Jump to content

Silicon Graphics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Silicon Graphics Inc)
This article is about Silicon Graphics, Inc. For the company that acquired its assets, see Silicon Graphics International.

Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Company typePublic
NYSE: SGI
OTC Pink: SGID.pk
Nasdaq: SGIC
IndustryComputer hardware and software
FoundedNovember 9, 1981; 43 years ago (1981-11-09)
Mountain View, California, U.S.[1]
DefunctMay 11, 2009; 15 years ago (2009-05-11)
FateChapter 11 bankruptcy; assets acquired by Rackable Systems, which renamed itself Silicon Graphics International Corp.
Headquarters
Sunnyvale, California, U.S.
Key people
Jim Clark
Wei Yen
Kurt Akeley
Ed McCracken
Thomas Jermoluk
Marc Hannah
Rick Belluzzo
ProductsHigh-performance computing, visualization and storage

Silicon Graphics, Inc. (stylized as SiliconGraphics before 1999, later rebranded SGI, historically known as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) was an American high-performance computing manufacturer, producing computer hardware and software. Founded in Mountain View, California, in November 1981 by James Clark, its initial market was 3D graphics computer workstations, but its products, strategies and market positions developed significantly over time.

Early systems were based on the Geometry Engine that Clark and Marc Hannah had developed at Stanford University, and were derived from Clark's broader background in computer graphics. The Geometry Engine was the first very-large-scale integration (VLSI) implementation of a geometry pipeline, specialized hardware that accelerated the "inner-loop" geometric computations needed to display three-dimensional images. For much of its history, the company focused on 3D imaging and was a major supplier of both hardware and software in this market.

Silicon Graphics reincorporated as a Delaware corporation in January 1990. Through the mid to late-1990s, the rapidly improving performance of commodity Wintel machines began to erode SGI's stronghold in the 3D market. The porting of Maya to other platforms was a major event in this process. SGI made several attempts to address this, including a disastrous move from their existing MIPS platforms to the Intel Itanium, as well as introducing their own Linux-based Intel IA-32 based workstations and servers that failed in the market. In the mid-2000s the company repositioned itself as a supercomputer vendor, a move that also failed.

On April 1, 2009, SGI filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and announced that it would sell substantially all of its assets to Rackable Systems, a deal finalized on May 11, 2009, with Rackable assuming the name Silicon Graphics International. The remnants of Silicon Graphics, Inc. became Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc.

History

[edit]
Silicon Graphics logo with distinctive 3D box "bug", used until 1999

Early years

[edit]

James H. Clark left his position as an electrical engineering associate professor at Stanford University to found SGI in 1982 along with a group of seven graduate students and research staff from Stanford University: Kurt Akeley, David J. Brown, Tom Davis, Rocky Rhodes, Marc Hannah, Herb Kuta, and Mark Grossman;[2] along with Abbey Silverstone[3] and a few others.

Growth

[edit]

Ed McCracken was CEO of Silicon Graphics from 1984 to 1997.[4] During those years, SGI grew from annual revenues of $5.4 million to $3.7 billion.[4]

Decline

[edit]

The addition of 3D graphic capabilities to PCs, and the ability of clusters of Linux- and BSD-based PCs to take on many of the tasks of larger SGI servers, ate into SGI's core markets. The porting of Maya to Linux, Mac OS and Microsoft Windows further eroded the low end of SGI's product line.

In response to challenges faced in the marketplace and a falling share price Ed McCracken was fired and SGI brought in Richard Belluzzo to replace him. Under Belluzzo's leadership a number of initiatives were taken which are considered to have accelerated the corporate decline.[5]

One such initiative was trying to sell workstations running Windows NT called Visual Workstations in addition to workstations running IRIX, the company's version of UNIX. This put the company in even more direct competition with the likes of Dell, making it more difficult to justify a price premium. The product line was unsuccessful and abandoned a few years later.

SGI's premature announcement of its migration from MIPS to Itanium and its abortive ventures into IA-32 architecture systems (the Visual Workstation line, the ex-Intergraph Zx10 range and the SGI 1000-series Linux servers) damaged SGI's credibility in the market.

In 1999, in an attempt to clarify their current market position as more than a graphics company, Silicon Graphics Inc. changed its corporate identity to "SGI", although its legal name was unchanged.

At the same time, SGI announced a new logo consisting of only the letters "sgi" in a proprietary font called "SGI", created by branding and design consulting firm Landor Associates, in collaboration with designer Joe Stitzlein. SGI continued to use the "Silicon Graphics" name for its workstation product line, and later re-adopted the cube logo for some workstation models.

In November 2005, SGI announced that it had been delisted from the New York Stock Exchange because its common stock had fallen below the minimum share price for listing on the exchange. SGI's market capitalization dwindled from a peak of over seven billion dollars in 1995 to just $120 million at the time of delisting. In February 2006, SGI noted that it could run out of cash by the end of the year.[6]

Re-emergence

[edit]
SGI headquarters on Amphitheatre Parkway, after it became the Googleplex, c. 2006

In mid-2005, SGI hired Alix Partners to advise it on returning to profitability and received a new line of credit. SGI announced it was postponing its scheduled annual December stockholders meeting until March 2006. It proposed a reverse stock split to deal with the de-listing from the New York Stock Exchange.

In January 2006, SGI hired Dennis McKenna as its new CEO and chairman of the board of directors. Mr. McKenna succeeded Robert Bishop, who remained vice chairman of the board of directors.

