Woolly rhinoceros

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Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Superfamily	Rhinocerotoidea
Family:	Rhinocerotidae
Genus:	†Coelodonta
Species:	†C. antiquitatis
Binomial name
†Coelodonta antiquitatis (Bronn, 1831)
Synonyms
Rhinoceros lenenesis (Pallas) Rhinoceros antiquitatis (Blumenbach) Rhinoceros tichorhinus (Fischer.)

Supereon	Eon	Era	Period	Epoch	Age	Major events	Start, million years ago
n/a	Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	4.2 kiloyear event, Little Ice Age, increasing industrial CO₂.	0.0042^*
					Northgrippian	8.2 kiloyear event, Holocene climatic optimum. Bronze Age.	0.0082^*
					Greenlandian	Current interglacial begins. Sea level flooding of Doggerland and Sundaland. Sahara desert forms. Neolithic agriculture.	0.0117^*
				Pleistocene	Late ('Tarantian')	Eemian interglacial, Last glacial period, ending with Younger Dryas. Toba eruption. Megafauna extinction.	0.126
					Chibanian	High amplitude 100 ka glacial cycles. Rise of Homo sapiens.	0.781
					Calabrian	Further cooling of the climate. Spread of Homo erectus.	1.8^*
					Gelasian	Start of Quaternary glaciations. Rise of the Pleistocene megafauna and Homo habilis.	2.58^*
			Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Greenland ice sheet develops. Australopithecus common in East Africa.	3.6^*
				Pliocene	Zanclean	Zanclean flooding of the Mediterranean Basin. Cooling climate. Ardipithecus in Africa.	5.333^*
				Miocene	Messinian	Messinian Event with hypersaline lakes in empty Mediterranean Basin. Moderate Icehouse climate, punctuated by ice ages and re-establishment of East Antarctic Ice Sheet; Gradual separation of human and chimpanzee ancestors. Sahelanthropus tchadensis in Africa.	7.246^*
					Tortonian		11.63^*
					Serravallian	Warmer during middle Miocene climate optimum. Extinctions in middle Miocene disruption.	13.82^*
					Langhian		15.97
					Burdigalian	Orogeny in Northern Hemisphere. Start of Kaikoura Orogeny forming Southern Alps in New Zealand. Widespread forests slowly draw in massive amounts of CO₂, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO₂ from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv during the Miocene. Modern mammal and bird families become recognizable. Horses and mastodons diverse. Grasses become ubiquitous. Ancestor of apes, including humans.	20.44
					Aquitanian		23.03^*
			Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Grande Coupure extinction. Start of widespread Antarctic glaciation. Rapid evolution and diversification of fauna, especially mammals. Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of flowering plants	28.1
				Oligocene	Rupelian		33.9^*
				Eocene	Priabonian	Moderate, cooling climate. Archaic mammals (e.g. Creodonts, "Condylarths", Uintatheres, etc.) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. Primitive whales diversify. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its ice cap; End of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains in North America. Orogeny of the Alps in Europe begins. Hellenic Orogeny begins in Greece and Aegean Sea.	37.8
					Bartonian		41.2
					Lutetian		47.8^*
					Ypresian	Two transient events of global warming (PETM and ETM-2) and warming climate until the Eocene Climatic Optimum. The Azolla event decreased CO₂ levels from 3500 ppm to 650 ppm, setting the stage for a long period of cooling. Indian Subcontinent collides with Asia and starts Himalayan Orogeny.	56^*
				Paleocene	Thanetian	Starts with Chicxulub impact and the K-Pg extinction event. Climate tropical. Modern plants appear; Mammals diversify into a number of lineages following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. First large mammals (up to bear or small hippo size). Alpine orogeny in Europe and Asia begins.	59.2^*
					Selandian		61.6^*
					Danian		66^*
		Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late	Maastrichtian	Flowering plants proliferate, along with new types of insects. More modern teleost fish begin to appear. Ammonoidea, belemnites, rudist bivalves, echinoids and sponges all common. Many new types of dinosaurs (e.g. Tyrannosaurs, Titanosaurs, Hadrosaurs, and Ceratopsids) evolve on land, as do Eusuchia (modern crocodilians); and mosasaurs and modern sharks appear in the sea. Birds toothed and toothless coexist with pterosaurs. Monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals appear. Break up of Gondwana. Beginning of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains. atmospheric CO₂ close to present-day levels.	72.1 ± 0.2^*
