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William Lewis Moore

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For other people named William Moore, see William Moore (disambiguation).
William Lewis Moore
Born(1927-04-28)April 28, 1927
Binghamton, New York, U.S.
DiedApril 23, 1963(1963-04-23) (aged 35)
Attalla, Alabama, U.S.
MovementCongress of Racial Equality

William Lewis Moore (April 28, 1927 – April 23, 1963) was a postal worker and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) member who staged lone protests against racial segregation. He was assassinated in Attalla, Alabama during a protest march from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi, where he intended to deliver a letter to Governor Ross Barnett supporting civil rights.

Early life

Moore was born in Binghamton, New York and raised in New York and Mississippi. For a time before his death he lived in Baltimore, Maryland.

In the early 1950s, when Moore was a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University, he suffered a mental breakdown. He was institutionalized for a year and a half with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. After being released, he became an activist on behalf of the mentally ill. He gradually got involved in civil rights activism for African Americans.

Moore joined the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE). In the early 1960s, Moore undertook three civil rights protests in which he marched to a capital to hand-deliver letters he had written denouncing racial segregation.

On his first march he walked to Annapolis, Maryland, the state capital. On his second march he walked to the White House. He arrived at about the same time that Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. was being released from the Birmingham jail after protests in that city. His letter to President John F. Kennedy said that he intended to walk to Mississippi and "If I may deliver any letters from you to those on my line of travel, I would be most happy to do so."

For his third protest he planned to walk from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi and deliver a letter to Governor Ross Barnett urging him to accept integration. He was wearing sandwich board signs stating; "Equal rights for all & Mississippi or Bust".

On April 23, 1963, about 70 miles (110 km) into his march, Moore was interviewed by Charlie Hicks, a reporter from radio station WGAD in Gadsden, Alabama, along a rural stretch of U.S. Highway 11 near Attalla. The station had received an anonymous phone tip about Moore's location. In the interview, Moore said: "I intend to walk right up to the governor's mansion in Mississippi and ring his doorbell. Then I'll hand him my letter." Concerned for Moore's safety, Hicks offered to drive him to a motel. Moore insisted on continuing his march.

Less than an hour after the reporter left the scene, a passing motorist found Moore's body about a mile farther down the road, shot twice in the head at close range with a .22 caliber rifle. The gun's ownership was traced to Floyd Simpson, whom Moore had argued with earlier that day, but no charges were ever filed against him. Moore died a week short of his 36th birthday.

Moore's letter was found and opened. In it, Moore reasoned that "the white man cannot be truly free himself until all men have their rights." He asked Governor Barnett to "Be gracious and give more than is immediately demanded of you...."

Folk singer Phil Ochs wrote a song in tribute to William Moore that is part of the album, A Toast to Those Who Are Gone.[1][2] Another tribute song (in German) for William Moore was written by East German singer/songwriter Wolf Biermann.[3][4] Pete Seeger sang "William Moore, The Mailman" on his album, Broadside Ballads.

Starting April 23, 2008, Ellen Johnson and Ken Loukinen walked the 320 miles (510 km) from Reece City, Alabama, near where Moore was killed, and delivered Bill Moore's original letter to the capitol at Jackson, Mississippi.[5] Dr. Bob Zellner (a long time activist and first white Field Secretary of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) was with them and attempted to present the letter to Governor Haley Barbour on May 6, 2008, but the latter declined to meet with the party.[6]

Memorial

On the 47th anniversary of Moore's murder, April 23, 2010, a memorial plaque in tribute to Moore was unveiled. The plaque is permanently displayed at the Greater Binghamton Transportation Center, across from Kennedy Park and down the street from the Martin Luther King Promenade, in Binghamton, New York.

A pioneer in civil rights, Moore is the only European American featured in Investigation Discovery's Injustice Files in 2011.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lyrics of "William Moore" by Phil Ochs
  2. ^ Audio recording of "William Moore" by Phil Ochs
  3. ^ Manfred Krug and the Jazz Optimisten Berlin perform Wolf Biermann's Ballad of William L. Moore from Baltimore
  4. ^ Audio recording of Wolf Biermann performing "Ballade vom Briefträger William L. Moore"
  5. ^ Miles Johnson, "A Postman's 1963 Walk For Justice, Cut Short On An Alabama Road," 8/14/2013 (npr.org)
  6. ^ "Bill Moore's Unfinished Journey" (patheos.com)
  7. ^ "Injustice Files: The Murder of William Lewis Moore", (Investigation Discovery website)

Further reading

  • Charles D. Lowery and John F. Marszalek (editors), Encyclopedia of African-American Civil Rights, pp. 365–366
  • Taylor Branch, Parting The Waters, p. 748.
  • Mary Stanton, Freedom Walk: Mississippi Or Bust, University Press of Mississippi, 2003
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