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Norway–United Kingdom relations

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Norway-United Kingdom relations
Map indicating locations of Norway and United Kingdom

Norway
United Kingdom
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of Norway, LondonEmbassy of the United Kingdom, Oslo
The Norwegian stone in Hyde Park, London

Norway–United Kingdom relations are foreign relations between Norway and the United Kingdom. The two nations have enjoyed very close cultural, economic, military and political cooperation since Norwegian independence in 1905.[1] Both countries are central allies in NATO, and also have many bilateral agreements involving trade and military ties.[2] Recently, the two have collaborated extensively to provide intelligence and arms to Ukraine during Russia's invasion of that country in 2022.[3][4]

History

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Historical connections

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See also: Scandinavian Scotland, Viking Age, and Norse activity in the British Isles

Vikings of Norwegian stock particularly settled in certain areas of modern-day Scotland and Northern England, and to this day many people in these areas carry surnames derived from Old Norse words, such as Ainscough, or are of partial Norwegian descent.

In England, Norwegian Vikings began to arrive along the coast of the North West after being driven out of Ireland around the early tenth century. They are principally known for settling in The Wirral and Chester,[5] but evidence has strongly suggested that this expulsion also led to some settling in nearby West Derby Hundred (today split between Greater Manchester and Merseyside), Amounderness Hundred and Lonsdale Hundred in Lancashire. The Vikings were able to settle comfortably in these areas, as they were sparsely populated at that time.[6][7][8] Many place names in this area, such as North Meols, Scholes,[9] Skelmersdale[10] and Grimsargh[11] are of Old Norse origin, as are certain words in Lancashire dialect from this area, such as "skrike".[12] The Cuerdale Hoard and Silverdale Hoard were both discovered within this area. Around the same time, Norwegian Vikings moved on to settle in the area that today is Cumbria.[13]

In Scotland, the islands of Shetland and Orkney have longstanding historical and cultural connections with Norway.

1900s

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Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, after Norwegian independence from Sweden. The UK has an embassy in Oslo, and Norway has an embassy in London. Relations, however, go as far back as the Viking Age when Norse Vikings raided the British Isles, founding permanent settlements in the west of England, the Isle of Man, the Hebrides in Scotland and the islands of Orkney and Shetland. As a result, the English language has been greatly influenced by the Norwegian language. This cultural bond has persisted to this day, resulting in a close cultural relationship between the two countries.

With Norway's complete independence from Sweden, the question arose as to a king for Norway. The choice of Prince Carl of Denmark, who became King Haakon VII, was largely seen as being influenced by two unusual factors: Denmark being a smaller nation meant that the Balance of Power in Europe would not be upset by Norway's instant alliance with the native land of its new king, and Carl's wife, Maud, was a British princess, which would be expected to lead to a close relationship with the United Kingdom, which could give Norway some protection from German hegemony.

During World War I, Norway was neutral. However, due to largely favouring the British over the Germans, Norway came to be known as The Neutral Ally.

World War II

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The Trafalgar Square Christmas tree is donated to the people of London by the city of Oslo each year since 1947

During World War II, Norway was invaded and occupied by Germany, forcing the Norwegian king and government to create a government-in-exile in London. The British military also helped train and organise Norwegian commandos to attack Nazi installations in Norway. As a token of appreciation from the Norwegian people to the people of Britain, a Norwegian Christmas Tree is sent every year from Oslo to Trafalgar Square in London.[14]

Each year for the last sixty years, Newcastle upon Tyne has received a Christmas tree as a gift from the people of Bergen, one of Newcastle's twin cities. The impressive Norwegian spruce, standing at 45 feet tall, was personally felled by Gunnar Bakke who has been the Mayor of Bergen since September 2007. Each year the tree is decorated in traditional Norwegian white lights and is a symbol of peace and goodwill. The people of Norway also send a tree to the town of Great Grimsby every Christmas since the end of World War II, for the past few years the tree has been selected by the people of Sortland.[15]

Brexit

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In January 2020, with the imminent departure of Britain from the European Union, Norway and the UK signed an exclusive Brexit agreement between the two countries that would aim to maintain existing guarantees for citizens of either.[16]

In April 2021, negotiations on a bilateral agreement on fishing rights failed to reach an agreement.[17][18]

In June 2021, the two countries signed a trade deal.[19]

Modern Day

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British Foreign Secretary William Hague (right) and Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre sign a Memorandum of Understanding on UK-Norway co-operation on polar research and cultural heritage in London, England, on 30 November 2011.

After the English town of Harwich was badly affected by the North Sea Flood of 1953, in which several people were made homeless, the Norwegian Government responded by funding the building of some wooden houses in the town. Despite being considered temporary, the houses still stand in Harwich today.[20]

Norway and the U.K. share mutual border boundary lines in Antarctica, and mutually recognise each other's claims as well as those of Australia, France and New Zealand.

Both countries are full members of NATO and of the Council of Europe. There are around 18,000 Norwegians living in the United Kingdom and around 13,395 British people living in Norway.[21] British people are one of the largest immigrant groups in many cities. The cities with the most Britons are Oslo (2,535), Stavanger (1,542), Bergen (1,014), Bærum (716), Trondheim (360), Asker (307), Kristiansand (238), Drammen (144) and Fredrikstad (111).[22]

Queen Elizabeth II made three state visits to Norway during her reign, in 1955, 1981 and most recently in 2001 when she was received by King Harald V.

