Jump to content

Typhoon Morakot

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Kevin Lu (talk | contribs) at 07:20, 4 December 2016. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the 2009 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Morakot (disambiguation).
Typhoon Morakot (Kiko)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Morakot approaching Taiwan on August 7
FormedAugust 2, 2009
DissipatedAugust 13, 2009
(Extratropical after August 11, 2009)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 130 km/h (80 mph)
1-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
Lowest pressure951 hPa (mbar); 28.08 inHg
Fatalities789 total
Damage$6.2 billion (2009 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines, Japan, Taiwan, China, South Korea, North Korea
Part of the 2009 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Morakot, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Kiko, was the deadliest typhoon to impact Taiwan in recorded history.

Typhoon Morakot wrought catastrophic damage in Taiwan, leaving 677 people dead and 22 missing, and roughly NT$110 billion ($3.3 billion USD) in damages. The storm produced copious amounts of rainfall, peaking at 2,777 mm (109.3 in), far surpassing the previous record of 1,736 mm (68.35 in) set by Typhoon Herb in 1996. The extreme amount of rain triggered enormous mudflows and severe flooding throughout southern Taiwan. One landslide (and subsequent flood) destroyed the entire town of Xiaolin killing over 400 people. The slow moving storm also caused widespread damage in China, leaving eight people dead and causing $1.4 billion (USD) in damages. Nearly 2,000 homes were destroyed in the country and 136,000 more were reported to have sustained damage.

In the wake of the storm, Taiwan's government faced extreme criticism for the slow response to the disaster and having only initially deployed roughly 2,100 soldiers to the affected regions. Later the number of soldiers working to recover trapped residents increased to 46,000. Rescue crews were able to retrieve thousands of trapped residents from buried villages and isolated towns across the island. Days later, Taiwan's president apologized for the government's slow response publicly. On August 19, the Taiwan government announced that they would start a NT$100 billion ($3 billion USD) reconstruction plan that would take place over a three-year span in the devastated regions of southern Taiwan.[1] Days after the storm, international aid began to be sent to the island.

The storm also caused severe flooding in the northern Philippines that killed 26 people due to the enhancement of the southwest monsoon.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During August 2, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a tropical depression, had developed about 1,455 km (905 mi)* to the northeast of Manilla in the Philippines.[2] The JMA subsequently reported during the next day that the system had intensified into a tropical storm and named it Morakot.

Early on August 2, 2009, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a tropical depression had formed within a monsoon trough located about 1000 km (620 mi),[3][4] However the depression remained weak, and was downgraded to an area of low pressure before regenerating later that day.[5][6][7] Both the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) then started to monitor the depression early the next day whilst it was located about 700 km (430 mi) to the southeast of Okinawa, Japan with PAGASA assigning the name Kiko to the depression.[4][8] The JTWC were reporting at this time that it was an area of convection with deep convection flaring on the western side of a partially exposed low level circulation center at this time.[4]

Later on August 3, the JMA reported that the depression had intensified into a Tropical Storm and named it as Morakot. The JTWC further designated it as Tropical Depression 09W as deep convection had increased over the low level circulation center and reported that it was moving around a low level ridge of pressure which was located to the east of the low level circulation center. On the morning of August 4, the JTWC reported that the Morakot had steadily intensified into a Tropical storm as wind-speeds were estimated to be near 65 km/h (40 mph) with deep convective banding building toward the low level circulation center under the influence of a subtropical ridge located to the east of the system. Later that day the JMA reported that Morakot had intensified into a Severe Tropical Storm before it was upgraded to a typhoon by the JMA and the JTWC early the next day.

Due to the size of the typhoon, the barometric pressure steadily decreased; however, maximum winds only increased slightly. Early on August 7, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 140 km/h (85 mph 10-minute sustained) according to the JMA. The JTWC reported the storm to be slightly stronger, with winds peaking at 150 km/h (90 mph 1-minute sustained), the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. Morakot weakened slightly before making landfall in central Taiwan later that day. Roughly 24 hours later, the storm emerged back over water into the Taiwan Strait and weakened to a severe tropical storm before making landfall in Mainland China on August 9. The storm gradually weakened as it continued to slowly track inland. The remnants of the typhoon eventually dissipated on August 11.

