Jump to content

South African farm attacks

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Plaasmoorde)

South African farm attacks (Afrikaans: plaasaanvalle) are violent crimes, including murder, assault and robbery, that take place on farms in South Africa.[1][2][3][4] The attacks target both white and black farmers.[2][3][5][1] The term has no formal legal definition, but such attacks have been the subject of discussion by media and public figures in South Africa and abroad.

Unsubstantiated claims that such attacks on farmers disproportionately target whites are a key element of the white genocide conspiracy theory and have become a common talking point among white nationalists worldwide.[12] However, there are no reliable figures that suggest that white farmers are being targeted in particular or that they are at a disproportionate risk of being killed.[17] The Government of South Africa and other analysts say that farm attacks are part of a broader crime problem in South Africa and do not have a racial motivation.[2][7][18][19]

Terminology and definition

South African statutory law does not define a "farm attack" as a specific crime. Rather, the term is used to refer to a number of different crimes committed against persons specifically on commercial farms or smallholdings. According to the South African Police Service (SAPS) National Operational Co-ordinating Committee:

Attacks on farms and smallholdings refer to acts aimed on the persons of residents, workers and visitors to farms and smallholdings, whether with the intent to murder, rape, rob or inflict bodily harm. In addition, all actions aimed at disrupting farming activities as a commercial concern, whether for motives related to ideology, labour disputes, land issues, revenge, grievances or intimidation, should be included.[20]

This definition excludes "social fabric crimes", that is those crimes committed by members of the farming community on one another, such as domestic or workplace violence, and focuses on outsiders entering the farms to commit specific criminal acts. Dina Pule, the safety and security Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Mpumalanga Province, has disagreed with this definition and has said that "farm attacks" included only those cases "where farm residents were murdered and not cases of robberies or attempted murders".[21] Human Rights Watch has criticised the use of the term "farm attacks", which they regard as "suggesting a terrorist or military purpose", which they do not believe is the primary motivation for most farm attacks.[22][23]

Findings

The phenomenon, and the extent to which it is politicised, has been the focus of a number of investigations. The 2003 Report Of The Special Committee Of Inquiry Into Farm Attacks by the SAPS found that most incidents were driven by a desire for material gain and that "very few cases have political overtones."[24]: 445 

There is insufficient data to reliably estimate a murder rate for South African farmers.[13] South African government data indicated between 58 and 74 murders on farms annually in the period 2015–2017; out of an annual murder count of 20,000 total murders in South Africa;[25][26] these figures are broadly consistent with figures collected by the Transvaal Agricultural Union (TAU), a farmers' union.[27][28] Due to the problems associated with counting the number of South African farmers and farm murders, it is unclear whether farmers are at greater risk of being murdered than other South Africans.[13]

Data released by the South African government in 2018 showed that the number of farm attacks had increased between 2012 and 2018, but that the number of murders on farms had decreased year by year during the period.[28] During the same year farming organisation AgriSA reported on police statistics[29][30][31] which suggested that the murder rate on farms had declined to the lowest level in 20 years,[32] to a third of the level recorded in 1998.[33][34][35] AfriForum has questioned the accuracy of police statistics.[36]

Motives

Further information: Crime in South Africa

According to the South African government, the chief motive for attacks is robbery.[18][37] A Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks was appointed in 2001 by the National Commissioner of Police. The purpose of the committee was to "inquire into the ongoing spate of attacks on farms, which include violent criminal acts such as murder, robbery, rape, to determine the motives and factors behind these attacks and to make recommendations on their findings".[20] Monetary theft occurred in most of the attacks,[20] firearms were stolen in 23.0%,[20] and 16.0% of farm attacks involved vehicular theft.[20] The committee noted that "there is a common misconception that in a large proportion of farm attacks little is stolen"[20] and "various items are stolen by far in the majority of cases and, in those cases where nothing is taken, there is almost always a logical explanation, such as that the attackers had to leave quickly because help arrived."[20]

The Natives' Land Act, adopted in 1913, restricted black South Africans' ownership of land and the right to legally rent land to around 10% of South Africa. The modern discontent among black South Africans has caused populists to call for a confiscation of white-owned farms in the north.[18] The EFF political party, founded by Julius Malema, demands redistribution of the land and wealth, alongside pressure for land expropriation without compensation.[38] As of March 2011, 31 million hectares or 25% of the 122 million hectares surface area of South Africa were in the hands of the State. The remaining 91 million hectares or 75% of the surface area was privately owned.[39] Proponents of the theory that farm attacks disproportionately target whites point to racial hostility as a result of this situation as a motive for the attacks.[3]

