1884 United States presidential election

For related races, see United States elections, 1884.

United States presidential election, 1884

November 4, 1884
All 401 electoral votes of the Electoral College 201 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout	77.5% 0.5 pp
Nominee Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine Party Democratic Republican Home state New York Maine Running mate Thomas A. Hendricks John A. Logan Electoral vote 219 182 States carried 20 18 Popular vote 4,914,482 4,856,905 Percentage 48.9% 48.3%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Cleveland/Hendricks, red denotes states won by Blaine/Logan. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Chester A. Arthur Republican Elected President Grover Cleveland Democratic

The United States presidential election of 1884 was the 25th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1884. It saw the first election of a Democrat as President of the United States since the Civil War. Governor Grover Cleveland of New York defeated Republican James G. Blaine of Maine.

Cleveland won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the 1884 Democratic National Convention. President Chester A. Arthur had acceded to the presidency in 1881 following the assassination of James A. Garfield, but he was unsuccessful in his bid for nomination to a full term. Blaine, who had served as Secretary of State under President Garfield, defeated Arthur and other candidates on the fourth ballot of the 1884 Republican National Convention. A group of reformist Republicans known as "Mugwumps" abandoned Blaine's candidacy, viewing him as corrupt. The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective. Blaine's reputation for public corruption and his inadvertent alienation of Catholic voters proved decisive.

In the election, Cleveland won 48.9% of the nationwide popular vote and 219 electoral votes, carrying the Solid South and several key swing states. Blaine won 48.3% of the popular vote and 182 electoral votes. Cleveland won his home state by just 1,047 votes; had he lost New York, he would have lost the election. Two third-party candidates, John St. John of the Prohibition Party and Benjamin Butler of the Greenback Party and the Anti-Monopoly Party, each won less than 2% of the popular vote.

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

Main article: 1884 Republican National Convention

Republican Party (United States) Republican Party Ticket, 1884
James G. Blaine	John A. Logan
for President	for Vice President
27th Speaker of the House (1869–1875)	U.S. Senator from Illinois (1871–1877 & 1879–1886)
Campaign

The 1884 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois, on June 3–6, with former Speaker of the House James G. Blaine from Maine, President Arthur, and Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont as the frontrunners. Though he was still popular, Arthur did not make a serious bid for a full-term nomination, knowing that his increasing health problems meant he would probably not survive a second term (he ultimately died in November 1886). Blaine led on the first ballot, with Arthur second, and Edmunds third. This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead, and he won a majority on the fourth ballot. After nominating Blaine, the convention chose Senator John A. Logan from Illinois as the vice-presidential nominee. Blaine remains the only Presidential nominee ever to come from Maine.

Famed Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman was considered a possible Republican candidate, but ruled himself out with what has become known as the Sherman pledge: "If drafted, I will not run; if nominated, I will not accept; if elected, I will not serve." Robert Todd Lincoln, Secretary of War of the United States, and son of the past President Abraham Lincoln, was also strongly courted by politicians and the media of the day to seek the presidential or vice-presidential nomination. Lincoln however was as averse to the nomination as Sherman was.

Democratic Party nomination

Main article: 1884 Democratic National Convention

Democratic Party (United States) Democratic Party Ticket, 1884
Grover Cleveland	Thomas A. Hendricks
for President	for Vice President
28th Governor of New York (1883–1885)	16th Governor of Indiana (1873–1877)
Campaign

The Democrats convened in Chicago on July 8–11, 1884, with New York Governor Grover Cleveland as clear frontrunner, the candidate of northern reformers and sound-money men (as opposed to inflationists). Although Tammany Hall bitterly opposed his nomination, the machine represented a minority of the New York delegation. Its only chance to block Cleveland was to break the unit rule, which mandated that the votes of an entire delegation be cast for only one candidate, and this it failed to do. Daniel N. Lockwood from New York placed Cleveland's name in nomination. But this rather lackluster address was eclipsed by the seconding speech of Edward S. Bragg from Wisconsin, who roused the delegates with a memorable slap at Tammany. "They love him, gentlemen," Bragg said of Cleveland, "and they respect him, not only for himself, for his character, for his integrity and judgment and iron will, but they love him most of all for the enemies he has made." As the convention rocked with cheers, Tammany boss John Kelly lunged at the platform, screaming that he welcomed the compliment.