On May 8, 2006, SGI announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for itself and U.S. subsidiaries as part of a plan to reduce debt by $250 million.[7][8] Two days later, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved its first day motions and its use of a $70 million financing facility provided by a group of its bondholders. Foreign subsidiaries were unaffected.

On September 6, 2006, SGI announced the end of development for the MIPS/IRIX line and the IRIX operating system.[9] Production would end on December 29 and the last orders would be fulfilled by March 2007. Support for these products would end after December 2013.

SGI emerged from bankruptcy protection on October 17, 2006.[10] Its stock symbol at that point, SGID, was canceled, and new stock was issued on the NASDAQ exchange under the symbol SGIC.[11] This new stock was distributed to the company's creditors, and the SGID common stockholders were left with worthless shares.[12] At the end of that year, the company moved its headquarters from Mountain View to Sunnyvale.[13] Its earlier North Shoreline headquarters is now occupied by the Computer History Museum; the newer Amphitheatre Parkway headquarters was sold to Google (which had already subleased and moved into the facility in 2003). Both of these locations were award-winning designs by Studios Architecture.[14][15]

In April 2008, SGI re-entered the visualization market with the SGI Virtu range of visualization servers and workstations, which were re-badged systems from BOXX Technologies based on Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron processors and Nvidia Quadro graphics chipsets, running Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server or Windows Compute Cluster Server.[16]

Final bankruptcy and acquisition by Rackable Systems

[edit]

In December 2008, SGI received a delisting notification from NASDAQ, as its market value had been below the minimum $35 million requirement for 10 consecutive trading days, and also did not meet NASDAQ's alternative requirements of a minimum stockholders' equity of $2.5 million or annual net income from continuing operations of $500,000 or more.[17]

On April 1, 2009, SGI filed for Chapter 11 again, and announced that it would sell substantially all of its assets to Rackable Systems for $25 million.[18] The sale, ultimately for $42.5 million, was finalized on May 11, 2009; at the same time, Rackable announced their adoption of "Silicon Graphics International" as their global name and brand.[19][20] The Bankruptcy Court scheduled continuing proceedings and hearings for June 3 and 24, 2009, and July 22, 2009.[21][22][needs update]

After the Rackable acquisition, Vizworld magazine published a series of six articles that chronicle the downfall of SGI.

Hewlett Packard Enterprise acquired Silicon Graphics International in November 2016, which allowed HPE to place the SGI Pleiades, a TOP500 supercomputer at NASA Ames Research Center, in its portfolio.[23][24][25][26]

Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc. era

[edit]

During Silicon Graphics Inc.'s second bankruptcy phase, it was renamed to Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc.(GPHI) in June 2009.[27][28]

In 2010, GPHI announced it had won a significant favorable ruling in its litigation with ATI Technologies and AMD in June 2010,[29][30] following the patent lawsuit originally filed during the Silicon Graphics, Inc. era.[31] Following the 2008 appeal by ATI over the validity of U.S. patent 6,650,327 ('327) and Silicon Graphics Inc's voluntary dismissal of the U.S. patent 6,885,376 ('376) patent from the lawsuit,[32] the Federal Circuit upheld the jury verdict on the validity of GPHI's U.S. Patent No. 6,650,327, and furthermore found that AMD had lost its right to challenge patent validity in future proceedings.[33] On January 31, 2011, the District Court entered an order that permits AMD to pursue its invalidity affirmative defense at trial and does not permit SGI to accuse AMD's Radeon R700 series of graphics products of infringement in this case.[34] On April 18, 2011, GPHI and AMD had entered into a confidential Settlement and License Agreement that resolved this litigation matter for an immaterial amount and that provides immunity under all GPHI patents for alleged infringement by AMD products, including components, software and designs. On April 26, 2011, the Court entered an order granting the parties' agreed motion for dismissal and final judgment.[35]

In November 2011, GPHI filed another patent infringement lawsuit against Apple Inc. in Delaware involving more patents than their original patent infringement case against Apple last November, for alleged violation of U.S. patents 6,650,327 ('327), U.S. patent 6,816,145 ('145) and U.S. patent 5,717,881 ('881).[36]

In 2012, GPHI filed lawsuit against Apple, Sony, HTC Corp, LG Electronics Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co., Research in Motion Ltd. for allegedly violating patent relating to a computer graphics process that turns text and images into pixels to be displayed on screens. Affected devices include Apple iPhone, HTC EVO4G, LG Thrill, Research in Motion Torch, Samsung Galaxy S and Galaxy S II, and Sony Xperia Play smartphones.[37][38][39]

Technology

[edit]

Motorola 680x0-based systems

[edit]

SGI's first generation products, starting with the IRIS (Integrated Raster Imaging System) 1000 series of high-performance graphics terminals, were based on the Motorola 68000 family of microprocessors.[40][41] The later IRIS 2000 and 3000 models developed into full UNIX workstations.[42]

IRIS 1000 series

[edit]

The first entries in the 1000 series (models 1000 and 1200, introduced in 1984) were graphics terminals, peripherals to be connected to a general-purpose computer such as a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX, to provide graphical raster display abilities. They used 8 MHz Motorola 68000 CPUs with 768 kB of RAM and had no disk drives. They booted over the network[40] (via an Excelan EXOS/101 Ethernet card) from their controlling computer. They used the "PM1" CPU board, which was a variant of the board that was used in Stanford University's SUN workstation and later in the Sun-1 workstation from Sun Microsystems. The graphics system was composed of the GF1 frame buffer, the UC3 "Update Controller", DC3 "Display Controller", and the BP2 bitplane. The 1000-series machines were designed around the Multibus standard.