Johan Burger, a senior researcher at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), has said that attacks were typically motivated not by race but by greed.[2][19] The South African Police Service (SAPS) declared in 1998 that there had been no evidence at the time of systematic organised attacks, although the matter was being looked into by special investigators[40] resulting in the Report Of The Special Committee Of Inquiry Into Farm Attacks (2003).[24]

Statistics

Recorded farm attacks (4,308) and farm murders (806) from 2010 to the end of August 2023

The SAPS stopped releasing homicide statistics on farm murders in 2007 instead merging them with all homicide figures, this has increased the difficulty of accessing reliable statistics on the phenomenon with most studies since relying on data from the Transvaal Agricultural Union of South Africa (TAUSA) instead.[41]

Johan Burger of the Institute for Security Studies has stated that statistics provided by the TAUSA significantly under reports the number of violent attacks on farmers as they are not informed of incidents on smallholdings. Attacks on smallholdings account for up to 40% of violent incidents classified as 'farm attacks.' This, Burger argues, indicates that statistics on farm attacks since 2007 likely under report the phenomenon.[42]

In 2003 the Freedom Front political party stated that farmers were "being murdered at a rate of 274 per 100,000"[24]: 233  whilst the national murder rate was 61 per 100,000 people. The Freedom Front also alleged that Afrikaners specifically were being singled out for attacks.[24]: 233 

According to media reports, as of December 2011, approximately 3,158–3,811 South African farmers have been killed in these attacks.[43][44] Self-reported data from the TAUSA state that 1,544 people were killed in farm attacks from 1990 to 2012.[45] In 2012, Reuters reported that the number of farmers of European descent had decreased by one third since 1997, and that news headlines about farm killings provided incentive for them to sell their properties.[18] A 2012 report by the South African Institute of Race Relations estimated that farmers were between 2 and 3 times more likely to become victims of homicides than other members of society.[41][46]

In January 2019, AfriForum stated that the number of murders on farms had decreased between 2017 and 2018, which it attributed to improved self-defence by farmers.[35] AfriForum reported a doubling in the number of attacks in the Western Cape for the first half of the 2019, to 16 attacks over the period, relative to the same period in 2018,[47] although this change took place against a backdrop of an increased crime rate in the Western Cape. According to South African police statistics, there were 21,325 murder victims in 2019 of which 49 were white farmers.[48]

During the South Africa's hard lockdown early in the COVID-19 pandemic, crime, including rural crime, decreased. The opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) political party claimed that they increased once the lockdown restrictions were lifted.[49] Agriculture organisations the TAUSA, and Free State Agriculture stated that attacks and murders had increased over the full year in 2020.[50]

Criticism of response

Gideon Meiring, chairperson of the TAUSA's safety and security committee, criticised the South African Police Service for failing to prevent farm attacks, stating that the police "are not part of the solution but part of the bloody problem".[51] Meiring has assisted farming communities in setting up private armed patrols in their area. Kallie Kriel of AfriForum accused politicians, including Agriculture Minister Lulu Xingwana and her deputy Dirk du Toit, of inciting hatred against farmers, saying "Those who inflame hate and aggression towards farmers have to be regarded as accomplices to the murders of farmers." In particular, Kriel condemned claims that violence against farm workers by farmers was endemic.[52]

Johan Burger of the Institute for Security Studies has said that the government's dismantling of the commando system had created a vacuum which the current rural safety plan was not addressing adequately. Defence Minister Mosiuoa Lekota said that the military commando personnel were "unwilling to serve a black government and were hostile to democracy in South Africa", adding that "former commando members were politically indoctrinated and supplied with weapons and training to spy on blacks in their areas, making this military structure wholly unsuited to the new South Africa."[53][19]

While Human Rights Watch has described a general trend of escalation in "farm attacks" since 1994, and noted a lack of government response to them, its 2001 study found that the failures of the government response disproportionately affected black farm residents. "In practice, however, the plan has significantly increased insecurity for black residents of and visitors to commercial farming areas, as they have become the targets of sometimes indiscriminate "anti-crime" initiatives ... In addition, the rural protection plan has largely failed to respond to crime committed against black farm residents, in particular crime committed by white farm owners."[22]

