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Shein

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(Redirected from ZZKKO)
For other uses, see Shein (disambiguation).

Shein
Native name
希音
FormerlyZZKKO
IndustryRetail
FoundedOctober 2008; 16 years ago (2008-10) in Nanjing, China
FounderChris Xu
Headquarters112 Robinson Road,
Singapore
Key people
Chris Xu (Founder & CEO)
Leigh Gui (CFO)
Number of employees
10,000+
ParentRoadget Business Pte. Ltd.
SubsidiariesMOTF
ROMWE
Websiteshein.com Edit this at Wikidata
Footnotes / references
[1][2]
Shein
Chinese希音
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXīyīn
Bopomofoㄒㄧ ㄧㄣ
Wade–GilesHsi1-yin1
Tongyong PinyinSi-yin
IPA[ɕí.ín]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpinghei1 jam1

Shein (/ˈʃiːɪn/ ⓘ SHEE-in; styled as SHEIN; Chinese: 希音; pinyin: Xīyīn) is a fast fashion retailer. Founded in Nanjing, China, in October 2008 as ZZKKO by entrepreneur Chris Xu, Shein grew to become the world's largest fashion retailer as of 2022. The company is currently headquartered in Singapore.

Known for selling relatively inexpensive apparel, Shein's success has been credited to its popularity among Generation Z consumers.[3] The company was initially compared to a drop shipping business, as it was not involved in design and manufacturing, instead sourcing products from the wholesale clothing market in Guangzhou.[4][5] Beginning in 2012, Shein began to establish its own supply chain system, transforming itself into a fully integrated retailer.[5] The company has established its supply chain in Guangzhou with a network of more than 3,000 suppliers as of 2022. However, it has faced controversy due to its use of Chinese sweatshops and child labor.[6]

In 2022, the company moved its headquarters from China to Singapore for regulatory, international expansion, and financial reasons – while keeping its supply chains and warehouses in China.[7] In 2022, Shein generated US$24 billion in revenue, a sum almost as large as established retailers Zara and H&M.[6] Shein was valued at $100 billion after a funding round in April 2022.[8] According to Bloomberg Businessweek and others, Shein's business model has benefitted from the China–United States trade war, particularly with regard to tax advantages.[9] In recent years, Shein has found itself in the middle of trademark disputes, lawsuits involving competitors, product safety concerns, as well as accusations of tax evasion and being involved in labor law and human rights violations.[10]

History

[edit]

2008–2012: founding and early business model

[edit]

Shein, originally named ZZKKO, was founded in China in 2008 by entrepreneur and search engine optimization (SEO) marketing specialist Chris Xu (Xu Yangtian).[11][5][12] Information on Xu's educational and career background remains elusive as of 2022, with sources conflicting on details of his biography. According to The Guardian, some sources have described him as a Chinese-American who graduated from George Washington University (GWU). However, other sources indicate that Xu was born in 1984 in Shandong province, and was educated at Qingdao University of Science and Technology. The Guardian notes that Xu is depicted in Chinese media coverage as an average student of poor origins. Shein has insisted that Xu was born in China.[12]

The website SheInside.com was registered in March 2011, advertising itself as "a worldwide leading wedding dress company", although it sold general womenswear as well.[13][11] The company acquired its items from Guangzhou's wholesale clothing market, which is a central hub to many of the company's garment manufacturers and markets.

At the time, Shein had no involvement in the design or production of the garments; it functioned similarly to a drop shipping firm, which sells items from third-party wholesalers directly to international customers.[5]

2012–2019: rebranding and retailer status

[edit]

Shein made their products available in Spain, France, Russia, Italy, and Germany in the early 2010s; in addition to selling women's clpthngr , the company sells cosmetics, shoes, purses, and jewelry, in addition to women's clothing.[5] In 2012, the company established the current website and began using social media marketing by collaborating with fashion bloggers for giveaways and advertising items on Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest.[5][6]

In 2014, Shein acquired Romwe, a Chinese e-commerce retailer, making it a "fully integrated retailer." By 2016, the company had 100 employees and had already established its headquarters in Guangzhou. The firm's name changed again in 2015 from Sheinside to Shein, claiming that it needed a name that was simpler to remember and easy to find online.[11]

