Surfside condominium collapse

Coordinates: 25°52′23″N 80°07′15″W / 25.87306°N 80.12083°W / 25.87306; -80.12083
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Surfside condominium collapse
Champlain Towers South after the collapse
Map
The condo was less than 200m from the Atlantic and 500m from Biscayne Bay.
DateJune 24, 2021 (2021-06-24)
TimeApproximately 1:25 a.m. EDT[a] (UTC−4)
Location
Coordinates25°52′23″N 80°07′15″W / 25.87306°N 80.12083°W / 25.87306; -80.12083
CauseUnder investigation
Deaths54 (confirmed)
Non-fatal injuries11[1]
Missing86
Building details
General information
Construction started1980
Completed1981
DemolishedJuly 4, 2021 (uncollapsed portion)
Height48.10 m (157.8 ft)
Technical details
MaterialReinforced concrete
Floor count12 (plus rooftop penthouse)
Design and construction
Architect(s)William M. Friedman & Associates Architects Inc.[2][3]
Structural engineerBreiterman Jurado & Associates[3][4]
Main contractorNattel Construction, Inc.[5]
Other information
Number of units136

On June 24, 2021, at approximately 1:25 a.m. EDT,[a] Champlain Towers South, a 12-story beachfront condominium in the Miami suburb of Surfside, Florida, United States, partially collapsed. As of July 7, 2021, a total of 54 people are confirmed to have died, while 11 were injured. As many as 86 people remain missing.[1][6][7][8] One person was rescued from the rubble,[9] and about 35 people were rescued on June 24 from the uncollapsed portion of the building,[10] which was demolished 11 days later as a safety precaution due to the approach of Hurricane Elsa. On July 7, authorities announced that the search switched from rescue to recovery mode, and that the remaining missing victims are presumed dead.[11]

Long-term degradation of reinforced concrete support structures in the underground parking garage due to water penetration and corrosion of the reinforcing steel is being considered as a factor in—or the cause of—the collapse. The issues had been reported in 2018 and noted as "much worse" in April 2021. A $15 million program of remedial works had been approved at the time of the collapse.

Background

The residential condominium building, Champlain Towers South, was located at 8777 Collins Avenue (Florida State Road A1A) in the town of Surfside just north of Miami Beach, Florida. It was just north of North Beach Oceanside Park, which is located in the North Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach.[12] It was built in 1981 by a group of developers, Champlain Towers South Associates,[13] led by the Canadian property developer Nathan Reiber.[14][15]

Champlain Towers South was part of a three-building complex along with Champlain Towers North (built at the same time), and Champlain Towers East (built between the North and South buildings in 1994).[16] All three were L-shaped structures with 12 stories, but as of 2021, the South building contained the most units at 136[17] including a rooftop penthouse, varying in size from 1,200 to 4,500 sq ft (110 to 420 m2) and from one to four bedrooms.[18] The penthouse was a controversial part of Champlain Towers South's design, as Surfside's height limit at the time had to be lawfully exceeded by its construction.[19]

William M. Friedman & Associates Architects, Inc., was the architect for the project's 1979 contract drawings.[20][21] Breiterman Jurado & Associates, consulting engineers, were responsible for engineering aspects and the 1979 contract drawings, with Brieterman and associates covering structural items and Jurado and associates covering electrical and mechanical.[20][21] Nattel Construction, Inc., of Miami Beach and owned by Reiber, was the general contractor for the construction of all three buildings.[5][22]

The project was the first new construction in Surfside following a moratorium on new development imposed by Miami-Dade County due to water and sewer infrastructure problems in Surfside during the 1970s. In 1979, developers paid the city US$200,000 (equivalent to $840,000 in 2023) to fund the replacement of the sewer system and secure approval for the construction of the condos.[13]

Collapse

Surveillance video on YouTube
video icon Video shows South Florida building collapse, by Fox 13 Tampa Bay

