User:Akbermamps/Effects of Typhoon Mangkhut in the Philippines

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Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong)
Violent typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Mangkhut making landfall on Cagayan on September 14
DurationSeptember 14–15
Winds10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
1-minute sustained: 285 km/h (180 mph)
Pressure905 hPa (mbar); 26.72 inHg
Fatalities82 confirmed, higher reported; 2 or higher missing
Damage$627 million (2018 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines
Part of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season

The Philippines, mainly northern Luzon, was severely affected by Typhoon Mangkhut during September 2018. Known in the Philippines by the local name Ompong assigned by the PAGASA—the national meteorological service for the country,[1] Mangkhut was the second-deadliest tropical cyclone to affect the Philippines in 2018, the strongest typhoon to affect the country since Typhoon Haiyan, and the costliest for the country in that year's Pacific typhoon season,[2]: 24, 30, 125 [3] causing ₱33.9 billion (US$627 million) in damage. Mangkhut officially caused 82 fatalities; however, other sources have reported higher death tolls.

Background[edit]

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)—the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre for the northwestern Pacific Ocean,[4] first recognized Mangkhut as a tropical depression on September 6 at 12:00 UTC. Continuing westward, the system was upgraded to a tropical storm by the next day, being given the name Mangkhut by the JMA.[5] Mangkhut entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility on September 12 at 07:00 UTC,[6] being assigned the name Ompong by the PAGASA. Sustaining its intensity, Mangkhut temporarily turned northwest before resuming westward movement as it neared land. Despite undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle, Mangkhut still maintained its strength, and on September 14 at 18:00 UTC, Mangkhut made landfall on Baggao. Following a brief period of weakening over rough terrain, it re-emerged over water, exiting the designated area of responsibility the next day.[2]: 95–96 

Preparations[edit]

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte during a conference at the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council office

Due to bad weather, a total of 283 flights were cancelled, with the last flights resuming on September 21. 968 cities or municipalities suspended classes as Mangkhut approached, with cancellations first occurring on September 12 and the final schools reopening on September 26.[7]

On September 12, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) went under alert level red;[8] Chief of the Philippine National Police Oscar Albayalde announced that he would place all police units under full alert by September 13,[9] with Cagayan governor Manuel Mamba ordering the closing of schools and government offices.[10] The mayor of Santa Ana, Cagayan, Darwin Tobias, ordered residents near the coast to evacuate following warnings of high storm surge on September 13,[11] with the Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation raising its Emergency Operations Center's alert level to red on the same day.[12] As Mangkhut neared landfall, the Philippine Red Cross (PRC), UNICEF, and Action Against Hunger mobilized personnel and resources in preparation for the storm's impacts.[13][14][15]

Highest Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal Raised[2]: 98 
Signal No. Places Raised
4
 Abra, Apayao, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, northern Isabela, Kalinga
3
 northern Aurora, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, southern Isabela, La Union Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino
2
 southern Aurora, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Zambales
1
 Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Masbate, Metro Manila, northern Occidental Mindoro, northern Oriental Mindoro, Rizal, Sorsogon, Quezon

Impact[edit]

Bustos Dam releasing water on September 17

The NDRRMC has estimated that ₱33.9 billion (US$627 million) in damage was incurred and reported that 82 people had died;[7] some sources give higher death tolls.[nb 1] The NDRRMC also reported that 138 people were injured, with two people remaining missing.[7] Over 3.8 million people were affected in total, with the Ilocos Region having the most people affected. 1.5 million people were displaced, with over 300 thousand houses being damaged.[23] 34 thousand schools and 15 million students were impacted.[24] Mangkhut affected the same areas Typhoon Haima did two years prior, further worsening the situation of those impacted during Typhoon Haima.[25]

Northern Luzon[edit]

Of the 82 deaths reported by the NDRRMC, all but one occurred in the Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, and Cordillera Administrative Region. Rappler reported that 120 people died in the Cordillera Administrative Region alone, also reporting that 8 people were missing in the region.[21]

Following sudden heavy rains over the province of Benguet on September 15, a landslide occurred in the town of Itogon, killing 51[nb 2] people after the landslide buried a concrete bunkhouse previously owned by the Benguet Corporation that was used as an evacuation shelter and other structures under 30 feet (9.1 metres) of mud.[27] The landslide occurred in an area highly susceptible to landslides; despite this, other warnings, and visits from authorities, residents refused to evacuate.[28] The PAGASA report on the situation described it as "a disaster in the making" and "entirely preventable".[2]: 127–135 

Aparri recorded a gust of 180 km/h (110 mph), with Tuguegarao recording a minimum pressure of 949 hPa (28.02 inHg). Baguio recorded 536 mm (21.1 in) of rain in 24 hours, also recording a total of 795 mm (31.3 in) during Mangkhut's passage.[2]: 96 

crops affected

Response[edit]