					Campanian		83.6 ± 0.2
					Santonian		86.3 ± 0.5^*
					Coniacian		89.8 ± 0.3
					Turonian		93.9^*
					Cenomanian		100.5^*
				Early	Albian		~113
					Aptian		~125
					Barremian		~129.4
					Hauterivian		~132.9
					Valanginian		~139.8
					Berriasian		~145
			Jurassic	Late	Tithonian		152.1 ± 0.9
					Kimmeridgian		157.3 ± 1.0
					Oxfordian		163.5 ± 1.0
				Middle	Callovian		166.1 ± 1.2
					Bathonian		168.3 ± 1.3^*
					Bajocian		170.3 ± 1.4^*
					Aalenian		174.1 ± 1.0^*
				Early	Toarcian		182.7 ± 0.7^*
					Pliensbachian		190.8 ± 1.0^*
					Sinemurian		199.3 ± 0.3^*
					Hettangian		201.3 ± 0.2^*
			Triassic	Late	Rhaetian	Archosaurs dominant on land as dinosaurs and in the air as pterosaurs. Ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs dominate large marine fauna. Cynodonts become smaller and more mammal-like, while first mammals and crocodilia appear. Dicroidiumflora common on land. Many large aquatic temnospondyl amphibians. Ceratitic ammonoids extremely common. Modern corals and teleost fish appear, as do many modern insect clades. Andean Orogeny in South America. Cimmerian Orogeny in Asia. Rangitata Orogeny begins in New Zealand. Hunter-Bowen Orogeny in Northern Australia, Queensland and New South Wales ends, (c. 260–225 Ma)	~208.5
					Norian		~227
					Carnian		~237^*
				Middle	Ladinian		~242^*
				Middle	Anisian		247.2
				Early	Olenekian		251.2
				Early	Induan		251.902 ± 0.06^*
		Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Landmasses unite into supercontinent Pangaea, creating the Appalachians. End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. Synapsids including (pelycosaurs and therapsids) become plentiful, while parareptiles and temnospondyl amphibians remain common. In the mid-Permian, coal-age flora are replaced by cone-bearing gymnosperms (the first true seed plants) and by the first true mosses. Beetles and flies evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; productid and spiriferid brachiopods, bivalves, forams, and ammonoids all abundant. Permian-Triassic extinction event occurs 251 Ma: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all trilobites, graptolites, and blastoids. Ouachita and Innuitian orogenies in North America. Uralian orogeny in Europe/Asia tapers off. Altaid orogeny in Asia. Hunter-Bowen Orogeny on Australian continent begins (c. 260–225 Ma), forming the MacDonnell Ranges.	254.14 ± 0.07^*
				Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		259.1 ± 0.4^*
				Guadalupian	Capitanian		265.1 ± 0.4^*
					Wordian		268.8 ± 0.5^*
					Roadian		272.95 ± 0.5^*
				Cisuralian	Kungurian		283.5 ± 0.6
					Artinskian		290.1 ± 0.26
					Sakmarian		295 ± 0.18
					Asselian		298.9 ± 0.15^*
			Carbon-iferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Winged insects radiate suddenly; some (esp. Protodonata and Palaeodictyoptera) are quite large. Amphibians common and diverse. First reptiles and coal forests (scale trees, ferns, club trees, giant horsetails, Cordaites, etc.). Highest-ever atmospheric oxygen levels. Goniatites, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. Testate forams proliferate. Uralian orogeny in Europe and Asia. Variscan orogeny occurs towards middle and late Mississippian Periods.	303.7 ± 0.1
Kasimovian	307 ± 0.1
Moscovian	315.2 ± 0.2
Bashkirian	323.2 ± 0.4^*
Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Large primitive trees, first land vertebrates, and amphibious sea-scorpions live amid coal-forming coastal swamps. Lobe-finned rhizodonts are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early sharks are common and quite diverse; echinoderms (especially crinoids and blastoids) abundant. Corals, bryozoa, goniatites and brachiopods (Productida, Spiriferida, etc.) very common, but trilobites and nautiloids decline. Glaciation in East Gondwana. Tuhua Orogeny in New Zealand tapers off.	330.9 ± 0.2
	Viséan				346.7 ± 0.4^*
	Tournaisian				358.9 ± 0.4^*