The Champlain Towers South building suddenly suffered a partial pancake collapse at about 1:25 a.m. EDT[a] on June 24, 2021,[23][24][25] lasting less than 12 seconds.[26] Surveillance video footage indicates that a large north-central section of the building abruptly collapsed first. This isolated and destabilized part of the northeast corner of the building, which also collapsed approximately nine seconds later.[27][28] Of the 136 units in the building,[29] at least half were destroyed.[30]

Casualties

Before the collapse (2015)
Remaining part of the structure on June 24, which was demolished July 4

As of July 7, 2021, 54 people were confirmed killed due to the collapse, and 11 more have been injured.[7][1] Up to 86 people remain unaccounted for. [31] [1] The Washington Post reported on July 6 that 126 people in the building survived the collapse.[32]

At least 27 people from South America who resided in or were in the building at the time of the collapse are believed to be missing.[33] Paraguay's Ministry of Foreign Relations stated that First Lady Silvana López Moreira's sister, along with her husband and their three children, are missing.[34][35]

Casualties by nationality or national origin
Country Missing Deaths Injured Ref.
 United States (or unknown) 33 42 11 [b]
 Israel 20 [36]
 Argentina 8 1 [37][38]
 Venezuela 4 2 [38][39]
 Colombia 6 [38]
 Paraguay 6 [40]
 Cuba 4 [41]
 Canada 3 1 [42]
 Uruguay 3
 Australia 2 [43]
 Chile 1 [44]
 Costa Rica 1 [45]
 Brazil 1 [46]
 Italy 1 [46]
 United Kingdom 1 [47][b]
Total 86 54 11

Rescue and relief operations

June 24

Miami-Dade firefighters search for survivors, June 24
Rescuers with a search and rescue dog search for survivors, June 24

More than 80 rescue units responded to the collapse, according to the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department.[48] Surfside mayor Charles Burkett said in a news conference that ten people were treated at the scene of the collapse and that two people were taken to the hospital, with one later dying.[49] At least 35 people were rescued from the building on June 24[10] and as many as 159 people were unaccounted for.[25][50] A woman's voice was heard until around 11:00 a.m., but rescuers were not able to reach her.[51] Miami-Dade County mayor Daniella Levine Cava signed a state of emergency declaration at 4:33 p.m. on June 24[52] and called on Florida governor Ron DeSantis to do so at the state level.[53] Governor DeSantis viewed the site on the same day,[54] and issued a state of emergency.[55] The White House and Federal Emergency Management Agency stated that they were in contact with local officials and providing assistance after the collapse.[56] President Joe Biden was briefed on the event, and spoke with Miami-Dade County mayor Levine Cava.[57][58]

Two FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams, Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1 based in the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 2 based in the Miami Fire-Rescue Department, were activated.[59][60] An additional three teams, one in Ohio and two in Virginia, were alerted to be on standby to assist.[61] Members of Hatzalah of South Florida, a Jewish faith-based ambulance service which was authorized to transport patients as part of a law signed the previous week in Surfside,[62] were among the first to respond to the collapse, setting up an on-site triage station.[63][64]

Israel offered clothes, medication, food, water, and other aid to the victims of the collapse. At least 35 of the missing were Jewish, but it was not yet clear whether any were Israeli citizens, according to Israeli consul general Maor Elbaz-Starinsky, who came to the scene and conveyed an official offer from the Israeli government to send the Israel Defense Forces' Home Front Command search and rescue team to assist in the rescue efforts. The Command has assisted in many other disasters, such as the 2017 Puebla earthquake, 2010 Haitian earthquake and Typhoon Haiyan.[65] Israel's President Reuven Rivlin, Prime Minister Naftali Bennett and Foreign Minister Yair Lapid offered condolences and support.[66]

The National Basketball Association's Miami Heat staff handed out water and snacks to state emergency workers at the site of the collapse. World Central Kitchen and Direct Relief, both of whom are recipients of funds from the Heat's charitable arm, were also helping.[67] American Red Cross volunteers assisted people displaced by the collapse.[68]