Preparations

Tropical Storm Morakot over eastern China on August 9

Japan

At 0000 UTC on August 3, the JMA placed the Moji and Yokohama navtex areas under a gale warning, six hours later they also placed the Naha navtex area under a gale warning.[9][10] Later that day at 1800 UTC, the JMA canceled the gale warnings for the Yokohama navtex area however at 0600 UTC the next morning the gale warning for Yokohama was reissued.[11][12] The JMA kept these warnings in force before they were upgraded to a typhoon warnings as Morakot intensified into a typhoon on August 5.[13] Early the next day, US military installations on Okinawa raised their Tropical Cyclone Condition of Readiness (TCCOR) from level 4 to level 3 which meant that winds exceeding 50 knots (93 km/h, 57 mph) were expected to affect Okinawa within 48 hours.[14] This came as the JMA canceled the warning for Yokohama.

Philippines

From their first warning PAGASA warned that the depression was expected to enhance the Southwest Monsoon and bring occasional heavy rain over Luzon and Western Visayas.[8] However early on August 6 they placed the Batanes in Northern Luzon under Public Storm Warning Signal 1 (PSWS 1) which meant that winds of up to 35 kn (65 km/h) were expected in Batanes within 36 hours. They then placed Northern Cagayan, Apayao, Ilocos and Norte, under PSWS 1 later that day as it moved toward Taiwan. They kept these warnings in place until early on August 8, when they revised the warnings downgrading the signal for Northern Cagayan, Apayao, Ilocos and Norte, whilst putting Babuyan and Calayan Islands under PSWS 1 and then early the next day PAGASA released their final warning and downgrade all signals for the Philippines.[15]

Taiwan

  • August 5, 2009: 20:30, the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan issued a Sea Typhoon Alert for Morakot.
  • August 6, 2009: Severe Tropical Storm Morakot intensified into a typhoon.
  • August 7, 2009: Morakot was closing in on Taiwan. It moved very slowly and it made landfall just before midnight.
  • August 8, 2009: After midnight, most of the districts in south Taiwan recorded heavy rainfall.

China

More than 953,000 residents and more than 35,000 boats were evacuated back to shore in the eastern and southeastern provinces of the People's Republic of China.[16] A fishing boat capsized with nine fishermen missing.[17] In all, roughly 1.5 million residents were evacuated ahead of the typhoon.[18] A total of 34,000 watercraft sought refuge ahead of the storm.[19]

Impact

Japan

On Thursday August 6, shortly after mid-day, Morakot lashed Okinawa-Honto with wind gusts as high as 65 mph (105 km/h),[20] stranding thousands of summer holiday air travelers. Naha Airport experienced east crosswinds of 50 mph (80 km/h) which almost completely shut down the airport. Domestic and international airlines reported 252 flights canceled, stranding 41,648 passengers at the peak of the summer Obon holidays. Some Kadena-based U.S. aircraft were evacuated ahead of Morakot.[20] The southernmost island groups of Yaeyama, including Yonaguni and Ishigaki, have been affected by gale- or storm-force winds.

Philippines

Flooding in the Philippines

In the Philippines, eleven villages (Pagudpod, San Juan, Baton-lapoc, Carael, Tampo, Paco, San Miguel, Bining, Bangan, and Capayawan) were submerged in 4-to-5-foot-deep (1.2 to 1.5 m) floods after the Pinatubo Dike overflowed around 4:00 p.m. on August 6, 2009.[21] Joint military and police rescue teams rescued 3 Koreans and 9 Canadian nationals. About 29,000 people were affected by Morakot; nine people have been confirmed dead.[22][23] Three French tourists and two Filipino guides were killed in a flash flood caused by a landslide. Thousands have been trapped on rooftops or in trees awaiting helicopter rescue attempts and thousands have lost their homes. At least two have died from flooding. Landslides have claimed the lives of no less than twelve miners while others are still missing after a mine caved in. Schools have suspended their classes in the hardest hit area, and highways have been closed due to landslides.[24]

Taiwan

The coast of Keelung, Taiwan, where schools were closed ahead of the typhoon, Morakot caused landslides, severe floods, blew down trees and billboards, and stripped roofs from buildings.[25]