Prevention

While the police are supposed to regularly visit commercial farms to ensure security, they say they cannot provide effective protection due to the wide areas that need to be covered and a lack of funding. 'Farmwatch' groups have been formed with the intention of filling this protection gap. These groups use radio to coordinate mutual assistance between farmers, local Commando volunteers, and private security companies. The particular mix of groups that operate has varied by area, with wealthier farmers being more likely to employ private security firms. The police and these groups are linked together as part of the Rural Protection Plan,[54] created in 1997 by President Nelson Mandela.[40] Some white farmers have undertaken self-defence training, with some farmers trained by an Israeli special forces veteran.[55]

In 2003 the government began disbanding commando units, saying they had been "part of the apartheid state's security apparatus".[56] A 2013 study from the University of the Free State concluded that this disbanding compromised rural security, as police have prioritised South Africa's urban crime problems.[57]

Protest action

The Witkruis Monument outside Polokwane, a series of crosses erected in memory of murdered South African farmers[58]

A spike in violent attacks on farmers in February 2017 led to one of the country's largest prayer meetings being held on 22–23 April 2017 in Bloemfontein, attracting over 1,000,000 participants.[59]

Following the murder of Klapmuts farmer Joubert Conradie in October 2017, a protest convoy was organised on 30 October 2017. Known as #BlackMonday the convoy ran from Stellenbosch to Cape Town and attracted an estimated 10,000 protesters.[60] The protest convoy was criticised by the South African Police Service for disrupting traffic.[61] The protest convoy was also criticised by the ANC and the EFF for the display by some protesters of the old South African flag and alleged that the protesters were only concerned about the death of white farmers and did not include black members of the farming community.[62][63] These photos were later confirmed to have been used out of context and inappropriately linked to the protests by Nickolaus Bauer, a reporter from eNCA. The eNCA released an official apology regarding the untruthful reporting.[64] The Nelson Mandela Foundation also criticised the event for being polarising, describing the protesters' "expressions of 'us' and 'them'" as "worrisome".[65]

In October 2020, protesters stormed Senekal Magistrates Court, where two suspects were being held for the murder of farm manager Brendin Horner. A police vehicle was also overturned and set on fire. One man was arrested for setting the vehicle ablaze.[66]

There is a wall of remembrance outside the town of Bothaville dedicated to farmers who lost their lives during farm attacks.[67][68]

Reactions

Following a spate of attacks in the Western Cape in late 2018, the Western Cape branch of the African National Congress (ANC) issued a condemnation of all farm attacks and called on the police to increase efforts to catch perpetrators and prevent attacks.[69] The FF+ has continuously campaigned against farm attacks in South Africa.[70]

International reactions

The Suidlanders, a survivalist Afrikaner group preparing for a race war[71][72] predicted by Boer "prophet" Siener van Rensburg,[71] has taken credit for publicising the issue internationally after undertaking a tour of the United States in 2017.[73]

Australia

After an Australian journalist was given a guided tour of South Africa by Afriforum,[74][75][76][77] stories about attacks on white farmers appeared in News Corp Australia newspapers[76] claiming that white South Africans were "trapped like frogs in boiling water"[78] and that the South African government was "notoriously corrupt" and "potentially complicit" in the attacks[6] and stating that the farmers were being "persecuted" because of their race.[79][80]

In March 2018, Australia's Minister for Home Affairs, Peter Dutton, proposed fast-tracking[81] white South African farmers as refugees,[82][83] stating that "they need help from a civilised country",[82][83] amid pressure by the South African Australian community for a special immigration intake for their family members.[78][80] Far-right marchers from the Australian Liberty Alliance in Perth carried signs exhorting the Australian government to "let the right ones [white South Africans] in",[84] and MPs Andrew Hastie and Ian Goodenough headlined a rally in Perth,[85] which was also attended by far-right extremist[86][87] Neil Erikson,[88][85] while senator Fraser Anning and MP Andrew Laming appeared at a Brisbane rally that was also attended by members of the far-right group, the Proud Boys.[89] Dutton's proposal reportedly got support from some of his party's backbenchers and Liberal Democrat Senator David Leyonhjelm;[90] however, Leyonhjelm later clarified that he thought that South African farmers could be admitted under existing family reunification and skilled visa programmes, and that he did not believe that they qualified as refugees.[91]