Economic relations

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On 4 January 1960, Norway and the United Kingdom became founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA); the UK left the EFTA to join the European Economic Community (EEC) on 31 December 1972.[23][24] Following the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the UK signed a continuity trade agreement with Norway, as well as Iceland.[25][26][27] On 8 July 2021, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and the United Kingdom signed a modernised free trade agreement; the agreement expanded to cover services in addition to goods.[28][29]

Military relations

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The Royal Marines train annually in Norway, and are integrated into Norway's defense plans.[30] In March 2023, the UK opened a new military base in Norway, named Camp Viking.[31] In August 2024, Norwegian Defence Secretary Bjørn Arild Gram described the UK as Norway's "closest and most important European Ally" and pledged two ships to join the UK Carrier Strike Group during its Pacific deployment in 2025.[32]

Twinnings

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Gallery

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Norgesportalen. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  2. ^ "UK-Norway deal comes into effect". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  3. ^ "Norway, UK to Donate Nano Drones to Ukraine". The Defense Post. 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  4. ^ "UK and allies agree expanded International Fund for Ukraine support". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  5. ^ "Early medieval Chester 400-1230 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  6. ^ "North Meols and the Scandinavian settlement of Lancashire". May 23, 2014.
  7. ^ Visiter, Southport (January 12, 2011). "New book shows Vikings still alive in West Lancashire". southportvisiter.
  8. ^ Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (1996). The Viking Trail from Lancaster to Dent And the History of the Hodgson Surname (PDF). Martlet Books. ISBN 0 9521853 1 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2022.
  9. ^ "Medieval Wigan". www.wiganarchsoc.co.uk.
  10. ^ "Cheshire Viking History - CheshireTrove". www.cheshiretrove.com.
  11. ^ "The days when Vikings and Romans lived here - Lancashire Evening Post". Archived from the original on 2018-07-28. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  12. ^ Flom, George Tobias (January 2008). Scandinavian Influence on Southern Lowland Scotch. ISBN 9781434667700.
  13. ^ "History of Cumbria". www.english-lakes.com.
  14. ^ British Embassy Oslo. "Oslo's Christmas tree gift to Trafalgar Square". GOV.UK. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  15. ^ "Festive cheer as giant Christmas tree from Norway arrives at Grimsby docks". Grimsby Telegraph. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  16. ^ "Norway, UK sign own Brexit deal". www.newsinenglish.no. 28 January 2020.
  17. ^ "UK and Norway fail to reach fishing deal". BBC News. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  18. ^ O'Carroll, Lisa (1 May 2021). "Brexit: failure to secure UK-Norway fishing deal a 'disaster' for sector". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  19. ^ "Brexit: UK announces trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". BBC News. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  20. ^ "Norway's lasting gift after floods". Harwich and Manningtree Standard. 14 January 2015.
  21. ^ "Table 1 Population 1 January 2010 and 2011 and changes in 2010, by immigration category and country background. Absolute numbers". www.ssb.no.
  22. ^ "Table 10 Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of birth, (the 20 largest groups). Selected municipalities. 1 January 2011". www.ssb.no.
  23. ^ "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". EUR-Lex. 31 December 2020.
  24. ^ "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  25. ^ "United Kingdom, Norway and Iceland sign trade continuity agreement". GOV.UK. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  26. ^ "UK, Norway and Iceland sign trade continuity deal". Reuters. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  27. ^ "United Kingdom - Norway and Iceland". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  28. ^ "United Kingdom signs free trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". GOV.UK. 8 July 2021. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  29. ^ "Brexit: UK announces trade deal with Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein". BBC News. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  30. ^ Williamson, Gavin (September 30, 2018). "Defence Secretary announces new Defence Arctic Strategy". Government Digital Service. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018.
  31. ^ Tringham, Kate (9 March 2023). "UK establishes new military base in Northern Norway". Jane's Information Group. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  32. ^ "Norway to join UK Navy deployment to Indo-Pacific next year". GOV.UK. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.

Further reading

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  • Almlid, Geir K. Britain and Norway in Europe Since 1945: Outsiders (Springer Nature, 2020).
  • Barnes, Richard. "United Kingdom/Norway: Framework Agreement on Fisheries between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Kingdom of Norway." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 36.1 (2021): 155-164.
  • Garau, Salvatore. Fascism and Ideology: Italy, Britain, and Norway (Routledge, 2015) online.
  • Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden." Scandinavian Journal of History 15.3-4 (1990): 269-278.
  • Nelsen, Brent F. "Explaining Petroleum Policy in Britain and Norway, 1962‐90." Scandinavian political studies 15.4 (1992): 307-328. online
  • Riste, Olav. "Britain and Norway: from War to Cold War, 1944–1951." Scandinavian journal of history 37.2 (2012): 164-170.
  • Wilkins, William Henry. A Queen of Tears: Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway and Princess of Great Britain and Ireland (Longmans, Green, and Company, 1904) online.
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