By 2016, Xu gathered a team of 800 designers and prototype makers that manufactured Shein-branded clothing. The company began improving its supply chain, excluding vendors that provided low-quality items or photos.[5]

Registration in Singapore

[edit]

In 2019, Singapore-registered Roadget Business Pte listed Chris Xu and others as representatives. By 2021, Chinese corporate filing shows that Shein de-registered its main business, Nanjing Top Plus Information Technology Co Ltd.[14] Singapore filings reportedly shows Roadget as the legal entity operating Shein's global website and owns Shein's trademarks.[14]

2020–present

[edit]
People shopping for clothes in Huejotzingo, Mexico, in 2023

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, it reportedly made $10 billion in revenue, making it the seventh consecutive year of more than 100% sales growth for the company.[11] As of October 2020, Shein was the world's largest online-only fashion firm.[11] Shein was noted for being an early adopter of TikTok as a promotional tool, and the firm's ability to advertise viral items boosted its popularity.[5]

By November 2021, Shein grew from a company valued at $15 billion to one valued at $30 billion.[11] According to Ernest Analytics, Shein became the largest fast fashion retailer in the United States in 2021, and had also launched online in Mexico.[15]

According to an investigation by Rest of World, Shein added anywhere between 2,000 and 10,000 individual styles to its app each day between July and December of 2021.[16]

A survey of 7,000 American teenagers in 2022 ranked Shein as their second favorite e-commerce website.[13]

In 2022, Shein moved its headquarters to Singapore.[17]

In April 2022, Shein raised $1 billion to $2 billion in private funding and claimed 28% of the US fast fashion market. As of May 2022, it is the largest fast-fashion firm in the world.[13] In a May 2022 article in Fortune, the company was described as catering to Generation Z consumers while using big data and rapid Chinese manufacturing to quickly design clothing at lower prices. The company was valued at $100 billion.[18]

In October 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Shein generated US$24 billion in revenue in 2022, becoming almost as large as traditional fast fashion brands such as Zara and H&M.[6] Its other competitors include ASOS, Fashion Nova, Forever 21, PrettyLittleThing, Temu, and Topshop.[19] In August 2023, Shein and SPARC Group (the company that owns Forever 21) entered into a joint venture where each company acquired a minority stake of the other.[20]

Expansion in North America and potential IPO

[edit]
Shein pop-up store in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, in 2023

Shein launched their marketplace, featuring third-party vendors, in Brazil and the United States in May 2022.[21] In 2022, Shein established a distribution center in Whitestown, Indiana,[22] with plans to open more distribution facilities in southern California and northeast US.[23] In November 2022, Shein opened a new corporate office and distribution center in Markham, Ontario, to function as Shein's main distribution hub in Canada.[24] Sales in 2022 were $23 billion.[21]

In July 2023, Shein announced to investors it had seen its highest recorded profits for a first half of a year. The company had an estimated value of $66 billion,[21] a drop from the estimated $100 billion in value in 2022, according to The Wall Street Journal.[25] In February 2023, Marcelo Claure was appointed chair of the Latin American operations of Shein.[26] According to reports, in 2023, although still domiciled in Singapore, Shein sourced primarily from manufacturers in China.[27][28] In 2023, Shein had 100 factories in Brazil, and had outlined plans to increase that number to 2,000.[29] In June 2023, the company faced an online backlash after international influencers toured and promoted its facilities in China.[25][30]

In 2023, The Information reported that Shein representatives had informal discussions with U.S.-based tech giants Amazon and Google about a potential investment in the company. The report notes that the company was expected to debut on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in the future.[31] In August 2023 Shein received a temporary restraining order in the US against its competitive rival Temu on a trademark infringement case.[32] They also were involved in US lawsuits against each other with accusations of monopolization.[33] In June 2023, the company announced plans to open a warehouse in Mexico for a "bigger foothold" in Latin America.[34] In December 2023, Temu sued Shein, alleging illegal interference with its suppliers.[35]

In June 2024, Shein announced that it filed on the London Stock Exchange for an initial public offering, which generated criticism from human rights groups.[36][37]

Lawsuits with Temu

[edit]

In December 2022, Shein sued Temu alleging that Temu had enlisted online influencers "to make false and deceptive statements" about Shein to promote its own goods.[38]