June 25

Mayor Levine Cava said that people from Israel and Mexico had joined the search and rescue effort. Workers from both countries rotated in and out as work teams sifted through the rubble in two daily 12-hour shifts.[69]

June 26

In a news conference, Mayor Levine Cava explained that a fire deep within the rubble, and subsequent smoke, were impeding the ability of fire and rescue personnel to search for survivors. She indicated that the fire "spread laterally throughout the pile" making it difficult to isolate the source.[70] Officials said rescue workers were also working in the tower's underground parking garage, where there was heavy damage, under constantly changing conditions.[16] Levine Cava advised that "No further victims have been found, as you've heard. The numbers are the same as they were yesterday; 127 have been accounted for... One hundred and fifty-nine unaccounted for. Four confirmed dead."[71] Later that afternoon, the official toll was revised without elaboration to five dead and 156 missing.[72]

Surfside mayor Burkett advised residents of the Champlain Towers North building, located about 500 feet (150 m) north of the fallen structure, to evacuate with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assistance "pending a thorough structural investigation", noting that the North and South buildings were constructed by the same developer at about the same time, and likely using similar plans and materials.[73] However, Burkett did not immediately order the evacuation of the building or declare it unsafe.[74] By late afternoon, voluntary evacuations were occurring at both Champlain Tower North and Champlain Tower East.[75]

Florida officials announced that THOR, a 1,000 square foot (93 m2) mobile command center, was being deployed from Escambia County to help coordinate search and rescue and recovery teams and operations.[76] THOR, which includes cellular, satellite, and VOIP wireless systems and UHF and VHF radio systems, as well as built-in generators, will be deployed for at least 10 days.[77]

June 27

FEMA administrator Deanne Criswell announced that the US Army Corps of Engineers, which has significant experience with complex construction, demolition, stabilization, and forensic engineering projects, is providing assistance with rescue and recovery efforts at the site.[78] A search-and-rescue team from the Israeli Defense Forces' Home Front Command arrived in the morning, along with a six-person psycho-trauma unit from the Israel-based United Hatzalah and members of ZAKA, a volunteer team that specializes in rescues as well as gathering body parts for Jewish burial.[63][79][80] In the evening, Mayor Levine Cava advised that nine people had been confirmed dead and 152 were missing. Names of an additional four victims were released later that night, leaving only one of those confirmed dead not publicly identified. Two of the victims named were Venezuelan nationals.[81]

June 28

An additional fatality was confirmed, bringing the number of dead to 10, with 151 people still missing. Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Chief Ray Jadallah stressed that, despite the operation entering its fifth day, the effort was still focused on the search for and potential rescue of survivors rather than shifting to recovery.[82] In the afternoon, Levine Cava announced that an eleventh body had been found, reducing the number of missing to 150.[83] The names of three additional victims were released later in the evening, making all of the 11 known fatalities then publicly identified.[84] An international nonprofit group of volunteers trained in Israel called Cadena International (cadena being a Spanish word meaning "chain") is assisting the rescue mission.[85]

The Miami Marlins, along with the Miami Marlins Foundation, announced that the team had created the Marlins Surfside Relief Fund. Matching $50,000 donations were made by Marlins majority owner and chairman Bruce Sherman and Anthony Hsieh, founder and CEO of Marlins naming-rights partner LoanDepot. The Marlins organization and Marlins ownership group collectively contributed an additional $25,000, as did LoanDepot, which said they would match the next $50,000 contribution.[86]

June 29

Mayor Levine Cava reported that no more survivors or victims had yet been found, but that 210 search and rescue workers were on site, each working 12-hour shifts. Workers were being medically evaluated regularly to ensure their fitness to work at the site. A massive fire deep in the rubble pile, which had hampered search and rescue efforts since the collapse, was finally extinguished.[87] Small, radio-controlled robots equipped with thermal sensors and 360-degree cameras were being deployed to assist in search and recovery efforts.[88] President Biden was expected to visit the site on July 1, having not done so earlier to avoid disrupting rescue operations.[89]