On the first ballot, Cleveland led the field with 392 votes, more than 150 votes short of the nomination. Trailing him were Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware, 170; Allen G. Thurman from Ohio, 88; Samuel J. Randall from Pennsylvania, 78; and Joseph E. McDonald from Indiana, 56; with the rest scattered. Randall then withdrew in Cleveland's favor. This move, together with the Southern bloc scrambling aboard the Cleveland bandwagon, was enough to put him over the top of the second ballot, with 683 votes, to 81.5 for Bayard and 45.5 for Thomas A. Hendricks from Indiana. Hendricks was nominated unanimously for vice-president on the first ballot after John C. Black, William Rosecrans, and George Washington Glick withdrew their names from consideration.

Other parties and candidates

Anti-Monopoly Party nomination

Anti-Monopoly candidates:

• 
  Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts
• 
  Allen G. Thurman from Ohio
• 
  James B. Weaver from Iowa
  (Declined to be Nominated)

The Anti-Monopoly National Convention assembled in the Hershey Music Hall in Chicago, Illinois. The party had been formed to express opposition to the business practices of the emerging nationwide companies. There were around 200 delegates present from 16 states, but 61 of those delegates had come from Michigan and Illinois.

Alson Streeter was the temporary chairman and John F. Henry was the permanent chairmen.

Benjamin F. Butler was nominated for president on the first ballot. Delegates from New York, Washington D.C. and Maryland bolted the convention when it appeared that no discussion of other candidates would be allowed. Allen Thurman and James Weaver were put forward as alternatives to Butler, but Weaver declined, not wishing to run another national campaign for political office, and Thurman's name failed to generate much enthusiasm. Butler, while far from opposed to the nomination, hoped to be nominated by the Democratic or Republican parties, or at least in the case of the former, to influence the party platform into being more favorable to greenbacks. Ultimately however, only the Greenback Party would endorse his candidacy.

The convention chose not to nominate a candidate for vice-president, hoping that other conventions would endorse a similar platform and name a suitable vice-presidential nominee.

Presidential Ballot
Ballot	1st
Benjamin F. Butler	124
Allen G. Thurman	7
Solon Chase	1

Source: US President – A-M Convention. Our Campaigns. (February 14, 2012).

Greenback Party nomination

Greenback candidates:

• 
  Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts
• 
  Party Chairman Jesse Harper from Illinois

The 3rd Greenback Party National Convention assembled in English's Opera House in Indianapolis, Indiana. Delegates from 28 states and the District of Columbia were in attendance. The convention nominated Benjamin F. Butler for president over its Party Chairman Jesse Harper on the first ballot. Absolom M. West was nominated unanimously for vice-president, and subsequently was also endorsed by the Anti-Monopoly Party.

Butler had initially hoped to form a number of fusion slates with the "minority party" in each state, Democratic or Republican, and for his supporters of various parties to come together under a single "People's Party". Many in the two major parties however, while maybe agreeing with Butler's message and platform, were unwilling to place their support beyond the party line. In a number of places however, Iowa in particular, fusion slates were nominated; essentially, Butler's and Cleveland's votes would both be added together for the total vote of the fusion slate, allowing them to carry the state even if neither were to carry a plurality, with the electoral vote being divided according to the percentage of the vote each party net.

However, even if Fusion were carried out in every state in which it were considered possible (Indiana, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois), it would not have changed the end result, none of the states flipping from Blaine to Cleveland, with Butler winning a single electoral vote from Indiana.