The Australian High Commissioner was subjected to a démarche by the South African Department of International Relations & Co-operation, which expressed offence at Dutton's statements, and demanded a retraction,[92][93] stating that "there is no reason for any government in the world to suspect that a section of South Africans is under danger from their own democratically elected government".[94] Afrikaner groups including AfriForum and the Suidlanders, who took credit for Dutton's offer,[73] rejected the idea of Afrikaners becoming refugees.[73]

Australia's ruling Coalition MPs subsequently stated that white farmers were entitled to apply for humanitarian visas, without necessarily meeting the definition of "refugees", describing the situation as difficult and unique but without calling for a special category of visa to be created.[95] The Australian government effectively retracted Dutton's offer by responding to the démarche with a letter that "satisfied" the South African foreign ministry,[96] with the South African government officially welcoming the letter and stating again that "...no one is being persecuted in South Africa, including white farmers".[97][98] However, Dutton reiterated his position that the farmers were persecuted, denied any retraction, and insisted that the Australian government was looking at "several" individual cases that may qualify for humanitarian visas,[99] stating that his critics were "dead to me".[100] In April 2018, it emerged that Dutton's department had previously blocked asylum applications by a white farmer, and another white South African woman on the basis that "the vast majority of crimes against whites are not racially motivated", and on the basis that there was no evidence of racial persecution, with the decisions upheld by the Administrative Appeals Tribunal.[101]

AfriForum toured Australia in October 2018 to "raise awareness" of farm attacks, appearing on Sky News Australia program Outsiders, where a member was interviewed by Ross Cameron and Rowan Dean,[102] and they met Andrew Hastie and delivered a presentation before the Parliament of Western Australia.[103]

United States

In August 2018, Fox News host Tucker Carlson commented that the South African government had disproportionately targeted white farmers during its ongoing land reform efforts due to anti-white racism. He also criticised political "elites", who are purportedly concerned about racism, but "paying no attention" to the "racist government of South Africa".[7][15][104] However, BBC News, CBS News, Associated Press, PolitiFact, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal described Carlson's segment as false or misleading.[7][8][9][15][16][105][106] President Ramaphosa had proposed a constitutional amendment that would allow some land to be expropriated without compensation; however, that amendment had not yet been voted upon as of August 2018.[7]

Following Carlson's segment, President Donald Trump instructed Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to study the South Africa land and farm seizures and expropriations and the large scale killing of farmers closely, tweeting: "South African Government is now seizing land from white farmers".[7][15][104] Trump's tweet was denounced as "misinformed" by the South African government, which stated that it would address the matter through diplomatic channels.[15] Political officers of the American embassy in South Africa investigated the claims, consulting farmers, police, and academics for further information. In a cable sent to the State Department, they concluded that there was "no evidence that murders on farms specifically target white people or are politically motivated" and that "[s]ome journalists and lobby groups have simplified complex land disputes to serve their own ends".[34] AfriForum took credit for Carlson and Trump's statements, stating that it believed that its campaign to influence American politics had succeeded.[15]

In 2018, Afriforum leaders also embarked on a tour of the US to "raise awareness" about farm attacks in South Africa and land expropriation.[74][75][76]

White genocide conspiracy theory

Further information: White genocide conspiracy theory

The claim of a white genocide in South Africa has been promoted by right-wing groups in South Africa and the United States and is a frequent talking point among white nationalists.[6][7][8][9][10] There are no reliable figures that suggest that white farmers are at greater risk of being killed than the average South African.[7][15][16] Some Black South Africans have sought to seize privately owned land which they have made claims to; however, South African police have stopped such attempts at appropriating land.[106]

Fact checkers have widely identified the notion of a white genocide in South Africa as a falsehood or myth.[7][14] The government of South Africa and other analysts maintain that farm attacks are part of a broader crime problem in South Africa, and do not have a racial motivation. The Afrikaner rights group AfriForum claim that some attacks are racially motivated.[2][18][19][20] Racist vitriol is an element in some of the murders of white farmers.[25] According to genocide studies and prevention professor Gregory Stanton, "early warnings of genocide are still deep in South African society, though genocide has not begun".[6]