In the evening, Mayor Levine Cava advised that 12 people had been confirmed dead and 149 were missing. Levine Cava said that authorities would audit the names of the missing to ensure none are duplicates, particularly because of provided Hebrew names. Miami-Dade Fire Chief Alan Cominsky said 3,000,000 pounds (1,400,000 kilograms) of concrete had been removed from the site of the collapse. He said rescue workers would not reenter the west section of the building facing Collins Avenue, which was still standing, because it was unstable, making it too dangerous to do so. Rescuers could not enter a large area under the rubble on the eastern side of the site because of the same risk.[90]

Florida Division of Emergency Management Director Kevin Guthrie and Miami-Dade Fire Chief Cominsky requested that FEMA deploy an additional Urban Search and Rescue Task Force team, anticipating that emergency response to the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season would otherwise have an adverse impact on the number of rescue and recovery personnel available for deployment at Surfside.[91]

June 30

An additional six bodies were found on Wednesday, including the wife and two children of a man whose body was found on June 26. This brought the death toll to 18 and reduced the number of missing to 145.[92] In the afternoon, the rescuers discovered void spaces, including one described as "a big tunnel", in the rubble.[93][94]

July 1

Search and rescue efforts were halted at the site at approximately 2:00 a.m. due to concerns that the western portion of the structure, which had not yet collapsed, was increasingly likely to do so, creating unsafe conditions for workers.[95] President Biden visited the site after meeting with Governor DeSantis, Mayor Levine Cava, other elected leaders, and uniformed first responders in a conference room at the nearby St. Regis Bal Harbour resort. Biden suggested that the federal government could possibly cover the full cost of the first 30 days of rescue and recovery efforts.[96] Concern also mounted that Tropical Storm Elsa could make landfall in south Florida, further destabilizing the standing portion of the structure and the debris field and interfering with rescue operations.[97] The search resumed in the early evening after a 15-hour delay,[95] and authorities announced the identity of an additional fatality, leaving one victim publicly unidentified.[96]

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which sent scientists and engineers to the site on June 25 under the authority of the National Construction Safety Team Act,[98] announced that it would launch a full investigation into the collapse, with an eye to determining best practices to prevent similar disasters in the future.[96] Debbie Wasserman Schultz, the U.S. Representative from Florida's 23rd Congressional district which includes Surfside, tweeted, "There are millions of high-rise condo units like those in Champlain Towers all across Florida... The NIST investigation is a major announcement and will be key to learning not only the cause of the tragedy in Surfside, but the potential danger posed to other structures across FL."[99]

July 2

The bodies of two more victims were found in the wreckage, according to comments at a morning news conference by Mayor Levine Cava, bringing the known death toll to 20.[100] The mayor also revised the number of missing downward to 128, explaining that officials "originally received a report [regarding] a potentially missing person... That report was only marked as one person, but when the detectives were able to reach and verify... we discovered that there are in fact, several family members who could have been [ac]counted for... and now we can mark them as safe."[100]

Due to the large influx of search and rescue personnel, officials, and investigators from around the country and outside the US, and a resulting shortage of hotel rooms, accommodations were being provided to some workers on a cruise ship, Royal Caribbean Group's Explorer of the Seas, docked at PortMiami.[101]

At an evening news conference, Mayor Levine Cava announced the recovery of two additional bodies, bringing the death toll to 22.[102] The mayor then ordered the remaining structure to be demolished as soon as it was feasible. Ongoing structural engineering assessments indicated that the still-standing portion of the structure was dangerously unstable, presenting a hazard to rescue and recovery teams working on site. However, Levine Cava noted that the demolition would "take, most likely, weeks".[103]