After Morakot landed in the midnight of August 8, almost the entire southern region of Taiwan (Chiayi County/Chiayi City, Tainan County/Tainan City (now merged as Tainan), Kaohsiung County/Kaohsiung City (now merged as Kaohsiung), and Pingtung County) and parts of Taitung County and Nantou County were flooded by record-breaking heavy rain. The rainfall in Pingtung County exceeded 2,600 millimetres (100 in), breaking all rainfall records of any single place in Taiwan induced by a single typhoon.[26] Airlines in Taiwan did hold some flights in and out of airports, but seaports were closed. Electricity supplies were cut to approximately 25,000 homes.[27]

Xiaolin Village, a mountain village with 1,300 residents in Jiaxian Township, was buried by a massive landslide (and subsequent flood) that destroyed the town, and resulted in 465 deaths.[28] It was reported that all roads toward Namasia Township were either blocked or washed away by severe mudflows. Hundreds of residents were trapped for four days, and were running out of food and water. In addition, water and electricity had been cut.[29] Other affected areas included the Taimali River mouth, the Zhiben River catchment, the Gaoping River bridge linking Linyuan and Xinyuan townships at the boundary between Kaohsiung and Pingtung counties, and several catchments in Pingtung County where the rivers flow into the Taiwan Strait.[30] A rescue helicopter, working to retrieve survivors of the mudflow crashed into a mountain side early on August 11, killing the three occupants. Crews were unable to reach the wreckage due to the steep terrain.[31]

Comparison with world rainfall records [32][33]
Bold indicates current world record
Duration
(hours) 		Storm name
and year 		World record
prior to Morakot[clarification needed] 		Morakot total
mm in mm in ref
24 Denise (1966)[34] 1825 71.8 1623.5 63.9 [35]
48 Unnamed (1958) 2467 97.1 2361 93.0 [35]
72 Gamede (2007) 3929 154.6 2748 108.2 [35]
96 Gamede (2007) 4869 191.7
Total Hyacinthe (1980) 5678 223.5 2884 113.5 [35]

A swollen river in Taitung County undermined 51 homes and swept them away into the Pacific, leaving numerous residents homeless. No people were in the homes when they fell into the river.[36] In the famous Jhiben Hot Springs area, the six-story Jinshuai Hotel was destroyed when it collapsed into the Zhiben River after being undermined by flood waters. Several stores in front of the hotel were washed away days earlier as the river continued to overflow its banks and inundate nearby towns and cities. Running water in Tainan County to 280,000 was shut down as flood waters contaminated the local reservoir.[37]

According to statistics of the Morakot Post‐Disaster Reconstruction Council up to February 4th,2010, the disaster resulted in 677 deaths, 4 severely injured, and 22 missing persons, as well as an additional 25 bodies that were not identified: a total of 728 persons (cases). [38] The record-breaking rains also caused catastrophic agricultural losses, with estimates reaching NT$9 billion ($274 million USD). At its peak, roughly 1.58 million were without power across the island and over 710,000 were without water pressure.[39] Tourism losses due to the typhoon were estimated to be at least NT$800 million ($24.4 million USD).[40]

However, Morakot also ended a month-long drought and replenished reservoirs enough to warrant an end to water rationing.[41]

The "Little Three Links" between Kinmen of the Republic of China and Xiamen of the People's Republic of China was suspended. Almost all reservoirs in Kinmen County were full. Winds at Force 13 on the Beaufort scale were recorded in the Matsu Islands.

National Disaster Prevention and Protection Commission is the task-force-grouped committee authorized by the law of Disaster Prevention and Protection.[42]

China

During a four-day span, Morakot produced up to 1,240 mm (49 in) of rain in Zhejiang province, the highest total in nearly 60 years in the province. A landslide in Pengxi, at the foot of a mountain, destroyed a three-story apartment building, with six people inside. All six were recovered from the rubble of the structure. However, two later died of their injuries.[18] In Wenzhou, a large landslide destroyed six apartment buildings, burying an unknown number of people, some of whom were feared dead.[43] One person was killed after torrential rains caused the house he was in to collapse, as well as four other nearby homes.[44]