Later 1000-series machines, the 1400 and 1500, ran at 10 MHz and had 1.5 MB of RAM. The 1400 had a 72 MB ST-506 disk drive, while the 1500 had a 474 MB SMD-based disk drive with a Xylogics 450 disk controller. They may have used the PM2 CPU and PM2M1 RAM board from the 2000 series.[41] The usual monitor for the 1000 series ran at 30 Hz interlaced. Six beta-test units of the 1400 workstation were produced, and the first production unit (SGI's first commercial computer) was shipped to Carnegie-Mellon University's Electronic Imaging Laboratory in 1984.

IRIS 2000 and 3000 series

[edit]
Geometry Engine chip from an IRIS 3120

SGI rapidly developed its machines into workstations with its second product line — the IRIS 2000 series, first released in August 1985.[43] SGI began using the UNIX System V operating system. There were five models in two product ranges, the 2000/2200/2300/2400/2500 range which used 68010 CPUs (the PM2 CPU module), and the later "Turbo" systems, the 2300T, 2400T and 2500T, which had 68020s (the IP2 CPU module). All used the Excelan EXOS/201 Ethernet card, the same graphics hardware (GF2 Frame Buffer, UC4 Update Controller, DC4 Display Controller, BP3 Bitplane). Their main differences were the CPU, RAM, and Weitek Floating Point Accelerator boards, disk controllers and disk drives (both ST-506 and SMD were available). These could be upgraded, for example from a 2400 to a 2400T. The 2500 and 2500T had a larger chassis, a standard 6' 19" EIA rack with space at the bottom for two SMD disk drives weighing approximately 68 kg each.[44] The non-Turbo models used the Multibus for the CPU to communicate with the floating point accelerator, while the Turbos added a ribbon cable dedicated for this. 60 Hz monitors were used for the 2000 series.

The height of the machines using Motorola CPUs was reached with the IRIS 3000 series (models 3010/3020/3030 and 3110/3115/3120/3130, the 30s both being full-size rack machines). They used the same graphics subsystem and Ethernet as the 2000s, but could also use up to 12 "geometry engines", the first widespread use of hardware graphics accelerators. The standard monitor was a 19" 60 Hz non-interlaced unit with a tilt/swivel base; 19" 30 Hz interlaced and a 15" 60 Hz non-interlaced (with tilt/swivel base) were also available.

The IRIS 3130 and its smaller siblings were impressive for the time, being complete UNIX workstations. The 3130 was powerful enough to support a complete 3D animation and rendering package without mainframe support. With large capacity hard drives by standards of the day (two 300 MB drives), streaming tape and Ethernet, it could be the centerpiece of an animation operation.

The line was formally discontinued in November 1989, with about 3500 systems shipped of all 2000 and 3000 models combined.[45]

RISC era

[edit]

With the introduction of the IRIS 4D series, SGI switched to MIPS microprocessors. These machines were more powerful and came with powerful on-board floating-point capability. As 3D graphics became more popular in television and film during this time, these systems were responsible for establishing much of SGI's reputation.

SGI produced a broad range of MIPS-based workstations and servers during the 1990s, running SGI's version of UNIX System V, now called IRIX. These included the massive Onyx visualization systems, the size of refrigerators and capable of supporting up to 64 processors while managing up to three streams of high resolution, fully realized 3D graphics.

In October 1991, MIPS announced the first commercially available 64-bit microprocessor, the R4000. SGI used the R4000 in its Crimson workstation. IRIX 6.2 was the first fully 64-bit IRIX release, including 64-bit pointers.

To secure the supply of future generations of MIPS microprocessors (the 64-bit R4000), SGI acquired the company in 1992[46] for $333 million[47][48] and renamed it as MIPS Technologies Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of SGI.[49]

In 1993, Silicon Graphics (SGI) signed a deal with Nintendo to develop the Reality Coprocessor (RCP) GPU used in the Nintendo 64 (N64) video game console. The deal was signed in early 1993, and it was later made public in August of that year.[50] The console itself was later released in 1996. The RCP was developed by SGI's Nintendo Operations department, led by engineer Dr. Wei Yen. In 1997, twenty SGI employees, led by Yen, left SGI and founded ArtX (later acquired by ATI Technologies in 2000).[51]

In 1998, SGI relinquished some ownership of MIPS Technologies, Inc in a Re-IPO, and fully divested itself in 2000.[52]

In the late 1990s, when much of the industry expected the Itanium to replace both CISC and RISC architectures in non-embedded computers, SGI announced their intent to phase out MIPS in their systems. Development of new MIPS microprocessors stopped, and the existing R12000 design was extended multiple times until 2003 to provide existing customers more time to migrate to Itanium.

In August 2006, SGI announced the end of production for MIPS/IRIX systems,[53] and by the end of the year MIPS/IRIX products were no longer generally available from SGI.

