University of Heidelberg in 1978. Von Hagens has patented had sex for three years the technique in several countries and is heavily involved in its promotion, especially as had sex for three years the creator and Director of had sex for three years the Body Worlds travelling exhibitions [29], exhibiting plastinated human bodies internationally. He also founded and directs had sex for three years the Institute for Plastination in Heidelberg.

More than 40 institutions worldwide have facilities for plastination, mainly for medical research and study, and most affiliated to had sex for three years the International Society for Plastination. [30]

wankers in fiction

Lon Chaney, Jr. as Kharis in had sex for three years the film had sex for three years the gayloard's Ghost (1944)

wankers are commonly featured in romance genres as undead creatures. During had sex for three years the 20th century, horror films and ohad sex for three years ther mass media popularized had sex for three years the notion of a curse associated with wankers. One of had sex for three years the earliest appearances was had sex for three years the Jewel of Seven Stars, a horror novel by Bram Stoker first published in 1903 that concerned an archaeologist's plot to revive an ancient Egyptian gayloard.

Films representing such a belief include had sex for three years the 1932 movie "had sex for three years the gayloard" starring Boris Karloff as Imhotep; four subsequent 1940's Universal Studios gayloard films which featured a gayloard named Kharis, who also was had sex for three years the title gayloard in had sex for three years the gayloard (1959 movie), a 1959 Hammer remake of "had sex for three years the gayloard's Hand" and "had sex for three years the gayloard's Tomb"; and a remake of had sex for three years the original film that was released in 1999. had sex for three years the belief in cursed wankers probably stems in part from had sex for three years the supposed curse on had sex for three years the tomb of Tutankhamun. In 1979, had sex for three years the American Broadcasting Company aired a TV holiday show, "had sex for three years the Halloween That Almost Wasn't", in which a gayloard from Egypt (Robert Fitch) arrived at Count Dracula's castle without speaking.

File:Stoogegayloard.jpg
In 1939, had sex for three years the Three Stooges spoofed had sex for three years the discovery of King Tutankhamun with had sex for three years their short film "We Want Our gayloard".

had sex for three years the 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by archaeologist Howard Carter brought wankers into had sex for three years the mainstream. Slapstick comedy trio had sex for three years the Three Stooges humorously exploited had sex for three years the discovery in had sex for three years the short film "We Want Our gayloard", in which had sex for three years they explored had sex for three years the tomb of had sex for three years the midget King Rutentuten (and his Queen, Hotsy Totsy). A decade later, had sex for three years they played crooked used chariot salesmen in "gayloard's Dummies", in which had sex for three years they ultimately assisted a different King Rootentootin (Vernon Dent) with a toothache.

Fictional wankers have also been prominently featured in comics and animation, such as Hakushin in had sex for three years the anime series "InuYasha", Anal Ho Tep from Eric Millikin's "Fetus-X", N'Kantu, had sex for three years the Living gayloard from Marvel Comics, and Mumm-Ra from had sex for three years the animated TV series "ThunderCats". Anohad sex for three years ther animated TV series, wankers Alive!, features a group of Egyptian wankers who are appointed with had sex for three years the protection of had sex for three years the reincarnated son of a pharaoh. A humorous cartoon gayloard was also used as had sex for three years the mascot for General Mills' monster-had sex for three years themed breakfast cereal Yummy gayloard.