On September 14, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) took out CHF83 thousand (US$86 thousand, ₱4.6 million) from its emergency fund to aid in its preparations in Northern Luzon.[29] 2 days later, the Qatar Red Crescent Society withdrew US$100 thousand (₱5.4 million) from its disaster fund to aid in relief and began a fundraiser for an additional US$1 million (QR3.65 million, ₱5.41 million),[30] with the Australian Government pledging AUD800 thousand (US$572 thousand, ₱30.9 million) worth of supplies.[31] By September 18, the IFRC prepared another CHF400 thousand (US$416 thousand, ₱22.4 million) for aid, launching an emergency appeal for an additional CHF2.7 million (US$2.8 million, ₱150 million) to support the PRC.[32] On the same day, the Government of South Korea planned to give US$300 thousand (₱16.2 million) in aid.[33] On September 20, the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation donated €480 thousand (US$560 thousand, ₱30.3 million) to alleviate the effects on affected communities.[34] A few days later, the Hong Kong Red Cross mobilized HK$200 thousand (US$25 thousand, ₱1.4 million) to aid the IFRC and its operations.[35] By October, the World Bank donated US$496 million (₱26.8 billion) to aid in the recovery of affected areas;[36] the Government of Hong Kong pledged to donate US$548 thousand (₱29.6 million) for relief.[37] In late November, Xi Jinping pledged to donate 10 thousand tons of rice to affected localities.[38] The DSWD provided ₱148 million (US$2.74 million) in total for assistance to affected individuals, with ₱11.6 million (US$215 thousand) being provided by other organizations.[23] The European Commission mobilized a €2 million (US$2.33 million) aid package to the typhoon's victims.[39] The ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance donated US$275 thousand (₱14.7 million) worth of supplies, including 30 tonnes of rice.[40] Several organizations such as the United Nations Population Fund,[41] Catholic Relief Services,[42] and Oxfam provided aid to impacted areas.[43] As some locations remained flooded, local health units began monitoring the potential for disease outbreaks.[44] Relief operations were stunted in some areas due to the isolation and inaccessibility of the communities.[45]

report ifrc final report hectares affected? report act alliance report wfp sitrep wfp sep wfp nov

Aftermath[edit]

Tuguegarao Airport after re-opening on September 18

Agricultural damages at ₱26.8 billion (US$495 million)[7] came as the Philippines was undergoing rice shortages, heightened food prices, and the highest inflation levels since 2009. Crops were destroyed days before they were planned to be harvested; in areas Mangkhut impacted, half of those in the regions relied on agriculture for their livelihoods.[46][47] By September 17, the price of rice had already risen by up to 50 percent.[48] Roxas, Isabela experienced a loss of 90 percent of its vegetable crop.[49]