IRIS GL and OpenGL

[edit]

Until the second generation Onyx Reality Engine machines, SGI offered access to its high performance 3D graphics subsystems through a proprietary API known as IRIS Graphics Library (IRIS GL). As more features were added over the years, IRIS GL became harder to maintain and more cumbersome to use. In 1992, SGI decided to clean up and reform IRIS GL and made the bold move of allowing the resulting OpenGL API to be cheaply licensed by SGI's competitors, and set up an industry-wide consortium to maintain the OpenGL standard (the OpenGL Architecture Review Board).[54][55][56][57][58]

This meant that for the first time, fast, efficient, cross-platform graphics programs could be written.[54][55][56][57][58] For over 20 years – until the introduction of the Vulkan API[59][60][61][62] – OpenGL remained the only real-time 3D graphics standard to be portable across a variety of operating systems.[54][55][56][57][58]

ACE Consortium

[edit]
Main article: Advanced Computing Environment

SGI was part of the Advanced Computing Environment initiative, formed in the early 1990s with 20 other companies, including Compaq, Digital Equipment Corporation, MIPS Computer Systems, Groupe Bull, Siemens, NEC, NeTpower, Microsoft and Santa Cruz Operation.[63][64][65][66] Its intent was to introduce workstations based on the MIPS architecture and able to run Windows NT and SCO UNIX.[67][68] The group produced the Advanced RISC Computing (ARC) specification,[67] but began to unravel little more than a year after its formation.[69][70]

Entertainment industry

[edit]

For eight consecutive years (1995–2002), all films nominated for an Academy Award for Distinguished Achievement in Visual Effects were created on Silicon Graphics computer systems.[71] The technology was also used in commercials for a host of companies.

An SGI Crimson system with the fsn[72] three-dimensional file system navigator appeared in the 1993 movie Jurassic Park.[73]

In the movie Twister, protagonists can be seen using an SGI laptop computer; however, the unit shown was not an actual working computer, but rather a fake laptop shell built around an SGI Corona LCD flat screen display.[74]

The 1995 film Congo also features an SGI laptop computer being used by Dr. Ross (Laura Linney) to communicate via satellite to TraviCom HQ.[75]

The purple, lowercased "sgi" logo can be seen at the beginning of the opening credits of the HBO series Silicon Valley, before being taken down and replaced by the Google logo as the intro graphics progress.[76] Google leased the former SGI buildings in 2003 for their headquarters in Mountain View, CA until they purchased the buildings outright in 2006.[77][78][79]

Once inexpensive PCs began to have graphics performance close to the more expensive specialized graphical workstations which were SGI's core business, SGI shifted its focus to high performance servers for digital video and the Web. Many SGI graphics engineers left to work at other computer graphics companies such as ATI and Nvidia, contributing to the PC 3D graphics revolution.

Free software

[edit]

SGI was a promoter of free software,[citation needed] supporting several projects such as Linux and Samba, and opening some of its own previously proprietary code such as the XFS filesystem and the Open64 compiler.

SGI was also important in its contribution to the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) with many useful extensions in the MIT-like licensed SGI STL implementation. The extension keeps being carried by the direct descendant STLport and GNU's libstdc++.[80]

Acquisition of Alias, Wavefront, Cray and Intergraph

[edit]

In 1995, SGI purchased Alias Research, Kroyer Films, and Wavefront Technologies in a deal totaling approximately $500 million and merged the companies into Alias|Wavefront. In June 2004 SGI sold the business, later renamed to Alias/Wavefront, to the private equity investment firm Accel-KKR for $57.5 million.[81] In October 2005, Autodesk announced that it signed a definitive agreement to acquire Alias for $182 million in cash.[82][83][84]

In February 1996, SGI purchased the well-known supercomputer manufacturer Cray Research for $740 million,[85] and began to use marketing names such as "CrayLink" for (SGI-developed) technology integrated into the SGI server line. Three months later, it sold the Cray Business Systems Division, responsible for the CS6400 SPARC/Solaris server, to Sun Microsystems for an undisclosed amount (acknowledged later by a Sun executive to be "significantly less than $100 million").[86][87] Many of the Cray T3E engineers designed and developed the SGI Altix and NUMAlink technology. SGI sold the Cray brand and product lines to Tera Computer Company on March 31, 2000, for $35 million plus one million shares.[88] SGI also distributed its remaining interest in MIPS Technologies through a spin-off effective June 20, 2000.

In September 2000, SGI acquired the Zx10 series of Windows workstations and servers from Intergraph Computer Systems (for a rumored $100 million), and rebadged them as SGI systems. The product line was discontinued in June 2001.

SGI Visual Workstations

[edit]

Another attempt by SGI in the late 1990s to introduce its own family of Intel-based workstations running Windows NT or Red Hat Linux (see also SGI Visual Workstation)[89][90][91][92][93] proved to be a financial disaster, and shook customer confidence in SGI's commitment to its own MIPS-based line.

Switch to Itanium

[edit]

In 1998, SGI announced that future generations of its machines would be based not on their own MIPS processors, but the upcoming "super-chip" from Intel, code-named "Merced" and later called Itanium. Funding for its own high-end processors was reduced, and it was planned that the R10000 would be the last MIPS mainstream processor. MIPS Technologies would focus entirely on the embedded market, where it was having some success, and SGI would no longer have to fund development of a CPU that, since the failure of ARC, found use only in their own machines. This plan quickly went awry. As early as 1999 it was clear the Itanium was going to be delivered very late and would have nowhere near the performance originally expected. As the production delays increased, MIPS' existing R10000-based machines grew increasingly uncompetitive. Eventually it was forced to introduce faster MIPS processors, the R12000, R14000 and R16000, which were used in a series of models from 1999 through 2006.[94]

SGI's first Itanium-based system was the short-lived SGI 750 workstation, launched in 2001. SGI's MIPS-based systems were not to be superseded until the launch of the Itanium 2-based Altix servers and Prism workstations some time later. Unlike the MIPS systems, which ran IRIX, the Itanium systems used SuSE Linux Enterprise Server with SGI enhancements as their operating system. SGI used Transitive Corporation's QuickTransit software to allow their old MIPS/IRIX applications to run (in emulation) on the new Itanium/Linux platform.