Presidential Ballot
Ballot	1st
Benjamin F. Butler	323
Jesse Harper	98
Edward Phelps Allis	2
Solon Chase	2
David Davis	1

Source: US President – G Convention. Our Campaigns. (February 11, 2012).

American Prohibition Party nomination

• 
  Samuel C. Pomeroy from Kansas
  (Withdrew Aug 27, 1884)
  (Endorsed John St. John)

The American Prohibition Party held its national convention in the YMCA building in Chicago, Illinois. There were 150 delegates, including many non-voting delegates. The party sought to merge the reform movements of anti-masonry, prohibition, anti-polygamy, and direct election of the president into a new party. Jonathan Blanchard was a major figure within the party. He traveled throughout northern states in the spring and gave an address entitled "The American Party – Its Principles and Its Claims."

During the convention, the party name was changed from the American Party to the American Prohibition Party. The party had been known as the Anti-Masonic Party in 1880. Many of the delegates at the convention were initially interested in nominating John St. John, the former Governor of Kansas, but it was feared that such a nomination might cost him that of the Prohibition Party, which he was actively seeking. Party leaders met with Samuel C. Pomeroy, a former Senator from the same state who was the convention's runner-up for the nomination, and at Pomeroy's suggestion they agreed to withdraw the ticket from the race should St. John win the Prohibition Party nomination. Nominated alongside Pomeroy was John A. Conant from Connecticut.

John St. John would later unanimously win the Prohibition Party nomination, with Pomeroy and Conant withdrawing from the Presidential Contest and endorsing his candidacy. The New York Times speculated that the endorsement would "give him 40,000 votes".

Prohibition Party nomination

• 
  John St. John from Kansas

The fourth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Lafayette Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There were 505 delegates from 31 states and territories at the convention. The national ticket was nominated unanimously: John St. John for president and William Daniel for vice-president. The straightforward single-issue Prohibition Party platform advocated the criminalization of alcoholic beverages.

Presidential Ballot
Ballot	1st
John St. John	505

Source: US President – P Convention. Our Campaigns. (February 11, 2012).

Equal Rights Party nomination

• 
  Lawyer and Suffragette Belva Ann Lockwood from Washington, D.C.

Dissatisfied with resistance by the men of the major parties to women's suffrage, a small group of women announced the formation in 1884 of the Equal Rights Party.

The Equal Rights Party held its national convention in San Francisco, California on September 20. The convention nominated Belva Ann Lockwood, an attorney in Washington, D.C., for President. Chairman Marietta Stow, the first woman to preside over a national nominating convention, was nominated for vice-president.

Lockwood agreed to be the party's presidential candidate, even though most women in the United States did not yet have the right to vote. She said, "I cannot vote but I can be voted for." She was the first woman to run a full campaign for the office (Victoria Woodhull conducted a more limited campaign in 1872). The Equal Rights Party had no treasury, but Lockwood gave lectures to pay for campaign travel. She received approximately 4,194 votes nationally.

General election

Campaign

Campaign poster attacking Cleveland's morals

The issue of personal character was paramount in the 1884 campaign. Blaine had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the "Mulligan letters": in 1876, a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses. One such letter ended with the phrase "burn this letter", from which a popular chant of the Democrats arose – "Burn, burn, burn this letter!" In just one deal, he had received $110,150 (over $1.5 million in 2010 dollars) from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for securing a federal land grant, among other things. Democrats and anti-Blaine Republicans made unrestrained attacks on his integrity as a result. Cleveland, on the other hand, was known as "Grover the Good" for his personal integrity; in the space of the three previous years he had become successively the mayor of Buffalo, New York, and then the governor of the state of New York, cleaning up large amounts of Tammany Hall's graft.