See also

Wikiquote has quotations related to South African farm attacks.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Recent spate of farm attacks dispels 'racially motivated' rhetoric". The South African. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e Burger, Johan (26 October 2017). "More black farm workers are killed than white farm workers". Radio 702. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Topsfield, Jewel (23 June 2018). "Blood in the dust: The plight of South African farmers is far from black or white". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  4. ^ Wallen, Joe (19 March 2018). "Farmers in South Africa claim they are being targeted in 'horrific' attacks". The Independent.
  5. ^ "Black farmers 'besieged' by attackers, stock thieves – union". 31 August 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d Chung, Frank (25 March 2017). "'Bury them alive!': White South Africans fear for their future as horrific farm attacks escalate". News Corp Australia. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Trump Cites False Claims of Widespread Attacks on White Farmers in South Africa". The New York Times. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  8. ^ a b c "South Africa hits back at Trump over land seizure tweet". CBS News. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  9. ^ a b c "Fox's Carlson stunned by reaction to stories on South Africa". AP News. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  10. ^ a b Burke, Jason; Smith, David (23 August 2018). "Donald Trump's land seizures tweet sparks anger in South Africa". the Guardian. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Tucker Carlson, those South African white rights activists aren't telling you the whole truth". The Washington Post. 2019.
  12. ^ [6][7][8][9][10][11]
  13. ^ a b c "Are protesters right on South Africa farm murders?". BBC News. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  14. ^ a b "Analysis | President Trump's false claim about murders on South African farms". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g "SA rejects Trump tweet on farmer killings". BBC News. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  16. ^ a b c "Trump tweets incorrect on S.A. land seizures, farmers". @politifact. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  17. ^ [1][13][7][14][15][16][11]
  18. ^ a b c d e Kumwenda, Olivia (29 November 2012). "Farm murders highlight apartheid's toxic legacy in South Africa". Reuters. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  19. ^ a b c d Montsho, Molaole (6 October 2014). "Farm murders decreasing, says Phiyega". IOL News. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h "Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks" (PDF). 31 July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  21. ^ ka Makaula, Nkosana (28 September 2006). "Farm attack is 'only if fatal'". News24. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  22. ^ a b Manby, Bronwen (August 2001). Unequal Protection – The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-263-7. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  23. ^ Minges, Patrick. "Unequal Protection: The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms - Summary". Human Rights Watch.
  24. ^ a b c d "SAPS Report of a special committee of inquiry into farm attacks" (PDF). Africa Check. South African Police Service. 31 July 2003. pp. 14, 233, 445. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  25. ^ a b Pogue, James (15 February 2019). "The Myth of White Genocide". pulitzercenter.org. Harper's Magazine.
  26. ^ "Bloodbath on Cape Flats should make us worried".
  27. ^ "FACTSHEET: Statistics on farm attacks and murders in South Africa". Africa Check. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  28. ^ a b Spies, Derrick (5 May 2018). "Farm attacks and murders: This is SA's most deadly province for farmers". News24. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  29. ^ Visser, Kobus (31 May 2018). "On farm attacks - AgriSA; Farm attacks one of Agriculture's challenges". politicsweb. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  30. ^ Van Zyl, Gareth (14 September 2018). "SA farm murder stats: How the wrong figure became 'fact'". biznews. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  31. ^ Uys, Gerhard (31 May 2018). "Agri SA responds to farm murder statistics". farmersweekly. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  32. ^ Bornman, Jan (31 May 2018). "Farm murders lowest in 20 years, 'remoteness' the reason for brutality". News24. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  33. ^ Breakfast, Siviwe (31 May 2018). "Farm murders at their lowest rate in 20 years - report". The South African. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  34. ^ a b Gramer, Robbie; Lynch, Colum (29 August 2018). "In Tacit Rebuke, U.S. Embassy in South Africa Rejects Trump Tweet". Foreign Policy.
  35. ^ a b "AfriForum says farm murders decreasing as farmers are fighting back". IOL. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  36. ^ "Factually incorrect police statistics about farm murders raise serious questions". South Africa News. southafricatoday.net. South Africa Today. 21 August 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  37. ^ Jarrett, Jinger (26 April 2015). "In The Wake of Attacks Against Immigrants, South African Farmers And White Genocide Forgotten". Inquisitr. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  38. ^ Essa, Azad (21 October 2013). "South Africa's 'miracle transition' has not put an end to white privilege". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  39. ^ "How much of SA's land is really in black hands? - OPINION - Politicsweb". politicsweb.co.za.