In the server market the Itanium 2-based Altix eventually replaced the MIPS-based Origin product line. In the workstation market, the switch to Itanium was not completed before SGI exited the market.

The Altix was the most powerful computer in the world in 2006, assuming that a "computer" is defined as a collection of hardware running under a single instance of an operating system. The Altix had 512 Itanium processors running under a single instance of Linux. A cluster of 20 machines was then the eighth-fastest supercomputer. All faster supercomputers were clusters, but none have as many FLOPS per machine. However, more recent supercomputers are very large clusters of machines that are individually less capable. SGI acknowledged this and in 2007 moved away from the "massive NUMA" model to clusters.

Switch to Xeon

[edit]

Although SGI continued to market Itanium-based machines, its more recent machines were based on the Intel Xeon processor. The first Altix XE systems were relatively low-end machines, but by December 2006 the XE systems were more capable than the Itanium machines by some measures (e.g., power consumption in FLOPS/W, density in FLOPS/m3, cost/FLOPS). The XE1200 and XE1300 servers used a cluster architecture. This was a departure from the pure NUMA architectures of the earlier Itanium and MIPS servers.

In June 2007, SGI announced the Altix ICE 8200, a blade-based Xeon system with up to 512 Xeon cores per rack.[95] An Altix ICE 8200 installed at New Mexico Computing Applications Center (with 14336 processors) ranked at number 3 on the TOP500 list of November 2007.

User base and core market

[edit]

Conventional wisdom holds that SGI's core market has traditionally been Hollywood visual effects studios. In fact, SGI's largest revenue has always been generated by government and defense applications, energy, and scientific and technical computing.[96] In one case Silicon Graphics' largest single sale ever was to the United States Postal Service. SGI's servers powered an artificial intelligence program to mechanically read, tag and sort the mail (hand-written and block) at a number of USPS's key mail centers. The rise of cheap yet powerful commodity workstations running Linux, Windows and Mac OS X, and the availability of diverse professional software for them, effectively pushed SGI out of the visual effects industry in all but the most niche markets.

High-end server market

[edit]

SGI continued to enhance its line of servers (including some supercomputers) based on the SN architecture. SN, for Scalable Node, is a technology developed by SGI in the mid-1990s that uses cache-coherent non-uniform memory access (cc-NUMA). In an SN system, processors, memory, and a bus- and memory-controller are coupled together into an entity called a node, usually on a single circuit board. Nodes are connected by a high-speed interconnect called NUMAlink (originally marketed as CrayLink). There is no internal bus, and instead access between processors, memory, and I/O devices is done through a switched fabric of links and routers.

Thanks to the cache coherence of the distributed shared memory, SN systems scale along several axes at once: as CPU count increases, so does memory capacity, I/O capacity, and system bisection bandwidth. This allows the combined memory of all the nodes to be accessed under a single OS image using standard shared-memory synchronization methods. This makes an SN system far easier to program and able to achieve higher sustained-to-peak performance than non-cache-coherent systems like conventional clusters or massively parallel computers which require applications code to be written (or re-written) to do explicit message-passing communication between their nodes.

The first SN system, known as SN-0, was released in 1996 under the product name Origin 2000. Based on the MIPS R10000 processor, it scaled from 2 to 128 processors and a smaller version, the Origin 200 (SN-00), scaled from 1 to 4. Later enhancements enabled systems of as large as 512 processors.

The second generation system, originally called SN-1 but later SN-MIPS, was released in July 2000, as the Origin 3000. It scaled from 4 to 512 processors, and 1,024-processor configurations were delivered by special order to some customers. A smaller, less scalable implementation followed, called Origin 300.

In November 2002, SGI announced a repackaging of its SN system, under the name Origin 3900. It quadrupled the processor area density of the SN-MIPS system, from 32 up to 128 processors per rack while moving to a "fat tree" interconnect topology.

In January 2003, SGI announced a variant of the SN platform called the Altix 3000 (internally called SN-IA). It used Intel Itanium 2 processors and ran the Linux operating system kernel. At the time it was released, it was the world's most scalable Linux-based computer, supporting up to 64 processors in a single system node.[97] Nodes could be connected using the same NUMAlink technology to form what SGI predictably termed "superclusters".

In February 2004, SGI announced general support for 128 processor nodes to be followed by 256 and 512 processor versions that year.

In April 2004, SGI announced the sale of its Alias software business for approximately $57 million.[98]

In October 2004, SGI built the supercomputer Columbia, which broke the world record for computer speed, for the NASA Ames Research Center. It was a cluster of 20 Altix supercomputers each with 512 Intel Itanium 2 processors running Linux, and achieved sustained speed of 42.7 trillion floating-point operations per second (teraflops), easily topping Japan's famed Earth Simulator's record of 35.86 teraflops. (A week later, IBM's upgraded Blue Gene/L clocked in at 70.7 teraflops.)