A first cousin of Chilean Air Force general Alberto Bachelet and second cousin to the general's daughter Michelle Bachelet, who served as President of Chile from 2006 to 2010 and 2014 to 2018, and his Filipino American wife, a retired senior budget officer at the International Monetary Fund, were formally identified by authorities on Friday night among four previously recovered victims.[104][105][106][107]

July 3

Two more bodies were found at the site, bringing the known death toll to 24, and the number of missing was revised downward to 121.[108] Demolition of the remaining structure was moved to an earlier date, due to Tropical Storm Elsa, which was expected to arrive in Florida the following week. The search was suspended as a result.[108][109]

Rescuers used visual searches, thermal cameras, drones, and animal traps to try to locate pets left behind in the standing portion of the building, but did not find any.[110][111]

July 4

Authorities announced that the still-standing western portion of Champlain Towers South would be demolished by Controlled Demolition, Inc. between 10:00 p.m. EDT Sunday night and 3:00 a.m. EDT Monday morning, after accelerating planning and placement of explosives in the building's foundation to complete the demolition prior to the arrival of Tropical Storm Elsa. The controlled demolition was expected to cause the standing structure to collapse mostly into the current footprint of the building, with debris outside that perimeter expected to fall on the west (Collins Avenue) side to avoid disturbing the existing search and rescue zone on the east. The search for survivors of the initial collapse was set to resume almost immediately after the demolition was completed.[112][113]

The demolition took place at approximately 10:30 p.m. EDT on July 4,[114] and the search for survivors resumed 20 minutes later.[115]

July 6

The death toll continued to increase as workers searched portions of the rubble that they had previously not been able to access.[8] At a morning news conference, Mayor Levine Cava said there are "only around 70 [people] that we can confirm were in the building at the time of collapse", acknowledging doubt about the then-official estimate of 113 missing. Tropical Storm Elsa increased in strength in the Florida Straits north of Cuba, prompting authorities to predict that it would be a Category 1 hurricane when it made landfall along Florida's west coast.[116]

In the late afternoon, officials announced that an additional 12 bodies had been located since the search resumed after the demolition of the western portion of the structure on Sunday, including 4 on Tuesday. This brought the death toll to 36, with as many as 109 people still considered missing. Of the 36 confirmed dead, 29 have been publicly identified.[117]

July 7

In a private morning briefing with families, and a later briefing for reporters, authorities announced the recovery of an additional 10 bodies, the largest number thus far found in any 24-hour period. This brought the number of known deaths to 46. According to Mayor Levine Cava, 94 were still believed missing. Miami-Dade Fire Chief Jadallah said that families of 32 of the victims have been notified, and stated that "we haven't transitioned" to a purely recovery operation, as would occur when rescue of additional survivors was deemed no longer possible. He did note, however, that they have so far not detected any voids, or spaces, in the rubble that would be likely to shelter survivors.[1] Tropical Storm Elsa weakened and made landfall significantly north and west of Miami, greatly reducing its impact on the ongoing operations at the site versus earlier predictions.[118]

Later in the day, authorities announced in another private briefing for family members that operations, now in their 14th day, were shifting from search and rescue to search and recovery.[11]

Aftermath

In what it termed a show of respect for victims of the collapse and their families, the City of Miami Beach canceled its annual Fire on the Fourth festival, which was scheduled to be held blocks away at 72nd Street and Collins Avenue at the North Beach Bandshell. Other Independence Day events were canceled in the metro Miami area, both to show respect to those affected by the collapse and to avoid worsening an already bad traffic situation due to road closures and detours associated with rescue efforts in Surfside.[119]

Legal action

On June 24, 2021, a lawsuit was filed by a resident of the building against the Champlain Towers South Condominium Association, seeking $5 million in damages "due to defendant's acts and omissions and their failure to properly protect the lives and property of plaintiff and class members".[120]