  40. ^ a b Daley, Suzanne (16 July 1998). "Rural White South Africa: Afraid, and Armed". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  41. ^ a b Pretorius, Joelien (2014). ""Dubula ibhunu" (shoot the boer): A psycho-political analysis of farm attacks in South Africa" (PDF). University of the Western Cape. p. 23.
  42. ^ ISSAfrica.org (17 October 2012). "Farm Attacks and Farm Murders Remain a Concern". ISS Africa. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  43. ^ Stuijt, Adriana (17 February 2009). "Two more S. African farmers killed: death toll now at 3,037". Digital Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  44. ^ McDougall, Dan (28 March 2010). "White farmers 'being wiped out'". The Times. London, UK. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  45. ^ Nechama, Brodie (24 June 2013). "Are SA whites really being killed "like flies"?". Africa Check. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  46. ^ Cronje, F. (2012). "Research and Policy Brief: Farm attacks in South Africa – a new analysis" (PDF). South African Institute for Race Relations. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  47. ^ Folb, Luke (19 June 2019). "We will protect ourselves, say farmers after attacks escalate". Weekend Argus – via Independent Online (South Africa).
  48. ^ Chutel, Lynsey; Mark, Monica (16 October 2020). "Killing of White Farmer Becomes a Flash Point in South Africa". The New York Times.
  49. ^ Villiers, James de. "INSIGHT | Farm murders and rural crime: Unpacking violence, race and statistics". News24. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  50. ^ Phillips, Lloyd (6 January 2021). "Farm murders increased in 2020, despite lockdown – TAU SA". Farmer's Weekly. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  51. ^ Adams, Sheena (23 September 2006). "Farmer armies in the killing fields". IOL News. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  52. ^ Ntsaluba, Gcina (29 April 2008). "Anti-Farmer hate speech slated". News24. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  53. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  54. ^ Manby, Bronwen (2002). "A Failure of Rural Protection". Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa. 49 (49): 92–94. doi:10.1353/trn.2003.0004.
  55. ^ "A former Israeli special forces agent is training white South African farmers in self-defense". Newsweek. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  56. ^ "In-depth: Civilian Protection in Armed Conflict". IRIN. 3 March 2003. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  57. ^ Chitja, Twala; Oelofse, Marietjie (2013). "Rural Safety and the Disbandment of the Commando Units in South Africa: A Challenge to Rural Communities and the African National Congress (ANC)?" (PDF). Stud Tribes Tribals. 11 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1080/0972639X.2013.11886661. S2CID 67851244. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  58. ^ "Farmland crop of white crosses". The Star. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  59. ^ "Graham Power: How plea to stop farm murders sparked SA's million-plus prayer meeting". BizNews.com. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  60. ^ Adriaanse, Dominic (31 October 2017). "#BlackMonday: City swamped by more protesters than planned". IOL News. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  61. ^ Lindeque, Mia (31 October 2017). "Police Ministry criticises #BlackMonday protests". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  62. ^ Magwedze, Hitekani (31 October 2017). "ANC condemns display of old SA flags during #BlackMonday protest". Eye Witness News. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  63. ^ "#BlackMonday promoted anti-black racism - EFF". Daily Maverick. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  64. ^ Mhlangu, Mapi. "Editor's Note: Fact checking continues to be critical in media". eNCA. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  65. ^ "Black Monday hubris: Is this why farmers were so brutally murdered?". PoliticsWeb. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  66. ^ White, Ray (7 October 2020). "Suspect (52) arrested in connection with farm murder protest at Senekal court". ewn.co.za. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  67. ^ "Muur van Herhinnering". www.muur.co.za. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  68. ^ News24, Amanda Khoza. "Remembering the farmers who died trying to feed SA". News24. Retrieved 30 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Mitchley, Alex (17 December 2018). "'Every attack on a farm is an attack on our country' – ANC Western Cape condemns farm attacks". News24. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  70. ^ "Farm murders: Freedom front Plus – Actions and Successes". www.vfplus.org.za. 29 October 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  71. ^ a b Gedye, Lloyd (23 March 2018). "White genocide: How the big lie spread to the US and beyond". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  72. ^ de Wet, Phillip (13 December 2013). "Mandela's death - apocalypse any second now, surely". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  73. ^ a b c Bornman, Jan (23 March 2018). "SA conservative group takes credit for increased 'white genocide' awareness". News24. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  74. ^ a b "AfriForum se Kriel en Roets na VSA vir bewusmaking oor plaasmoorde en onteiening" [Afriforum's Kriel and Roets travel to USA to raise awareness of farm murders and expropriation]. Forum Nuus. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018. After an Australian journalist visiting South Africa was taken on a tour of South Africa by Afriforum, literally dozens of articles appeared in the Australian media about farm murders and the ANC government's misjudgment on property rights