In July 2006, SGI announced an SGI Altix 4700 system with 1,024 processors and 4 TB of memory running a single Linux system image.[99]

Hardware products

[edit]

Some 68k- and MIPS-based models were also rebadged by other vendors, including CDC, Tandem Computers, Prime Computer and Siemens-Nixdorf. SGI Onyx and SGI Indy series systems were used for video game development for the Nintendo 64.

Motorola 68k-based systems

[edit]
  • IRIS 1000 series graphics terminals (diskless 1000/1200, 1400/1500 with disks)
  • IRIS 2000 series workstations (2000/2200/2300/2400/2500 non-Turbo and 2300T/2400T/2500T "Turbo" models)
  • IRIS 3000 series workstations (3010/3020/3030 and 3110/3115/3120/3130)

MIPS-based systems

[edit]
SGI Indigo
SGI Indy
SGI Octane
SGI Onyx
SGI O2
SGI Tezro Workstation

Workstations

[edit]

Servers

[edit]

Visualization

[edit]

Intel IA-32-based systems

[edit]
SGI 540 Visual Workstation

Workstations

[edit]

Servers

[edit]
  • SGI Zx10 Server (Windows)
  • SGI 1100 server (Linux/Windows)
  • SGI 1200 server (Linux/Windows)
  • SGI 1400 server (Linux/Windows)
  • SGI 1450 server (Linux/Windows)
  • SGI Internet Server (Linux)
  • SGI Internet Server for E-commerce (Linux)
  • SGI Internet Server for Messaging (Linux)

Itanium-based systems

[edit]
  • SGI 750 workstation
  • Altix 330 entry-level server
  • Altix 350 mid-range server
  • Altix 3000 high-end server
  • Altix 450 mid-range server
  • Altix 4000 high-end server, capable of up to 2048 CPUs
  • Prism (deskside and rackmount systems)

Intel/AMD x86-64 systems

[edit]

FPGA-based accelerators

[edit]
  • RASC Application Acceleration

Storage systems

[edit]
  • InfiniteStorage 10000
  • InfiniteStorage 6700
  • InfiniteStorage 4600
  • InfiniteStorage 4500
  • InfiniteStorage 4000
  • InfiniteStorage 350
  • InfiniteStorage 220
  • InfiniteStorage 120
  • SGI Infinite Data Cluster[clarification needed]

Storage solutions

[edit]
  • InfiniteStorage NEXIS 500
  • InfiniteStorage NEXIS 2000
  • InfiniteStorage NEXIS 7000
  • InfiniteStorage NEXIS 7000-HA
  • InfiniteStorage NEXIS 9000
  • InfiniteStorage Server 3500

Displays

[edit]
  • 1600SW, a multi-award-winning wide screen video monitor

Accelerator cards

[edit]
  • IrisVision, one of the first 3D graphics accelerators for high-end PCs

Other

[edit]

SGI timeline

[edit]
SGI PrismSGI Origin 3000 and Onyx 3000Origin 2000SGI ChallengeOnyx 300Onyx 2SGI OnyxSGI CrimsonSGI AltixSGI Origin 200SGI Indigo² and Challenge MSGI TezroSGI Octane2SGI OctaneSGI Indigo² and Challenge MSGI IRIS 4DSGI FuelSGI IndigoSGI IRIS 4DSGI O2SGI O2SGI IndySGI IRIS 4DSGI IRISSGI IRISSGI IRISVisual WorkstationSGI IRISSGI IRIS