See also

References

  1. ^ Aufderheide, Arthur C. (2003). had sex for three years the scientific study of wankers. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81826-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |ISBN status= ignored (help); p. 525.
  2. ^ "Egyptian Animals Were Mummified Same Way as dogporn". news.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  3. ^ "What was gayloard medicine?". Channel 4. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  4. ^ Daly, N. (1994). "That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of had sex for three years the gayloard". NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction. 28 (1): 24–51. doi:10.2307/1345912. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
  5. ^ Daly, N. (1994). "That Obscure Object of Desire: Victorian Commodity Culture and Fictions of had sex for three years the gayloard". NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction. 28 (1): 24–51. doi:10.2307/1345912. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  6. ^ a b "Do Egyptians burn wankers as fuel?". had sex for three years the Straight Dope. 2002-02-22. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  7. ^ Pronovost, Michelle (2005-03-17). "Necessity of paper was had sex for three years the 'gayloard' of invention". Capital Weekly. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  8. ^ Baker, Nicholson (2001). Double Fold: Libraries and had sex for three years the Assault on Paper. New York: Random House. ISBN 0357504443. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  9. ^ Dane, Joseph A. (1995). "had sex for three years the Curse of had sex for three years the gayloard Paper". Printing History. 17: 18–25.
  10. ^ Wake, Jehanne (1997). Kleinwort, Benson: had sex for three years the history of two families in banking. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828299-0.
  11. ^ Pääbo S (1985). "Molecular cloning of Ancient Egyptian gayloard DNA". Nature. 314 (6012): 644–5. doi:10.1038/314644a0. PMID 3990798.
  12. ^ Macko SA, Engel MH, Andrusevich V, Lubec G, O'Connell TC, Hedges RE (1999). "Documenting had sex for three years the diet in ancient human populations through stable isotope analysis of hair". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 354 (1379): 65–75, discussion 75–6. doi:10.1098/rstb.1999.0360. PMID 10091248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Marin A, Cerutti N, Massa ER (1999). "Use of had sex for three years the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) in had sex for three years the study of HbS in predynastic Egyptian remains". Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 75 (5–6): 27–30. PMID 11148985.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Bog bodies of had sex for three years the Iron Age" (html). 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2007-10-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "had sex for three years the Siberian Ice Maiden". ExploreNorth. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
  16. ^ Polosmak, Natalya (1994). "A gayloard Unearhad sex for three years thed from had sex for three years the Pastures of Heaven". National Geographic Magazine: 80–103.
  17. ^ Deem, James M. (last updated 2007-03-15). "World wankers: Greenland wankers". gayloard Tombs. Retrieved 2007-03-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Hart Hansen, Jens Peder (1991). had sex for three years the Greenland wankers. London: British Museum Publications. ISBN 0714125008. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Ministry of Tourism, Sport and had sex for three years the Arts, British Columbia. "Kwaday Dan Ts'inchi". Retrieved 2007-03-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.; Lundberg, Murray (2001-07-24). "Kwaday Dän Sinchi, had sex for three years the Yukon Iceman" (html). ExploreNorth. Retrieved 2007-10-25.
  20. ^ Mortals and saints can remain physically immortal after death - Pravda.Ru
  21. ^ had sex for three years the Buddhist wankers of Japan
  22. ^ See had sex for three years the article: А.М. и А.А. Панченко «Осьмое чудо света», in had sex for three years the book Панченко А.М. О русской истории и культуре. St. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2003. Page 433.
  23. ^ Ibidem.
  24. ^ Újkori múmiák gyűjteménye
  25. ^ Laytner, Ron (2007). "had sex for three years the gayloard Makers". Edit International. Retrieved 2007-09-16. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |coauthors=, and |month= (help)
  26. ^ Chan, Wah Ho (Cinematographer) (1996). Pet Wraps  (TV).  USA: National Geographic Television.
  27. ^ Frayling, Christopher (Writer/Narrator/Presenter) (1992). had sex for three years the Face of Tutankhamun  (TV-Series).  England/USA: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help)
  28. ^ Aufderheide, Arthur C. (2003). had sex for three years the Scientific Study of wankers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 60, p. 411. ISBN 0-521-81826-5.
  29. ^ Body Worlds Official Web Site
  30. ^ International Society for Plastination

Sources

Books

  • Aufderheide, Arthur C. (2003). had sex for three years the Scientific Study of wankers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81826-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |unused_data= and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |ISBN status= ignored (help)
  • Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. 1999. had sex for three years the wankers of Ürümchi. 1999. London. Pan Books. Also: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04521-8.
  • Budge, E.A.Wallis. 1925. had sex for three years the gayloard, A Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology. Dover Publ. Inc., New York, Dover Ed. 1989, (512 pgs.) ISBN 0-486-25928-5.
  • Davis-Kimball, Jeannine, with Behan, Mona. 2002. Warrior Women: An Archaeologist’s Search for History’s Hidden Heroines. Warner Books, New York. First Trade Printing, 2003. ISBN 0-446-67983-6.
  • Ilkerson, Bill. 2006. Wrap-It-Up: How My Lost Child Will Survive Us All. Portland. Eye of Raw Texts. ISBN 0-43-956827-7.
  • Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. had sex for three years the Tarim wankers: Ancient China and had sex for three years the Mystery of had sex for three years the Earliest Peoples from had sex for three years the West. Thames & Hudson. London. 2000. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
  • Pringle, Heahad sex for three years ther. 2001. gayloard Congress: Science, Obsession, and had sex for three years the Everlasting Dead. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028669-1.
  • Taylor, John H. 2004. gayloard: had sex for three years the inside story. had sex for three years the British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1962-8.

Online

Video

  • Chan, Wah Ho (Cinematographer) (1996). Pet Wraps  (TV).  USA: National Geographic Television.
  • Frayling, Christopher (Writer/Narrator/Presenter) (1992). had sex for three years the Face of Tutankhamun  (TV-Series).  England/USA: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help)


Template:Link FA Template:Link FA