In August 2023, Shein sought an injunction against Temu, filed in London's High Court, alleging the company had "identified thousands of instances" where Temu's sellers copied its listing photos. Shein requested all violating posts be taken down and at least £100,000 in damages.[39]

In February 2024, Temu hit back with a counterclaim in February, accusing Shein of breaking British competition law by tying suppliers of fast-fashion products to exclusive agreements, a claim it values at 4.2 million pounds ($5.5 million) and which Shein denies.[40] Temu also alleged that Shein “bullied, intimidated, and even detained” suppliers in China as part of a campaign of “mafia-style intimidation”.[41] Their cases at London's High Court are expected to come to trial towards the end of 2026.[42]

Marketing

[edit]

Shein is available through its website, and through dedicated mobile apps;[43] it is distributed on the Google Play Store, App Store, Galaxy Store, and Huawei AppGallery. According to CNN, TikTok plays a large role in driving customers to the company website due to a TikTok trend of bulk buying clothes from Shein and presenting Shein clothes to their audience like a standard haul video.[11] On May 17, 2021, the number of Shein's app downloads surpassed those of Amazon.[44] Shein was the second most popular shopping app globally in 2021, and the most-downloaded app in May 2022.[25]

Shein claims to utilize the psychology of the new generation and implements marketing strategies accordingly to achieve growth.[45] In 2020, Shein was the most talked-about brand on TikTok and YouTube, and the 4th most talked-about brand on Instagram.[46] Its low prices attract teenage internet shoppers with small budgets to post what they bought on social media.[45]

For user growth, the company offers relatively low prices to stimulate demand.[45] With more spending, customers can be rewarded with more discounts, which are encouraged to be applied to their next shopping trip.[45] Shein not only makes use of its algorithm-driven recommendation system but also attracts customers to visit the platform frequently to do tasks, like adding items to their cart, watching live streams, conducting reviews of already purchased items and joining its contest show, to win points which can be redeemed later.[11]

Manufacturing

[edit]
Shirt with Shein label, 2021

Originally, Shein did not design its clothes.[5] The company mainly sourced its clothing from China's wholesale clothing market in Guangzhou.[5] However, Shein became a fully integrated retailer in 2014 when it secured its supply chain system. Now, the company utilizes a network of manufacturing partners and suppliers to make and deliver its products.[5]

Shein makes predictions on trends and produces items as quickly as three days after the identification of a trend.[5] Shein also limits its orders to small batches of about 100 items to gauge customer interest. Order sizes are increased only if the small batches do well with consumers.[3] In contrast, its competitors such as Zara order larger quantities (about 500), increasing their chances of losing profit if orders are not purchased in full.[5] According to Bloomberg News, Shein's small-batch strategy is seen as key to its success. Suppliers working with Shein also saw their business grow as the scale increased.[47]

Lobbying

[edit]

In 2022, Shein hired Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld and Ben Quayle as lobbyists, according to U.S. federal lobbyist disclosures.[48][49] According to Politico, Shein's lobbying campaign is geared toward shaking off forced labor claims.[50]

Tax treatment

[edit]

Shein can avoid paying export and import taxes, contributing to larger margins.[9][5] The U.S. legislative bill Section 321 in the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (also referred to as "de minimis") states that any import up to $800 per person is duty-free.[51] This bill has allowed Shein to deliver to the United States without paying taxes, allowing Shein to have a competitive advantage over domestic companies in the United States.[9] In September 2024, the Biden administration announced that it would propose a new rule closing the $800 de minimis exception for Chinese e-commerce retailers such as Shein.[52]

In April 2023, Brazilian officials stated that Shein used a loophole in Brazilian law to practice tax evasion and "smuggling" to consumers in the country.[53]

Tax evasion accusations

[edit]

The United Kingdom requires foreign sellers shipping low-value consignments (under £135) to register for UK VAT, collect VAT from buyers on such shipments, and remit it to His Majesty's Revenue and Customs.[54] It has been suggested that Shein failed to do so for at least 9 months after the requirement took effect, and its website does not display its UK corporate registration number or itemize VAT, as UK rules require.[55]

Controversies

[edit]