Devonian	Late		Famennian	First clubmosses, horsetails and ferns appear, as do the first seed-bearing plants (progymnosperms), first trees (the progymnosperm Archaeopteris), and first (wingless) insects. Strophomenid and atrypid brachiopods, rugose and tabulate corals, and crinoids are all abundant in the oceans. Goniatite ammonoids are plentiful, while squid-like coleoids arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes (placoderms, lobe-finned and ray-finned fish, and early sharks) rule the seas. First tetrapods still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of Euramerica. Beginning of Acadian Orogeny for Anti-Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and Appalachian Mountains of North America, also the Antler, Variscan, and Tuhua Orogeny in New Zealand.	372.2 ± 1.6^*
	Late		Frasnian		382.7 ± 1.6^*
	Middle		Givetian		387.7 ± 0.8^*
	Middle		Eifelian		393.3 ± 1.2^*
	Early		Emsian		407.6 ± 2.6^*
			Pragian		410.8 ± 2.8^*
			Lochkovian		419.2 ± 3.2^*
Silurian	Pridoli		First vascular plants (the rhyniophytes and their relatives), first millipedes and arthropleurids on land. First jawed fishes, as well as many armoured jawless fish, populate the seas. Sea-scorpions reach large size. Tabulate and rugose corals, brachiopods (Pentamerida, Rhynchonellida, etc.), and crinoids all abundant. Trilobites and mollusks diverse; graptolites not as varied. Beginning of Caledonian Orogeny for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the Scandinavian Mountains. Also continued into Devonian period as the Acadian Orogeny, above. Taconic Orogeny tapers off. Lachlan Orogeny on Australian continent tapers off.	423 ± 2.3^*
	Ludlow			Ludfordian	425.6 ± 0.9^*
	Ludlow			Gorstian	427.4 ± 0.5^*
	Wenlock			Homerian	430.5 ± 0.7^*
	Wenlock			Sheinwoodian	433.4 ± 0.8^*
	Llandovery			Telychian	438.5 ± 1.1^*
				Aeronian	440.8 ± 1.2^*
				Rhuddanian	443.8 ± 1.5^*
Ordovician	Late		Hirnantian	Invertebrates diversify into many new types (e.g., long straight-shelled cephalopods). Early corals, articulate brachiopods (Orthida, Strophomenida, etc.), bivalves, nautiloids, trilobites, ostracods, bryozoa, many types of echinoderms (crinoids, cystoids, starfish, etc.), branched graptolites, and other taxa all common. Conodonts (early planktonic vertebrates) appear. First green plants and fungi on land. Ice age at end of period.	445.2 ± 1.4^*
			Katian		453 ± 0.7^*
			Sandbian		458.4 ± 0.9^*
	Middle		Darriwilian		467.3 ± 1.1^*
	Middle		Dapingian		470 ± 1.4^*
	Early		Floian(formerly Arenig)		477.7 ± 1.4^*
	Early		Tremadocian		485.4 ± 1.9^*
Cambrian	Furongian		Stage 10	Major diversification of life in the Cambrian Explosion. Numerous fossils; most modern animal phyla appear. First chordates appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic phyla. Reef-building Archaeocyatha abundant; then vanish. Trilobites, priapulid worms, sponges, inarticulate brachiopods (unhinged lampshells), and numerous other animals. Anomalocarids are giant predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die out. Prokaryotes, protists (e.g., forams), fungi and algae continue to present day. Gondwana emerges. Petermann Orogeny on the Australian continent tapers off (550–535 Ma). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica. Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny), majority of orogenic activity from 514–500 Ma. Lachlan Orogeny on Australian continent, c. 540–440 Ma. Atmospheric CO₂ content roughly 15 times present-day (Holocene) levels (6000 ppmv compared to today's 400 ppmv)	~489.5
			Jiangshanian		~494^*
			Paibian		~497^*
	Miaolingian		Guzhangian		~500.5^*
			Drumian		~504.5^*
			Wuliuan		~509
	Series 2		Stage 4		~514
	Series 2		Stage 3		~521
	Terreneuvian		Stage 2		~529
	Terreneuvian		Fortunian		~541 ± 1.0^*
Precambrian	Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran	Good fossils of the first multi-celled animals. Ediacaran biota flourish worldwide in seas. Simple trace fossils of possible worm-like Trichophycus, etc. First sponges and trilobitomorphs. Enigmatic forms include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like Dickinsonia). Taconic Orogeny in North America. Aravalli Range orogeny in Indian Subcontinent. Beginning of Petermann Orogeny on Australian continent. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633–620 Ma.			~635^*
		Cryogenian		Possible "Snowball Earth" period. Fossils still rare. Rodinia landmass begins to break up. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off.			~720