In Xiapu county, the location of Morakot's landfall in China, 136,000 people reported damage to their homes from flooding or landslides. The fishing sector of the local industry sustained roughly 200 million yuan ($29 million USD) in losses. Fourteen townships in the county were flooded. An estimated 3.4 million people reported property damage throughout Zhejiang province, with at least 1,600 homes being destroyed.[44] At least 10,000 homes were damaged or destroyed by the storm and over 1 million acres (4,000 km2) of farmland was inundated by flooding. In China Damages from the storm amounted to $1.4 billion.[18] Over 11 million people were affected by Typhoon Morakot throughout eastern China.[45][46]

Oil deliveries

The typhoon has resulted in some identifiable but limited impact on oil deliveries to East Asian destinations. At least two fuel oil cargoes in East China were delayed due to typhoon Morakot. This included 90,000-mt Venezuelan fuel oil cargo with Zhoushan in Zhejiang Province. There was a report that an 18,000-mt cargo of Singapore-origin with fuel oil on board for Aug 10 delivery into Zhangjiagang in Jiangsu Province was postponed to arrive on Aug 15.

Many ports in East China were closed from Aug 8, including Waigaoqiao, Jinshan and Yangshan ports in Shanghai, Zhoushan and Ningbo ports in Zhejiang, Zhangjiagang, Nantong and Jiangyin ports in Jiangsu.

Aftermath

Taiwan

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Taiwan
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 3,060 120.47 Morakot 2009 Alishan, Chiayi [47]
2 2,319 91.30 Nari 2001 Wulai, New Taipei [48]
3 2,162 85.12 Flossie 1969 Beitou, Taipei [47]
4 1,987 78.23 Herb 1996 Alishan, Chiayi [49]
5 1,774 69.84 Saola 2012 Yilan City [50]
6 1,713.5 67.461 Krathon 2024 Taitung County [51]
7 1,700 66.93 Lynn 1987 Taipei [52]
8 1,672 65.83 Clara 1967 Dongshan, Yilan [53]
9 1,611 63.43 Sinlaku 2008 Heping, Taichung [54]
10 1,561 61.46 Haitang 2005 Sandimen, Pingtung [55]

After the typhoon, search-and-rescue teams were eventually deployed throughout Taiwan in response to numerous landslides and flash flooding. Helicopters were rushed to Xiaolin to retrieve as many residents as possible and transport them to shelters. By August 11, nearly 300 residents were confirmed to have been moved to safety. During the afternoon, one helicopter crashed into a mountainside while carrying three crew members. All three crew members died. Continuing standards set up after the 921 earthquake, the Government of Taiwan provided NT$1 million for each family member killed or missing and NT$250,000 for the critically injured.[56] Due to the severity of the damage in Xiaolin access to the area was restricted to military personnel only.[57] Military rescue personnel have recovered 700 villagers alive in three villages on Tuesday night, and another 26 were evacuated by helicopter Wednesday morning.[citation needed] Major-General Richard Hu said it is still too early to state how many villagers had been buried, military rescuers just know that 90% of the homes of the three villages were buried by the landslide.[58] [59]

President Ma Ying-jeou and his administration have been criticised because of the slow response to Typhoon Morakot. The government was initially found to have rejected foreign aid, then to have quickly reversed that decision in response to criticism, citing that the rejection was only temporary. Vice Foreign Minister Andrew Hsia has tendered his resignation for authorizing Taiwan's diplomats to turn down foreign aid, a decision done without the consent of more senior officials.[60][61][62]

After the storm passed across central and southern Taiwan towards the east coast of China, the true extent of the damage caused by flooding and mudflows slowly came to be known.

Immediately after the typhoon, large civilian and military search-and-rescue operations were deployed. Helicopters were sent to numerous mountain villages, including Xiaolin, in an attempt to rescue locals who were unable to escape by foot.[citation needed] It was discovered that almost 400 people had vanished, and are presumed to have been buried alive when a massive mudflow wiped out 90 per cent of the village's homes.[citation needed] Similar stories have been reported from other small villages in the vicinity of this region.[citation needed]

Rescue operations continue,[when?] with foreign aid coming in from the United States, Australia, Israel and several other European and Asian countries.[citation needed]

The record-breaking rains also caused catastrophic agricultural losses, with estimates reaching NT$14.59 billion (US$443 million).[63]

Fund raising shows such as Artistes 88 Fund Raising Campaign were held in Taiwan and Hong Kong.[64]

Taiwanese aborigines protested against the 14th Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot and denounced it as politically motivated.[65][66][67][68]

The Xiaolin Village Memorial Park was opened in January 2012 to commemorate the village victims from the typhoon.