Environmental impact

[edit]
Further information: Fast fashion § Environmental impact

Deutsche Welle released in late 2021 a video detailing the ultra-fast-fashion system Shein is built on, criticizing the targeting of young adolescents less likely to make wise financial decisions, as well as the caused environmental impact.[56] Other media outlets have pointed at the addictive nature of the app, noting how its low prices get people to buy things they do not need.[57] Due to the affordability of Shein, most clothes are not high quality and can lead people to dispose of them, exacerbating the textile waste problem.[58] In 2023, Time magazine reported that the company was producing more than 6.3 million tons of carbon dioxide every year.[59] The manufacturers’ rapid use of virgin polyester and large consumption of oil churns out the same amount of CO2 as approximately 180 coal-fired power plants.[60]

In response to criticism, Shein launched a resale service on its US app that enables the buying and selling of secondhand Shein fashion. There are mixed reactions to the efficacy of this initiative. Shein pieces are highly affordable hence customers may choose to buy a new item rather than purchase a resale piece.[61]

Unsafe chemical exposure

[edit]

Shein was also cited in a Marketplace investigation overseen by professor Miriam Diamond at the University of Toronto for selling toddlers' jackets that contained almost 20 times the amount of lead permitted under Health Canada's safety regulations.[62] The company also sold a red purse that contained five times the permitted amount of lead.[62] Shein notified Marketplace that they would stop selling the two items and would stop getting supplies from the corresponding suppliers until the problem was addressed.[62] In May 2024, South Korean authorities found that some of Shein products contained unsafe level of phthalates.[63]

Labor law violations

[edit]

In 2021, a Public Eye investigation reported that employees of six Shein suppliers in Guangzhou were working 75 hours per week in breach of Chinese labor laws.[64] Public Eye also discovered workshops with blocked corridors and stairways.[65]

Channel 4’s documentary, Inside The Shein Machine, sent undercover cameras to film factory workers who were forced to pull 17-hour shifts to make hundreds of garments a day. In one factory, they made a daily base salary of $20, which would then be docked by $14 if any garments had mistakes.[66]

In 2024, Shein said it found two cases of child labour in its supply chain last year as it tightens scrutiny of the companies that make the clothes it sells.[67]

Shein said it has built an in-house team to monitor supply-chain partners and engages with independent agencies such as Intertek to conduct regular and unannounced audits.[68]

ISO certification claim

[edit]

In August 2021, Shein claimed on its website that its factories were certified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and complied with standards set by "organizations like SA8000".[69] While the ISO sets standards, it does not directly certify any company. SA8000 is not an organisation but a standard administered by Social Accountability International, which said Shein had received no such certification. The claim was removed after Reuters inquired the company about it.[69]

Anti-modern slavery reporting

[edit]

The United Kingdom's 2015 Modern Slavery Act requires companies over a certain size to make statements about how they are combatting modern slavery. A similar law has been passed in Australia. Shein declined to disclose its revenue to Reuters in 2021 but said it was in the process of preparing such statements.[19]

In June 2023, Shein was included in a report by the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party titled "Fast Fashion and the Uyghur Genocide".[70]

French investigation

[edit]

In November 2023, the French Ministry of Economics and Finance initiated an investigation into Shein to assess its compliance with international guidelines and French laws after the Socialist Party accused the company of not respecting human rights, the environment, and consumer interest. Shein said it would cooperate with the investigation.[71]

Xinjiang cotton

[edit]
Further information: Xinjiang cotton industry

In November 2022, Bloomberg News reported that Shein's apparel was made with cotton sourced from Xinjiang amid the persecution of Uyghurs in China.[72] Following the report, a coalition of U.S. senators wrote to Shein to demand information about the potential use of forced labor in Xinjiang for cotton products.[73]

Legal experts have noted that Shein may be able to avoid the repercussions of the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act because most Shein parcels shipped to the U.S. are worth less than $800 (de minimis shipments), which means that inspection by customs may be waived.[74]

In May 2023, a group of U.S. lawmakers called on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to halt Shein's initial public offering until the company could verify that it does not use forced labor for its products.[75]

In August 2023, 16 U.S. states requested the Securities and Exchange Commission to audit Shein's supply chain for forced labor before its initial public offering.[76]

Intellectual property infringement

[edit]
Further information: Intellectual property in China

Shein has been sued by indie creators and by companies such as Deckers Outdoor Corporation and Levi Strauss & Co. for copyright and trademark infringement. Most of these cases were settled out of court.[19][77]