This campaign poster purports to show the area of land grants to railroads

Commentator Jeff Jacoby notes that, "Not since George Washington had a candidate for president been so renowned for his rectitude." In July the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by sermons from a minister named George H. Ball, they charged that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo. When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth." Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who claimed he fathered her child, named Oscar Folsom Cleveland after Cleveland's friend and law partner, but asserted that the child's paternity was uncertain. Shortly before election day, The Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland her "life was pure and spotless," and "there is not, and never was, a doubt as to the paternity of our child, and the attempt of Grover Cleveland, or his friends, to couple the name of Oscar Folsom, or any one else, with that boy, for that purpose is simply infamous and false." Republican cartoonists across the land had a field day.

Cleveland's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal: it admitted that Cleveland had formed an "illicit connection" with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname. They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the father, and claimed that, by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child, he was merely doing his duty. Finally, they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum; her whereabouts were unknown. Blaine's supporters condemned Cleveland in the strongest of terms, singing "Ma, Ma, Where's my Pa?" (After Cleveland's victory, Cleveland supporters would respond to the taunt with: "Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha.") However, the Cleveland campaign's damage control worked well enough and the race remained a tossup through Election Day. The greatest threat to the Republicans came from reformers called "Mugwumps" who were angrier at Blaine's public corruption than at Cleveland's private affairs.

Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Blaine (Republican), shades of green are for Butler (Straight Greenback), and shades of yellow are for bolting electors (Whig Republican).

In the final week of the campaign, the Blaine campaign suffered a catastrophe. At a Republican meeting attended by Blaine, a group of New York preachers castigated the Mugwumps. Their spokesman, Reverend Dr. Samuel Burchard, made this fatal statement: "We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum, Romanism, and rebellion." Blaine did not notice Burchard's anti-Catholic slur, nor did the assembled newspaper reporters, but a Democratic operative did, and Cleveland's campaign managers made sure that it was widely publicized. The statement energized the Irish and Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York state and the election by the narrowest of margins.

In addition to Rev. Dr. Samuel Burchard's statement, it is also believed that John St. John's campaign was responsible for winning Cleveland the election in New York. Since Prohibitionists tended to ally more with Republicans, the Republican Party attempted to convince John St. John to drop out. When they failed, they resorted to slandering him. Because of this, he redoubled his efforts in upstate New York, where Blaine was vulnerable on his prohibition stance, and took votes away from the Republicans.

Results

In Burke County, Georgia, 895 votes were cast for bolting "Whig Republican" electors for president (they were not counted for Blaine).

Electoral results

Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
			Count	Percentage		Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote
Grover Cleveland	Democratic	New York	4,914,482	48.85%	219	Thomas A. Hendricks	Indiana	219
James G. Blaine	Republican	Maine	4,856,903	48.28%	182	John A. Logan	Illinois	182
John St. John	Prohibition	Kansas	147,482	1.50%	0	William Daniel	Maryland	0
Benjamin Franklin Butler	Greenback/Anti-Monopoly	Massachusetts	134,294	1.33%	0	Absolom M. West	Mississippi	0
Other			3,576	0.04%	—	Other		—
Total			10,049,754	100%	401			401
Needed to win					201			201

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1884 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005.

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote Cleveland   48.85% Blaine   48.28% St. John   1.50% Butler   1.33% Others   0.04%

Electoral vote Cleveland   54.61% Blaine   45.39%

Geography of results

• 
  Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Cartographic gallery

• 
  Map of presidential election results by county
• 
  Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
• 
  Map of Republican presidential election results by county
• 
  Map of "other" presidential election results by county

Results by state

Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.