On July 2, the Champlain Towers South condominium board issued a statement to the press following a judge's decision[121] directing a receiver to release emergency assistance funds to residents of the building. The full statement read:

The surviving members of the Champlain Towers South Condominium Association board have concluded that, in the best interest of all concerned parties, an independent Receiver should be appointed to oversee the legal and claims process. The collapse of Champlain Towers South is an unspeakable tragedy that has devastated our community, our neighbors, and our friends. We are grieving and our hearts ache for those who have been lost and for their families. They have our deepest condolences. Our profound gratitude goes out to the emergency rescue personnel – professionals and volunteers alike – who have been working around the clock. We know that answers will take time as part of a comprehensive investigation and we will continue to work with city, state, local, and federal officials in their rescue efforts, and to understand the causes of this tragedy.[122]

Investigations

On June 26, Mayor Levine Cava ordered an immediate audit in Miami-Dade County of all high-rise buildings older than 40 years and taller than five stories, as well as all those built by the developer of the Champlain Towers condominium complex, to be completed within the next 30 days.[75] The editorial board of the Miami Herald called for a grand jury investigation of the collapse. Miami-Dade County state attorney Katherine Fernandez Rundle told the board, "Historically, this is the sort of thing grand jurors look at."[123] The audit led to the immediate closure and evacuation of Crestview Towers, a 156-unit condominium building at North Miami Beach (7 miles (11 km) away from Champlain Towers South), following the submission of a report dated January 2021 but not received by the city until July 2, which determined the structure was unsafe electrically and structurally.[124][125]

The town of Surfside announced on June 27 that it had contracted with Allyn Kilsheimer, founder and chief executive of KCE Structural Engineers, to study the partial collapse of the Champlain Towers South, assess the condition of adjacent and similar buildings, and provide geotechnical and original-design evaluations. The firm was involved in the forensic analysis of both the aftermath of the attack on the Pentagon during 9/11 and the Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse in 2018.[126] Surfside mayor Charles Burkett said that the town government would locate every document, including all correspondence sent or received, related to the Champlain Towers South building and post it on its web site in the interest of public transparency.[127]

On July 5, The New York Times published an in-depth report saying that the collapse of Champlain Towers South prompted a review of hundreds of older high-rises in southeast Florida, as the management of other buildings "ignored or delayed action on serious maintenance issues". The article includes three annotated color-coded maps identifying buildings which are under scrutiny due to their date of construction and their height.[128]

On July 7, Governor DeSantis said at a press conference that condominiums in Florida are "kind of a dime a dozen, particularly in southern Florida," but he remained non-committal with regard to state action to require that aging buildings throughout the state be recertified, saying that Champlain Towers South "had problems from the start" that merited additional study before committing to such a program. "Is this something that was unique to this building? Is it something that was unique to the person that maybe developed it — because obviously there are sister properties? Is it something that buildings of that age, that would have implications beyond that whether southern Florida or the entire state of Florida? I think we need to get those definitive answers," DeSantis said.[129]

Removal of debris

Some of the structural elements from the rubble were transported to a warehouse at an undisclosed location for analysis and testing. Additional debris – which included concrete, personal belongings, and damaged cars from the parking garage – was transported to an empty field near the intersection of Interstate 95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91).[130]

Future of site

On July 7, with the emergency response only just transitioning from rescue to recovery, discussions were already underway about the future use of the site, with some calling for it to become a memorial park rather than be redeveloped for condominium or other housing.[131]

Possible causes

According to Surfside town commissioner Eliana Salzhauer, at the time of the disaster, the building was undergoing inspection for its 40-year recertification, which typically takes one year to complete.[132] According to Surfside mayor Charles Burkett, roof repairs were being performed on the building.[133]