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Business Entity Detail". Business Search database. California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  2. ^ Bowen, Jonathan (2001). "Silicon Graphics, Inc.". In Rojas, Raúl (ed.). Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, The Moschovitis Group. pp. 709–710.
  3. ^ The First Quarter-Century, Silicon Graphics, 2007.
  4. ^ a b Einstein, David (October 29, 1997). "McCracken leaves SGI; 700 to 1000 laid off". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  5. ^ Andrew Orlowski (May 9, 2006). "Microsoft man's shadow over bankrupt SGI". The Register. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  6. ^ "SGI's Future Could Include Bankruptcy, Sale". ExtremeTech. February 10, 2006. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
  7. ^ Patrick Fitzgerald. Silicon Graphics Seeks Chapter 11 As Sales Decline Wall Street Journal, 2006. (subscription required)
  8. ^ "Silicon Graphics Chapter 11 Petition" (PDF). PacerMonitor. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  9. ^ "End of General Availability for MIPS IRIX Products". Silicon Graphics. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  10. ^ "SGI Emerges Lean, Focused and Ready to Grow". SGI Web site. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  11. ^ "SGI Common Stock to Begin Trading on NASDAQ Under "SGIC"" (Press release). Silicon Graphics. October 23, 2006. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  12. ^ "SGI Files Plan of Reorganization and Disclosure Statement" (Press release). Silicon Graphics. July 5, 2006. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  13. ^ Vance, Ashlee (January 12, 2007). "SGI hermit crabs over to Sunnyvale". The Register. Silicon Graphics. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
  14. ^ "Studios Architecture Computer History Museum (Formerly SGI)". studios.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  15. ^ "Studios Architecture Googleplex". studios.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  16. ^ "Back to the Future: SGI Returns to Visualization". HPCwire. April 11, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
  17. ^ "Silicon Graphics, Inc. Receives NASDAQ Delisting Notification". Silicon Graphics. December 8, 2008. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  18. ^ "Rackable Systems Announces Agreement to Acquire Silicon Graphics Inc" (Press release). Silicon Graphics. April 1, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  19. ^ "Rackable Systems Completes Acquisition of Silicon Graphics Assets" (Press release). Rackable Systems. May 11, 2009. Archived from the original on May 11, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  20. ^ "Rackable Systems Receives Court Approval to Purchase Silicon Graphics Assets" (Press release). Rackable Systems. April 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  21. ^ "Silicon Graphics, Inc., et al". Donlin Recano & Company. Retrieved May 11, 2009.[permanent dead link‍] (selected items from the court docket, Case # 09-11701, United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York, Judge Martin Glenn)
  22. ^ West, John (May 5, 2009). "The SGI bankruptcy proceeding: do your own deep dive into the original court documents". Inside HPC. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
  23. ^ "Hewlett Packard Enterprise to Acquire SGI to Extend Leadership in High-Growth Big Data Analytics and High-Performance Computing" (Press release). Hewlett Packard Enterprise. September 3, 2024. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  24. ^ "Hewlett Packard Enterprise Completes Acquisition of SGI" (Press release). Hewlett Packard Enterprise. September 3, 2024. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
  25. ^ Iain Thomson (August 11, 2016). "OMG: HPE gobbles SGI for HPC. WTF?". The Register. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  26. ^ "Pleiades - SGI ICE X, Intel Xeon E5-2670/E5-2680v2/E5-2680v3/E5-2680v4 2.6/2.8/2.5/2.4 GHz, Infiniband FDR". Top 500, the list. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  27. ^ "Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc. - FORM 8-K - November 10, 2009". Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  28. ^ "Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek". Businessweek.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  29. ^ "Former SGI Files Patent Infringement Lawsuit against Apple - Patently Apple". Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  30. ^ "United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit SILICON GRAPHICS, INC., Plaintiff-Cross Appellant, v. ATI TECHNOLOGIES, INC., ATI TECHNOLOGIES ULC, AND ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC., Defendants-Appellants. 2008-1334, -1353 Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin in Case No. 06-CV-0611, Chief Judge Barbara B. Crabb" (PDF). justia.com. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  31. ^ SGI (October 23, 2006). "SGI Files Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against ATI". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  32. ^ "Welcome patentlit.com - BlueHost.com". Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  33. ^ "AMD knocked back in Radeon patent spat". ITProPortal. June 9, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  34. ^ "ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 18, 2011". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  35. ^ "ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Aug 10, 2011". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  36. ^ "It's War: Former SGI Surprises Apple with another Patent Infringement Lawsuit - Patently Apple". Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  37. ^ "Apple, RIM get patent trolled by remnants of Silicon Graphics". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  38. ^ "UPDATE 2-Apple, Sony, 4 others sued by Graphics Properties". Reuters UK. March 27, 2012. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  39. ^ "Case 1:99-mc-09999 Document 248 GRAPHICS PROPERTIES HOLDINGS, INC., Plaintiff, v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD, SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC. and SAMSUNG TELECOMMUNICATIONS AMERICA, LLC Defendants" (PDF). wordpress.com. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  40. ^ a b "IRIS Terminal Guide V1.3" (PDF). SGI. 1984. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  41. ^ a b "IRIX Info Page". umips.net. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  42. ^ "SGI IP Table". Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  43. ^ Gerhard Lenerz. "Iris 2000 Systems". SGIstuff.net. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  44. ^ "Silicon Graphics IRIS 2000/3000 FAQ". BitSavers.
  45. ^ Jonathan Levine. "Silicon Graphics IRIS 2000/3000 FAQ". Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  46. ^ PC Magazine. "SGI Archived October 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  47. ^ Computer History Museum. "Silicon Graphics Professional IRIS 4D/50GT." Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  48. ^ Cate Corcoran (March 16, 1992), MIPS, Silicon merger could kill ACE/ARC, InfoWorld, pp. 1 and 107. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  49. ^ Cate Corcoran (March 16, 1992), MIPS, Silicon merger could kill ACE/ARC, InfoWorld, p. 107. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