Philippines

The World Vision organization reports having distributed roughly 40 gallons of water to 800 people. The National Disaster Coordinating Council declared a state of calamity for the Zambales region as over 13,000 people were left homeless.[69]

Retirement

Due to the extensive damage and deaths caused by the storm, the name Morakot was later retired. The committee selected the name Atsani to replace "Morakot" on the Western Pacific basin name lists beginning in 2011, and was first used in the 2015 season.

See also

References

  1. ^ Staff Writer (2009-08-20). "Billions allocated for reconstruction in wake of typhoon Morakot". AsiaNews. Retrieved 2009-08-21.
  2. ^ http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/Besttracks/bst0009.txt
  3. ^ "JMA WWJP25 Advisory 02-08-2009 00z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  4. ^ a b c "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory 03-08-2009 00z". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2009-08-03. Cite error: The named reference "STWA03080900z" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ "JMA WWJP25 Advisory 02-08-2009 06z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  6. ^ "JMA WWJP25 Advisory 02-08-2009 12z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  7. ^ "JMA WWJP25 Advisory 02-08-2009 18z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  8. ^ a b "PAGASA Advisory 2009-08-03 21z". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. 2009-08-03. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "JMA WWJP Warnings 03-08-2009 00z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  10. ^ "JMA WWJP Warnings 03-08-2009 06z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  11. ^ "JMA WWJP Warnings 03-08-2009 18z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  12. ^ "JMA WWJP Warnings 04-08-2009 06z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-04. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  13. ^ "JMA WWJP Warnings 05-08-2009 06z". Japan Meteorological Agency. 2009-08-05. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  14. ^ Dave Ornauer. "Okinawa on alert as tropical storm Morakot approaches". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
  15. ^ "PAGASA Advisory 2009-08-09 03z". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. 2009-08-09. Archived from the original on August 9, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "One million in China flee typhoon". BBC News. 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  17. ^ Mu Xuequan (2009-08-08). "20,000 evacuated in SE China as typhoon Morakot nears; nine fishermen missing". Xinhua. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  18. ^ a b c Annie Huang, Gillian Wong and Christopher Bodeen (2009-08-11). "Taiwan military rescues some 300 typhoon victims". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "2 dead, 4 missing after typhoon slams Taiwan". CBC News. 2009-08-08. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  20. ^ a b http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?article=64060&section=104
  21. ^ "'Kiko' intensifies further, 4 areas under signal 1 - Nation — Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs — Latest Philippine News". GMANews.TV. 2009-08-10. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
  22. ^ "'Kiko' death toll rises to 10". ABS-CBN News. 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  23. ^ "'Kiko' death toll rises to 10; 30K folks affected in Luzon". GMANews.TV. 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  24. ^ "Landslide, floods kill 12 in RP". Sun Star. 2009-08-08. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  25. ^ "Record typhoon rain leaves trail of destruction across Southern Taiwan". Taiwan News. 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  26. ^ "Record rains in south". The China Post. 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  27. ^ "Taiwan braces for Typhoon Morakot". BBC News. 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  28. ^ Wu, CH., Chen, SC. & Feng, ZY. (June 2014). "Formation, failure, and consequences of the Xiaolin landslide dam, triggered by extreme rainfall from Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan". Landslides. 11 (3): 359. doi:10.1007/s10346-013-0394-4. Retrieved 19 November 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Staff writer (2009-08-10). 2490001.htm "八八水災／那瑪夏鄉斷水、斷電如孤島　民眾手機簡求救". NOWNews. Retrieved 2009-08-10. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help) [dead link‍]