According to Florida International University research analyzing publicly available European Remote-Sensing Satellite data, the building had been sinking during the 1990s at a significant rate of about two millimeters (0.079 in) per year. While 97 percent of Miami Beach had been stable, 1,555 of 18,949 points in Miami Beach had been sinking, at a rate of less than one millimeter (0.039 in) per year.[134] A building collapse due to sinking is likely only if one part of a building is sinking at a faster rate than another, creating tensions that weaken the structure. Overbuilt areas were sinking at a significantly faster rate, such as on the artificial islands in Biscayne Bay – up to 3.8 millimeters (0.15 in) per year.[135][136][137][138]

In 2018, an inspection performed by the engineering firm Morabito Consultants showed a "major error" in the construction of the pool deck, whereby the waterproofing layer was not sloped. Water that collected on the waterproofing remained until it could evaporate. Over the years, the concrete slabs below the pool deck had been severely damaged by this water. The report noted the waterproofing below the pool deck was beyond its useful life and needed to be completely removed and replaced. The firm wrote that "failure to replace waterproofing in the near future will cause the extent of the concrete deterioration to expand exponentially", and that the repair would be "extremely expensive". The ceiling slabs of the parking garage, which sat below the pool deck, showed several sizable hairline cracks and cases of exposed rebar from spalling.[20] On April 9, 2021, a letter to residents had outlined a $15-million remedial-works program, noting that concrete deterioration was accelerating and had become "much worse" since the 2018 report.[139] Although the roof repairs pursuant to the consultant's report were underway at the time of the collapse, remedial concrete works had not yet begun.[140]

As well as water from the defectively constructed pool deck, a past maintenance manager of the property reported a possible excessive ingress of salt water, which can cause more aggressive spalling.[141] On June 28, 2021, images were published by the Miami Herald from an anonymous pool contractor, who claimed that they showed portions of the pool equipment room, located under the pool on the south side of the underground garage, as they appeared just 36 hours before the collapse. According to the contractor, the images showed standing water, cracking concrete, and severely corroded rebar under the pool.[142] On June 30, TV station WLS-TV in Chicago publicized a bystander's video that showed water pouring into the parking garage from above near its entrance, and apparent concrete rubble lying on the floor, apparently taken at 1:18 a.m., seven minutes before the north-central portion of the building collapsed.[143][144]

On June 27, 2021, the Miami Herald reported on the consensus of six engineering experts it interviewed. Based on publicly available evidence, the experts believed that a structural column or concrete slab beneath the pool deck likely gave way, causing the deck to collapse into the garage below. This formed a crater beneath the bulky midsection of the tower, which then caved in on itself. This is a type of progressive collapse, in which one structural part gives way, destabilizing and removing support from other parts, which in turn collapse and rapidly remove structural support. Among the evidence supporting this conclusion was the report that moments before the building collapsed, a resident of a fourth-floor unit called her husband to tell him that a crater had appeared in the pool deck. The resident was among those missing in the collapse.[145] A surviving resident also stated that part of the pool deck and street-level parking area had collapsed into the parking garage minutes before the collapse.[146]

On June 28, 2021, The New York Times reported that the secretary of the resident-led association that managed Champlain Towers South contacted the town building department in early 2019[147] due to resident concerns that their building's structural integrity was affected by the construction next door at the Eighty Seven Park condo development. The project broke ground in early 2016[148] and was completed in late 2019.[149] No known engineering records suggest a connection between Eighty Seven Park construction and any damage at Champlain Towers.[147]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c The Miami Herald reported in its timeline of the day of the collapse[23] that the first call to emergency services was received at 1:23 a.m. EDT. The Washington Post reported that a resident called 911 at 1:19 a.m., after part of the pool deck and a surface-level parking deck had collapsed, that the first fire engine was dispatched to the building at about 1:20 a.m., and that the building collapsed between 1:24 and 1:25 a.m.[146] Most sources initially described the event as occurring "around 1:30 a.m. EDT".
  2. ^ a b One dual British-American citizen is missing, tabulated in Casualties by nationality table under "United Kingdom".

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surfside condominium building collapse.
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