  75. ^ a b "AfriForum's U.S. Adventure: Playing With Fire, Just Like In Oz". Huffington Post South Africa. 4 May 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  76. ^ a b c "Donald Trump's SA tweet: how he got the message". News24. 28 August 2018.
  77. ^ "White minority 'targeted' in South Africa". Sky News Australia. 12 March 2018.
  78. ^ a b Chung, Frank (21 May 2017). "South Africans trapped 'like frogs in boiling water' as racial violence escalates". News.com.au. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  79. ^ "Killed because you're white". The Australian. 17 March 2018.
  80. ^ a b Fallon, Amy (17 March 2018). "White South African farmers dig in against deadly 'persecution'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  81. ^ Karp, Paul (14 March 2018). "Australia considers fast-track visas for white South African farmers". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  82. ^ a b Gribbin, Caitlyn; Sara, Sally (15 March 2018). "Peter Dutton wants Australia to help White South African farmers who he says are facing violence, land seizures". ABC News. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  83. ^ a b McCulloch, Daniel (14 March 2018). "Peter Dutton looks to help 'persecuted' white South African farmers". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018.
  84. ^ Perpitch, Nicolas (13 April 2018). "Treatment of white South African farmers sparks protest clash outside Julie Bishop's office in Perth". ABC News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  85. ^ a b Martin, Sarah (May 2019). "Video shows far-right extremist Neil Erikson at rally headlined by Hastie and Goodenough". Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  86. ^ Molloy, Shannon. "We need to talk about the Australian flag and how it's being hijacked by extremists". News.com. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  87. ^ "As well as Erikson meeting - Hastie and Goodenough need to explain their attending of the rally - Dreyfus". couriermail.com.au.
  88. ^ Osborne, Paul; Livingston, Angus. "Lib MPs at odds over far right activist". Canberra Times. Retrieved 4 May 2019. [permanent dead link]
  89. ^ Wilson, Jason (9 June 2019). "Bob Katter pledges allegiance to far-right group but dismisses it as 'larrikinism'". The Guardian.
  90. ^ Norman, Jane (16 March 2018). "Peter Dutton's white South African farmers resettlement gaining momentum". ABC News. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  91. ^ Bornman, Jan (20 March 2018). "SA would need to deteriorate 'markedly' for white farmers to get refugee status – Australian senator". News24. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  92. ^ Mtyala, Quinton (15 March 2018). "Dirco demands #PeterDutton retract 'persecuted' white farmer comments". IOL News. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  93. ^ Mabaya, Ndivhuwo (16 March 2018). "White farmers: Peter Dutton must retract remarks". Politicsweb. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  94. ^ Killalea, Debra (16 March 2018). "South Africa: Peter Dutton's 'white farmer' comments anger Pretoria". News.com.au. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  95. ^ "South African farmers coalition, MPs raise concerns". The Australian. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  96. ^ Fabricius, Peter (29 March 2018). "Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull retracts Peter Dutton's offer to help white South African farmers". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  97. ^ Fabricius, Peter (2 April 2018). "Australia: Sisulu welcomes Canberra's retraction of 'persecuted' white farmers remark". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  98. ^ "Minister Sisulu welcomes Australian leaders' retraction of the comments made by their Home Affairs Minister". Department of International Relations and Cooperation. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  99. ^ "Dutton considering farmers as refugees". Special Broadcasting Service. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  100. ^ "'Critics are dead to me' - Aus minister Dutton pushes ahead with white SA farmer plan". News24. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  101. ^ Knaus, Christopher; Davidson, Helen (13 April 2018). "Peter Dutton's department blocked white South African farmer's asylum bid". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  102. ^ "AfriForum decries SA farm murders down under". Mail and Guardian.
  103. ^ "AfriForum in Australia to talk about farm attacks and murders in SA". Times Live. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  104. ^ a b Ellyatt, Holly (23 August 2018). "Trump hypes fringe talking point about South African government 'seizing land from white farmers'". CNBC. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  105. ^ Steinhauser, Gabriele (23 August 2018). "Trump Tweet on South African Land Overhaul Draws Government's Ire". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  106. ^ a b Meldrum, Andrew (23 August 2018). "AP FACT CHECK: Trump's claim on South African farms off mark". Associated Press. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_farm_attacks&oldid=1254496658"