Following the Itogon landslide, Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources Roy Cimatu ordered the cessation of small-scale mining in the Cordillera Administrative Region on September 17, also revoking small-scale mining permits in Itogon.[50]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The exact numbers given by the sources are 88,[16][17] 95,[18] 100,[19] 113,[20] 120,[21] and 127.[22]
  2. ^ Another source reports that 77 bodies were recovered and that more were missing.[26]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Devastating tropical cyclones Florence and Mangkhut raise renewed questions about climate change". World Meteorological Organization. September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 6, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e Duran, Samuel F.; Galang, Juanito S.; Gile, Robb P.; et al. (June 2020). DOST-PAGASA Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (Report). Quezon City, Philippines: PAGASA. ISSN 2672-3190. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  3. ^ "Typhoon Ompong (Mangkhut) in the Philippines". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved November 25, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000 (PDF) (Report). February 2001. pp. iii–1. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  5. ^ Annual Report on the Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center 2018 (PDF) (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 26, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  6. ^ "Severe Weather Bulletin No. 01 for Typhoon "Ompong"" (PDF). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b c d "SitRep No. 57 re Preparedness Measures for Typhoon "Ompong" (I.N. "Mangkhut")" (PDF). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. Quezon City, Philippines. October 6, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Flash Update: No. 01 – Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong) 12 Sep 2018". AHA Centre. September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Romano, Karl; Maitem, Jeoffrey (September 12, 2018). "Philippines Braces, Prepares for Typhoon Mangkhut". BenarNews. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  10. ^ "Philippines, Hong Kong Brace for Super Typhoon Mangkhut". Voice of America. September 12, 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  11. ^ Maitem, Jeoffrey; Romano, Karl (September 13, 2018). "Thousands of Filipinos Flee Coming Typhoon". BenarNews. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  12. ^ "Philippine private sector prepares for Super Typhoon Mangkhut". Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation. Makati City, Philippines. September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ "PRC deploys rescue, relief assets to Nueva Vizcaya for 'Mangkhut' ops". Philippine Red Cross. September 13, 2018. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
  14. ^ "UNICEF concerned for children at risk, stands ready to support government response to Super Typhoon Mangkhut/Ompong". UNICEF. September 14, 2018. Archived from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
  15. ^ "Philippines: Action Against Hunger prepared for Typhoon Mangkhut". Action Against Hunger. September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ Cruz, Maricel (September 21, 2018). "'Ompong' death toll rises to 88; Itogon searchers step up rescue". Manila Standard. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  17. ^ "AMDA Emergency Relief #1: Philippines Typhoon/Monsoon Disaster". Association of Medical Doctors of Asia. September 26, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2022 – via ReliefWeb.
  18. ^ "Death toll in Philippine landslides rises to 95". India TV. September 24, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  19. ^ "Update: Typhoon Ompong (Mangkhut) as of 27 September 2018, 2:00 PM". World Health Organization. September 27, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2022 – via ReliefWeb.
  20. ^ Faith, Mary Rose (September 26, 2018). "Death toll in Itogon landslide jumps to 113; 19 victims still missing". Eagle News. Net 25. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  21. ^ a b Cimatu, Frank (September 30, 2018). "Retrieval operations end at Itogon landslide site". Rappler. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  22. ^ Lanao, Girlie (September 22, 2018). "Typhoon Mangkhut death toll hits 127". The West Australian. Australian Associated Press. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  23. ^ a b "DSWD DROMIC Report #66 on Typhoon "Ompong" [I.N. Mangkhut]". Department of Social Welfare and Development Disaster Response Operations Monitoring and Information Center. November 6, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "Flash Update Philippines Typhoon Mangkhut No. 02 15 September 2018". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. September 15, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2021 – via Mailchimp.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ "Communities in northern Philippines will take years to recover from devastation, aid agency warns". Islamic Relief. September 17, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  26. ^ Romano, Karl (October 3, 2018). "Philippine Officials Stop Search and Retrieval Operations at Landslide Sites". BenarNews. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  27. ^ Maitem, Jeoffrey; Romano, Karl; Liwanag, Luis (September 17, 2018). "Philippines: Rescuers Dig through 30 Feet of Mud in Search for Typhoon Survivors". BenarNews. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  28. ^ Talabong, Rambo (September 22, 2018). "Itogon tragedy: Disaster response gone wrong". Rappler. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  29. ^ "Philippines: Communities, responders on highest alert as typhoon Mangkhut bears down on Luzon". International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. September 14, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ "QRCS Allocates $100,000, to Raise $1 mln for Typhoon Victim Relief". Qatar Red Crescent Society (in English and Arabic). September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "Philippines Typhoon Mangkhut: Flash Update No. 03 16 September 2018". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ^ Philippines: Typhoon Mangkhut Emergency appeal n° MDRPH029 (Report). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. September 18, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
  33. ^ "ROK Government to Provide US$300,000 in Humanitarian Aid to Typhoon-hit Philippines" (Press release). South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. September 18, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
  34. ^ "España contribuye con 480.500 euros a paliar la crisis humanitaria ocasionada por el tifón Mangkhut en Filipinas". Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (in Spanish). September 20, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  35. ^ Typhoon Mangkhut 2018 - Philippines: Work Report 1 (Report). Hong Kong Red Cross. September 24, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  36. ^ "World Bank Releases US$496 Million to Assist Philippines after Typhoon Ompong". World Bank. October 2, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  37. ^ "Grant approved for typhoon victims in the Philippines". Government of Hong Kong. October 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  38. ^ Emasquel II, Paterno (November 20, 2018). "Duterte and Xi tackle drugs, Marawi, infrastructure". Rappler. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  39. ^ "The EU brings relief to victims of Tropical Cyclone Mangkhut in the Philippines". Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. September 18, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ Kurniawan, Shintya (October 31, 2018). "One ASEAN One Response for Typhoon Mangkhut". Vol. 43. ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
  41. ^ "UNFPA ready to support government's response to Typhoon Ompong". United Nations Population Fund. September 17, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  42. ^ "CRS Responding to Typhoon Mangkhut in the Philippines". Catholic Relief Services. September 18, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  43. ^ "Oxfam and partners prepare to deliver clean water and shelter to thousands in Typhoon Mangkhut aftermath". Oxfam. September 16, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.
  44. ^ Flash Update No. 5 – Philippines: Typhoon Mangkhut (Report). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. September 18, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2021 – via ReliefWeb.
  45. ^ Fauveau, Nath (September 21, 2018). "Reaching remote communities in the Philippines". Medair. Retrieved January 5, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ "Christian Aid warns of food insecurity in remote areas in wake of Typhoon Mangkhut". Christian Aid. September 16, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ^ "Philippines: More than a million children missing out on education as thousands of schools remain shut following "Super" Typhoon Mangkhut". Save the Children. September 17, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ "Responding to Typhoon Mangkhut". Episcopal Relief & Development. September 17, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ^ Soetandyo, Myra (September 17, 2018). "Philippines typhoon causes major damage". Caritas Internationalis. Retrieved September 22, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ^ Ranada, Pia (September 17, 2018). "Cimatu orders stop to Cordillera small-scale mining after Ompong landslides". Rappler. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
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