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Stephen B. Elkins

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Stephen Benton Elkins
United States Senator
from West Virginia
In office
March 4, 1895 – January 4, 1911
Preceded byJohnson N. Camden
Succeeded byDavis Elkins
38th United States Secretary of War
In office
December 17, 1891 – March 5, 1893
PresidentBenjamin Harrison
Preceded byRedfield Proctor
Succeeded byDaniel S. Lamont
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Mexico Territory's At-large district
In office
March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1877
Preceded byJosé Manuel Gallegos
Succeeded byTrinidad Romero
Personal details
Born(1841-09-26)September 26, 1841
New Lexington, Ohio, U.S.
DiedJanuary 4, 1911(1911-01-04) (aged 69)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)Sarah Jacobs
Hallie Davis
Alma materMasonic College
University of Missouri
ProfessionPolitician, Lawyer
Military service
Branch/serviceUnion Army
RankCaptain
Battles/warsAmerican Civil War

Stephen Benton Elkins (September 26, 1841 – January 4, 1911) was an American industrialist and political figure. He served as the Secretary of War between 1891 and 1893. He served in the Congress as a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexico and a Senator from West Virginia.

Biography

Early life

Elkins was born near New Lexington, Ohio and moved with his family to Westport, Missouri (now part of Kansas City) in the mid-1840s to Philip Duncan Elkins and Sarah Pickett Withers. He attended the Masonic College in Lexington, Missouri in the 1850s, and graduated from the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1860. After graduation, he briefly taught school in Cass County, Missouri. Among his pupils was future James-Younger Gang member Cole Younger.[1]

Civil War

In the American Civil War Elkins' father and brother joined the Confederate Army under Sterling Price, but he joined the Union Army. Before he joined the Union Army he was to encounter Quantrill's Raiders twice and was spared from being killed because of his father and brother. He noted:

They marched me along and we got to Quantrill's camp. There I saw Cole Younger, Dick Yager and George M. Todd, and several others afterward known for desperate deeds. Those I have mentioned were farmers' sons around where I lived. They identified me and said: Here comes Steve Elkins. All the way along I had been afraid that those fellows who had captured me would shoot me in the back, for I had on the watch which I am carrying now in the office of the secretary of war.[2]

Elkins entered the Union Army as a captain of militia in the 77th Missouri Infantry. He served under Kersey Coates and only saw action once in the Battle of Lone Jack, which he said filled him with disgust for war. Elkins noted that his good fortune of being protected by Quantrill matched a fear of being butchered by Quantrill for becoming a Union soldier as Quantrill's Raiders were thought to be present at the battle.

Foster thought the Confederates were the guerrilla hands who raised the black flag, and never gave any quarter. So he refused to surrender, and every one of his officers was picked off. The guerrillas were victorious. I went over the battlefield afterward, the blood, the cries for water and death, the naked bodies stripped of their clothing, the dead horses which served for ramparts, gave me a disgust for war, which makes it seem strange that I am here at the head of the war department of this great government.[3]

Elkins and Foster from the Lone Jack Battle were to argue for a pardon for Younger following his conviction in the Northfield, Minnesota bank robbery (Younger had rescued Foster from execution by Quantrill's Raiders in the battle).

New Mexico

Stephen Benton Elkins

He entered the practice of law at Mesilla, New Mexico, and was elected to the territorial legislature in 1864 and 1865. He was appointed territorial district attorney for a term from 1866 to 1867. It was at this time, on June 10, 1866, that he married his first wife Sarah Simms Jacobs.

In 1867, Elkins served as attorney general of the territory and later as U.S. district attorney from 1867 to 1870. He was elected territorial delegate to the U.S. Congress in 1872, and reelected in 1874, serving from March 4, 1873 to March 4, 1877. In 1875, he met and married his second wife, Hallie Davis, and continued to practice law. He founded and was president of the Santa Fe National Bank, and pursued broad business interests in land, rail, mining, and finance including president of the massive Maxwell Land Grant Company.[4] In attempting to evict "squattors" (legitimate land grant heirs) from the Land Grant he would be accused of being part of the Santa Fe Ring. Along with his brother in law, Thomas B. Catron, Elkins participated in what would become the largest land speculation conspiracy in U.S. history. Using his influence on politicians such as congressmen, territorial judges, and U.S. Surveyors General, Elkins was able to patent Spanish and Mexican land grants in his name, thereby illegally including himself as a legitimate heir to the grants. By collectively representing opposing parties in land disputes, Elkins and Catron effectively manipulated territorial government policy to illegally partition Spanish and Mexican land grants, a direct violation of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

West Virginia

Around 1890, he moved to Elkins, West Virginia, a town he had founded earlier, to pursue coal and rail interests. By 1892, the Davis Coal and Coke Company, a partnership between Elkins and his father-in-law, Senator Henry G. Davis, was among the largest coal companies in the world.

Secretary of War

Elkins served as Secretary of War in the Benjamin Harrison administration from December 17, 1891 to March 5, 1893. Amongst his goals were that the rank of lieutenant general be revived, and also that noncommissioned officers receive higher pay to improve the quality of the service. He also broadened the intelligence functions of the Division of Military Information.

U.S. Senator

After his service as Secretary, he was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1895, serving the state of West Virginia, and was re-elected twice. In the Senate, he held the positions of chairman of the Committee on the Geological Survey (Fifty-sixth and Fifty-ninth Congresses), and of member of the Committee on Interstate Commerce (Fifty-seventh through Sixty-first Congresses). Elkins served as Senator until his death in Washington, D.C. in 1911, and is interred in Maplewood Cemetery of Elkins, West Virginia.

Legacy

Stephen Benton Elkins is the namesake of Elkins, West Virginia.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Leslie, Edward (1996). The Devil Knows How to Ride. New York: Random House. pp. 103–104. ISBN 0-679-42455-5.
  2. ^ Walter Barlow Stevens (1921). Centennial History of Missouri. The S. J. Clarke publishing company.
  3. ^ Walter Barlow Stevens (1921). Centennial History of Missouri. The S. J. Clarke publishing company.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 117.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New Mexico Territory
March 4, 1873 – March 4, 1877 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by U.S. Secretary of War
Served under: Benjamin Harrison
December 17, 1891 – March 5, 1893 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 2) from West Virginia
March 4, 1895 – January 4, 1911
Served alongside: Charles James Faulkner and Nathan B. Scott 		Succeeded by
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