  30. ^ Chanson, H. (2010). The Impact of Typhoon Morakot on the Southern Taiwan Coast. Vol. 78. pp. 33–37. ISSN 0037-4237. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  31. ^ Lilian Wu (2009-08-11). "Typhoon death toll climbs to 62". Taiwan News. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  32. ^ Greg J. Holland (1993). ""Ready Reckoner" - Chapter 9, Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting WMO/TC-No. 560, Report No. TCP-31". World Meteorological Organization. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  33. ^ AOML, Hurricane Research Division (2007-03-12). "largest rainfall associated with tropical cyclones". RSMC La Réunion. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  34. ^ "Season 1965-1966 Tropical Cyclone DENISE Track Map". australiasevereweather.com. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  35. ^ a b c d "降雨量重現期推估之探討—以莫拉克颱風甲仙雨量站為例" (PDF). Taiwan Association of Hydraulic Engineers. May 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
  36. ^ Staff Writer (2009-08-11). "51 houses in Taitung disappear into Pacific". The China Post. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  37. ^ Meggie Lu, Shelley Shan and Flora Wang (2009-08-10). "Downpour continues to pummel south". Taipei Times. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  38. ^ Hui Hsuan Yang, Su Ying Chen, Sung Ying Chien , and Wei Sen Li (May 2014). "Forensic Investigation of Typhoon Morakot Disaster: Nansalu and Daniao Village Case Study" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 19 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ Yan (2009-08-11). "Typhoon Morakot kills 62, injures 35 in Taiwan". Xinhua. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  40. ^ Flor Wang (2009-08-11). "Tourism losses estimated at over NT$800 million: Tourism Bureau chief". Taiwan News. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  41. ^ "Typhoon Morakot lashes Taiwan". CNN. 2009-08-07. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  42. ^ National Disaster Prevention and Protection Commission.
  43. ^ Staff Writer (2009-08-11). "Aftermath of Typhoon Morakot in Zhejiang". Xinhua. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  44. ^ a b Lin Liyu (2009-08-11). "Typhoon Morakot leaves 6 dead, 3 missing in SE China". Xinhua. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  45. ^ Xinhua (2009-08-11). "Morakot caused 2 more deaths in East China". China Daily. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  46. ^ William Ide (2009-08-11). "Mudslide Buries Village in Taiwan, Fate of Hundreds Unknown". Voice of America. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  47. ^ a b Central Weather Bureau (2010). "侵台颱風資料庫". Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  48. ^ Unattributed (September 9, 2009). "莫拉克颱風暴雨量及洪流量分析" (PDF). Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  49. ^ Unattributed (September 9, 2009). "莫拉克颱風暴雨量及洪流量分析" (PDF). Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  50. ^ Chen Zhi (August 2, 2012). "Typhoon Saola dumps heavy downpours around Taiwan". Xinhua General News. Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  51. ^ "首個10月高雄登陸颱風！山陀兒創6大新紀錄 基隆雨量更破78年新高". Yahoo News (in Chinese). 2024-10-04. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  52. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1988). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1987 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  53. ^ Lianshou, Chen. Topic 2.1 Observing and forecasting rainfall. Fifth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  54. ^ "Typhoon Sinlaku Central emergency operation center No.12". Central emergency operation center. September 16, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  55. ^ Chiu Yu-Tzu (July 20, 2005). "Haitang fizzles out, leaves Taiwan wet". Taipei Times. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  56. ^ Staff Writer (2009-08-11). "Typhoon relief helicopter crashes in Taiwan mountain area". Taiwan News. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
  57. ^ Staff Writer (2009-08-11). "TV says Taiwan helicopter crashes during rescue". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ "Taiwan rescues nearly 1,000 in landslide villages". Yahoo! News. AFP. August 12, 2009. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  59. ^ Staff Writer (August 11, 2009). "八八水災／好消息！　軍方發現小林村等地待援700居民". NOW News. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
  60. ^ Taiwan President Is Target of Anger After Typhoon
  61. ^ Death Toll Is Still Rising After Storm in Taiwan
  62. ^ MORAKOT: THE AFTERMATH : MOFA’s Hsia tenders resignation. Taipei Times.
  63. ^ "莫拉克災情 461死192失蹤". Lin, Kuen-shu. CNA. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  64. ^ 把愛傳出去 88賑災晚會
  65. ^ AFP (Aug 31, 2009). "Protesters accuse Dalai Lama of staging 'political show' in Taiwan". asiaone news.
  66. ^ Wang, Amber (August 31, 2009). "Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  67. ^ Staff Writers (Aug 31, 2009). "Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims amid Chinese anger". Terra Daily. Kaohsiung, Taiwan (AFP).
  68. ^ picture 12 of 21
  69. ^ World Vision (2009-08-11). "Philippines: World Vision provides aid after Typhoon Morakot". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Morakot (2009).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Morakot&oldid=752940350"