		Tonian		Rodinia supercontinent persists. Sveconorwegian orogeny ends. Trace fossils of simple multi-celled eukaryotes. First radiation of dinoflagellate-like acritarchs. Grenville Orogeny tapers off in North America. Pan-African orogeny in Africa. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica, 1,000 ± 150 Ma. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920 – 850 Ma), Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia. Adelaide Geosyncline laid down on Australian continent, beginning of Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny) in Australia.			1000
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian	Narrow highly metamorphic belts due to orogeny as Rodinia forms. Sveconorwegian orogeny starts. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1,080 Ma), Musgrave Block, Central Australia.			1200
			Ectasian	Platform covers continue to expand. Green algae colonies in the seas. Grenville Orogeny in North America.			1400
			Calymmian	Platform covers expand. Barramundi Orogeny, McArthur Basin, Northern Australia, and Isan Orogeny, c.1,600 Ma, Mount Isa Block, Queensland			1600
		Paleoproterozoic	Statherian	First complex single-celled life: protists with nuclei. Columbia is the primordial supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on Yilgarn craton, in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1,680–1,620 Ma, on the Gascoyne Complex in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1,650 Ma), Gawler Craton, South Australia.			1800
			Orosirian	The atmosphere becomes oxygenic. Vredefort and Sudbury Basin asteroid impacts. Much orogeny. Penokean and Trans-Hudsonian Orogenies in North America. Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica, 2,000–1,700 Ma. Glenburgh Orogeny, Glenburgh Terrane, Australian continent c. 2,005–1,920 Ma. Kimban Orogeny, Gawler craton in Australian continent begins.			2050
			Rhyacian	Bushveld Igneous Complex forms. Huronian glaciation.			2300
			Siderian	Oxygen catastrophe: banded iron formations forms. Sleaford Orogeny on Australian continent, Gawler Craton 2,440–2,420 Ma.			2500
	Archean	Neoarchean	Stabilization of most modern cratons; possible mantle overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2,650 ± 150 Ma. Abitibi greenstone belt in present-day Ontario and Quebec begins to form, stabilizes by 2,600 Ma.				2800
		Mesoarchean	First stromatolites (probably colonial cyanobacteria). Oldest macrofossils. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica. Blake River Megacaldera Complex begins to form in present-day Ontario and Quebec, ends by roughly 2,696 Ma.				3200
		Paleoarchean	First known oxygen-producing bacteria. Oldest definitive microfossils. Oldest cratons on Earth (such as the Canadian Shield and the Pilbara Craton) may have formed during this period. Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica.				3600
		Eoarchean	Simple single-celled life (probably bacteria and archaea). Oldest probable microfossils. The first life forms and self-replicating RNA molecules evolve around 4,000 Ma, after the Late Heavy Bombardment ends on Earth. Napier Orogeny in Antarctica, 4,000 ± 200 Ma.				~4000
	Hadean	Early Imbrian (Neohadean) (unofficial)	Indirect photosynthetic evidence (e.g., kerogen) of primordial life. This era overlaps the beginning of the Late Heavy Bombardment of the Inner Solar System, produced possibly by the planetary migration of Neptune into the Kuiper belt as a result of orbital resonances between Jupiter and Saturn. Oldest known rock (4,031 to 3,580 Ma).				4130
		Nectarian (Mesohadean) (unofficial)	Possible first appearance of plate tectonics. This unit gets its name from the lunar geologic timescale when the Nectaris Basin and other greater lunar basins form by big impact events. Earliest evidence for life based on unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life.				4280
		Basin Groups (Paleohadean) (unofficial)	End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Oldest known mineral (Zircon, 4,404 ± 8 Ma). Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth.				4533
		Cryptic (Eohadean) (unofficial)	Formation of Moon (4,533 to 4,527 Ma), probably from giant impact, since the end of this era. Formation of Earth (4,570 to 4,567.17 Ma), Early Bombardment Phase begins. Formation of Sun (4,680 to 4,630 Ma) .				4600