States won by Cleveland/Hendricks

States won by Blaine/Logan

		Grover Cleveland Democratic			James Blaine Republican			John St. John Prohibition			Benjamin Butler Greenback			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	10	92,736	60.37	10	59,444	38.69	–	610	0.40	–	762	0.50	–	33,292	21.67	153,624	AL
Arkansas	7	72,734	57.83	7	51,198	40.70	–	–	–	–	1,847	1.47	–	21,536	17.12	125,779	AR
California	8	89,288	45.33	–	102,369	51.97	8	2,965	1.51	–	2,037	1.03	–	−13,081	−6.64	196,988	CA
Colorado	3	27,723	41.68	–	36,084	54.25	3	756	1.14	–	1,956	2.94	–	−8,361	−12.57	66,519	CO
Connecticut	6	67,182	48.95	6	65,898	48.01	–	2,493	1.82	–	1,684	1.23	–	1,284	0.94	137,257	CT
Delaware	3	16,957	56.55	3	12,953	43.20	–	64	0.21	–	10	0.03	–	4,004	13.35	29,984	DE
Florida	4	31,769	52.96	4	28,031	46.73	–	72	0.12	–	–	–	–	3,738	6.23	59,990	FL
Georgia	12	94,667	65.92	12	48,603	33.84	–	195	0.14	–	145	0.10	–	46,064	32.08	143,610	GA
Illinois	22	312,351	46.43	–	337,469	50.17	22	12,074	1.79	–	10,776	1.60	–	−25,118	−3.73	672,670	IL
Indiana	15	245,005	49.46	15	238,489	48.15	–	3,028	0.61	–	8,810	1.78	–	6,516	1.32	495,332	IN
Iowa	13	177,316	47.01	–	197,089	52.25	13	1,499	0.40	–	–	–	–	−19,773	−5.24	377,201	IA
Kansas	9	90,132	33.90	–	154,406	58.08	9	4,495	1.69	–	16,346	6.15	–	−64,274	−24.18	265,848	KS
Kentucky	13	152,961	55.32	13	118,690	42.93	–	3,139	1.14	–	1,691	0.61	–	34,271	12.40	276,481	KY
Louisiana	8	62,594	57.22	8	46,347	42.37	–	338	0.31	–	120	0.11	–	16,247	14.85	109,399	LA
Maine	6	52,153	39.97	–	72,217	55.34	6	2,160	1.66	–	3,955	3.03	–	−20,064	−15.38	130,491	ME
Maryland	8	96,866	52.07	8	85,748	46.10	–	2,827	1.52	–	578	0.31	–	11,118	5.98	186,019	MD
Massachusetts	14	122,352	40.33	–	146,724	48.36	14	9,923	3.27	–	24,382	8.04	–	−24,372	−8.03	303,383	MA
Michigan	13	189,361	47.20	–	192,669	48.02	13	18,403	4.59	–	753	0.19	–	−3,308	−0.82	401,186	MI
Minnesota	7	70,065	36.87	–	111,685	58.78	7	4,684	2.47	–	3,583	1.89	–	−41,620	−21.90	190,017	MN
Mississippi	9	77,653	64.34	9	43,035	35.66	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	34,618	28.68	120,688	MS
Missouri	16	236,023	53.49	16	203,081	46.02	–	2,164	0.49	–	–	–	–	32,942	7.47	441,268	MO
Nebraska	5	54,391	40.53	–	76,912	57.31	5	2,899	2.16	–	–	–	–	−22,521	−16.78	134,202	NE
Nevada	3	5,578	43.59	–	7,193	56.21	3	–	–	–	26	0.20	–	−1,615	−12.62	12,797	NV
New Hampshire	4	39,198	46.34	–	43,254	51.14	4	1,580	1.87	–	554	0.65	–	−4,056	−4.80	84,586	NH
New Jersey	9	127,798	48.98	9	123,440	47.31	–	6,159	2.36	–	3,496	1.34	–	4,358	1.67	260,921	NJ
New York	36	563,154	48.25	36	562,005	48.15	–	25,006	2.14	–	17,004	1.46	–	1,149	0.10	1,167,169	NY
North Carolina	11	142,905	53.25	11	125,021	46.59	–	430	0.16	–	–	–	–	17,884	6.66	268,356	NC
Ohio	23	368,280	46.94	–	400,082	50.99	23	11,069	1.41	–	5,179	0.66	–	−31,802	−4.05	784,610	OH
Oregon	3	24,604	46.70	–	26,860	50.99	3	492	0.93	–	726	1.38	–	−2,256	−4.28	52,682	OR
Pennsylvania	30	392,785	43.46	–	478,804	52.97	30	15,283	1.69	–	16,992	1.88	–	−86,019	−9.52	903,864	PA
Rhode Island	4	12,391	37.81	–	19,030	58.07	4	928	2.83	–	422	1.29	–	−6,639	−20.26	32,771	RI
South Carolina	9	69,845	75.25	9	21,730	23.41	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	48,115	51.84	92,812	SC
Tennessee	12	133,770	51.45	12	124,101	47.74	–	1,150	0.44	–	957	0.37	–	9,669	3.72	259,978	TN
Texas	13	225,309	69.26	13	93,141	28.63	–	3,534	1.09	–	3,321	1.02	–	132,168	40.63	325,305	TX
Vermont	4	17,331	29.18	–	39,514	66.52	4	1,753	2.95	–	785	1.32	–	−22,183	−37.34	59,401	VT
Virginia	12	145,491	51.05	12	139,356	48.90	–	130	0.05	–	–	–	–	6,135	2.15	284,977	VA
West Virginia	6	67,311	50.94	6	63,096	47.75	–	939	0.71	–	799	0.60	–	4,215	3.19	132,145	WV
Wisconsin	11	146,453	45.79	–	161,135	50.38	11	7,649	2.39	–	4,598	1.44	–	−14,682	−4.59	319,835	WI
TOTALS:	401	4,914,482	48.85	219	4,856,903	48.28	182	150,890	1.50	–	134,294	1.33	–	57,579	0.57	10,060,145	US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 5% (172 electoral votes):