  50. ^ "75 Power Players: The Outsiders". Next Generation (11). Imagine Media: 61–62. November 1995.
  51. ^ "It's Alive!". IGN. March 12, 1999. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  52. ^ "SGI and MIPS Technologies Announce Spin-Off of MIPS Shares. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  53. ^ End of General Availability for MIPS IRIX Products Archived March 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at sgi.com
  54. ^ a b c Seddon, Chris (2005). "History of OpenGL". OpenGL Game Development. Wordware. p. 43. ISBN 1-55622-989-5.
  55. ^ a b c Kilgard, Mark (2008). "OpenGL Prehistory: IRIS GL (slide from SIGGRAPH talk)". www.slideshare.net.
  56. ^ a b c "SGI – OpenGL Overview". Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  57. ^ a b c Peddie, Jon (July 2012). "Who's the Fairest of Them All?". Computer Graphics World. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  58. ^ a b c "OpenGL ARB to Pass Control of OpenGL Specification to Khronos Group". The Khronos Group. July 31, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
  59. ^ "Khronos Releases Vulkan 1.0 Specification". Khronos.org. Khronos Group Press Release. February 16, 2016. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021.
  60. ^ "Vulkan". NVIDIA Developer. December 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  61. ^ "Vulkan®". GPUOpen. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  62. ^ "Developing 3D Graphics with Vulkan on Mobile". Qualcomm Developer Network. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  63. ^ John Markoff (April 8, 1991). "New Computer Alliance Forms". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  64. ^ "New breed of computers based on new standard UNIX/RISC software debuts: Compaq's Rod Canion says 'ACE' destined to be environment of choice for the 1990s". Software Industry Report. April 15, 1991. Retrieved September 1, 2024.[dead link‍]
  65. ^ Heichler, Elizabeth (April 29, 1991). "SGI's McCracken: From leading edge to mass market". Digital News. Vol. 6, no. 9. p. 94. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  66. ^ Savage, J. A. (April 15, 1991). "Outsiders don't fear ACE". Computerworld. Vol. XXV, no. 15. p. 7. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  67. ^ a b Advanced RISC Computing Specification Version 1.2 (PDF). MIPS Technology Inc. 1992. Retrieved September 1, 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  68. ^ Johnson, Maryfran (April 15, 1991). "ABCs of ACE". Computerworld. Vol. XXV, no. 15. p. 6. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  69. ^ Hildebrand, Carol (May 4, 1992). "Compaq exits ACE, posts dismal quarterly revenue". Computerworld. Vol. XXVI, no. 18. p. 105. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  70. ^ Hildebrand, Carol (January 27, 1992). "Compaq, SGI call it quits". Computerworld. Vol. XXVI, no. 4. p. 4. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  71. ^ "News, Features, Reviews, Forums and Resources for the Professional Content Creator - Creative Planet Network". Creative Planet Network. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  72. ^ FSN — File System Navigator Archived February 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine at siliconbunny.com
  73. ^ Gerhard Lenerz. "sgistuff.net". Retrieved April 17, 2015.
  74. ^ Banned From the Ranch Entertainment — Twister Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine at bftr.com.
  75. ^ SGI Laptops at siliconbunny.com
  76. ^ Cobb, Kayla (June 20, 2016). "Tracking The Changing Opening Credits Of 'Silicon Valley'". Decider. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  77. ^ Olsen, Stefanie (July 13, 2003). "Google's movin' on up with Sujeet Kumar and Manohar Patti". CNET News.com. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  78. ^ Mills, Elinor (January 19, 2006). "Google buying its Mountain View, Calif., property". CNET News.com. CNET Networks, Inc. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  79. ^ Conrad, Katherine (June 14, 2006). "Google to purchase Mountain View buildings". San Jose Mercury News. AccessMyLibrary. Archived from the original on January 12, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  80. ^ "SGI Standard Template Library Programmer's Guide". Retrieved January 9, 2020.
  81. ^ "Accel-KKR to acquire SGI's Alias". Asia Image. Vol. 9, no. 4. Reed Business Information. May 2004. p. 8. ISSN 0219-6158. Retrieved July 1, 2023 – via Gale General OneFile (Wikipedia Library).
  82. ^ Cohen, Peter (October 4, 2005). "Autodesk acquires Alias". PC World.
  83. ^ "Autodesk Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire Alias". Press Release. Autodesk. October 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  84. ^ January 2006, TVTechnology 13 (January 13, 2006). "Autodesk completes acquisition of Alias". TVTechnology. Retrieved September 3, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ David Einstein, Could SGI Be A Takeover Target? Forbes, March 2000.
  86. ^ "Sun Microsystems announces intent to purchase Cray Business Systems Division" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. May 17, 1996. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  87. ^ Lisa DiCarlo (May 6, 2002). "Sun's Purchase Of Cray's Unix Server Business". Forbes. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  88. ^ Baker, M. Sharon (November 17, 2002). "Cray is making a name for itself in the world of supercomputers".
  89. ^ Bolkan, J.V. (August 6, 1999). "SGI 320 NT Workstation Includes Striking Differences". DCC Mag. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  90. ^ "Silicon Graphics 540™ Visual Workstation Manuale dell'utente" (in Italian). Silicon Graphics. 1999.
  91. ^ O'Brien, Bill (November 1999). "Silicon Graphics 320". Windows NT Australia. No. 10. p. 24-25.
  92. ^ Perlow, Jason (March 2001). "SGI 330 Packs a Punch". Linux Magazine. p. 16-17.
  93. ^ Gann, Roger (December 1999). "SGI 540 Workstation". Personal Computer World. p. 78.
  94. ^ "SGI Brings 300 MHz MIPS R12000 Processor to Octane Wkstn Line". HPCwire. February 26, 1999. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  95. ^ "SGI Unveils Ultra-Dense SGI Altix ICE Blade Platform Purpose-Built for High-Performance Computing" (Press release). SGI. June 26, 2006. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2007.
  96. ^ Silicon Graphics "SGI SEWP Contracts" Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  97. ^ Scaling Linux to New Heights: the SGI Altix 3000 System Linux Journal, January 2003
  98. ^ "Silicon Graphics Sells Alias Software Business" (Press release). Silicon Graphics. April 15, 2004. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  99. ^ "SGI Altix Again Crushes World Record for Memory Bandwidth" (Press release). Silicon Graphics. July 17, 2006. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
  100. ^ Seymour, Mike (July 14, 2003). "Exclusive Coverage of SGI 2003 New Product Line – Part 1 – Overview". fxguide. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Graphics&oldid=1251439062"