1. New York, 0.10%
2. Michigan, 0.82%
3. Connecticut, 0.94%
4. Indiana, 1.32%
5. New Jersey, 1.67%
6. Virginia, 2.15%
7. West Virginia, 3.19%
8. Tennessee, 3.72%
9. Illinois, 3.73%
10. Ohio, 4.05%
11. Oregon, 4.28%
12. Wisconsin, 4.59%
13. New Hampshire, 4.80%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (104 electoral votes):

1. Iowa, 5.24%
2. Maryland, 5.98%
3. Florida, 6.23%
4. California, 6.64%
5. North Carolina, 6.66%
6. Missouri, 7.47%
7. Massachusetts, 8.03%
8. Pennsylvania, 9.52%

See also

Dance card cover depicting the candidates

• American election campaigns in the 19th century
• History of the United States (1865–1918)
• First inauguration of Grover Cleveland
• United States House elections, 1884
• United States Senate elections, 1884
• President of the United States
• Third Party System

References

• Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp. 74–97.
• Hirsch, Mark. "Election of 1884," in History of Presidential Elections: Volume III 1848–1896, ed. Arthur Schlesinger and Fred Israel (1971), 3:1578.
• Josephson, Matthew (1938). The Politicos: 1865–1896.
• Keller, Morton (1977). Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America.
• Kleppner, Paul (1979). The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures.
• Lynch, G. Patrick "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered." Polity 35#1 (2002) pp 29–50. in JSTOR, focus on voting behavior in 1884
• Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would be President (2007). online version, focus on 1884
• Morgan, H. Wayne (1969). From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896.
• Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration. {{cite book}}: |format= requires |url= (help)
• Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000) online version
• "1884 Election Cleveland v. Blaine Overview", HarpWeek, July 26, 2008.
• Roberts, North (2004). Encyclopedia of Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms.
• Thomas, Harrison Cook, The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 (1919) online

Primary sources

• The Republican Campaign Text Book for 1884. Republican Congressional Committee. 1882.

External links

• United States presidential election of 1884 at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Presidential Election of 1884: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
• 1884 popular vote by counties
• How close was the 1884 election? — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion" . Encyclopedia Americana.
• Election of 1884 in Counting the Votes