In 2021, AirWair International Limited, who are known for the Dr. Martens boots, in a lawsuit accused Shein and its sister company, Romwe, of selling copies of their designs (and calling them "Martins") at a cheaper price while using photos of authentic Dr. Marten shoes to "entice customers," to which Shein responded with a blanket denial of AirWair International's claims.[77]

In March 2021, Ralph Lauren filed a trademark infringement and unfair competition lawsuit against Shein's parent company.[78] In the complaint, Ralph Lauren said that Zoetop Business Co. selling clothing with a "confusingly similar" mark was an exploitation of their "goodwill and reputation of genuine Ralph Lauren products."[78]

In 2022, Mexico's Secretariat of Culture questioned Shein's use of Mayan cultural elements in the design of one of its garments. The elements represented the "collective creativity" passed down through generations of Mayan people. Shein subsequently removed the item from its website.[79]

Design theft accusations

[edit]

Shein has been accused by dozens of artists, small fashion retailers, and brands such as Reclamare PH and Sincerely RIA, of copying their designs, including enamel pins.[80][81] There is "little protection for creators", however, because items with basic, useful functions are not broadly covered by copyright laws, and any unique or creative element must be separated out when making claims. According to a lawyer interviewed by NPR, fast-fashion brands can walk a fine line by copying "just enough" without affecting anything that is "legally protected".[82]

In 2018, Ilse Valfre, who owns the LA-based brand Valfré, was notified by her customers that Shein was selling "identical copies" to her products.[83] Quinn Jones, who is the co-founder of the US company Kikay, said that he found earring designs on Shein that were very similar to Kikay's earrings. In response to the controversy, Shein removed the products and pledged to drop the supplier that produced the copied item.[77]

To bring awareness to Shein's actions and to help support indie brands and artists, the hashtag "boycottShein" became popular on TikTok and Twitter in 2020.[83][82] In 2021, Mariama Diallo, founder of and designer for Sincerely Ria, accused Shein of stealing her designs in a Tweet that included comparative images to demonstrate her point.[84]

In July 2023, a civil lawsuit was filed against Shein in the US alleging that its aggressive copyright infringement amounts to racketeering under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). The lawsuit, filed by three fashion designers, claims that Shein produced, distributed, and sold exact copies of their creative work without permission.[85] The lawsuit also alleges that Shein used artificial intelligence in the process, but what role it actually played is unclear.[86][87]

An industry analyst expresses that as long as the company still has room to grow, it would be motivated to keep expanding its product offering as quickly as it can and accept that some of the items would not conform to intellectual property norms.[77]

In January 2024, Japanese fashion giant Uniqlo said that it was suing Shein over copycats of a crossbody pouch. The lawsuit filed in Japan against Shein Japan and two subsidiaries "demands the immediate cessation of sales of the imitation products, and compensation for damages incurred", Uniqlo said in a statement.[88]

Data security concerns

[edit]

Shein experienced a data breach in 2018 that compromised the email addresses and encrypted passwords of 6.42 million users.[89] It was later revealed that the company had lied about the severity of the breach. The number of affected accounts was actually 39 million, credit card information was also compromised, and many users were not notified or required to reset their password afterwards. In 2022, Shein's parent company, Zoetop, was fined $1.9 million by New York state authorities for its inadequate response to the data breach.[90] In 2023, US accused Temu and Shein of data risks in latest action targeting Chinese-backed apps.[91] In December 2023, the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce requested more information from Shein on its data privacy practices and its relationship with the Chinese Communist Party.[92] In January 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Cyberspace Administration of China was scrutinizing Shein's data security practices.[93]

App prohibition in India

[edit]

In June 2020, the Shein app was banned in India due to privacy concerns.[94][95] Following the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology of India classified the Shein app along with 59 other Chinese apps under Section 69A in The Information Technology Act, 2000, saying "[u]pon receiving recent credible inputs that such apps pose threat to sovereignty and integrity of India, the Government of India has decided to disallow the usage [...] both [on] mobile and non-mobile Internet-enabled devices." Section 69A grants the central government the "power to issue directions for blocking public access of any information through any computer resource".[96] However, it is still legal in India to purchase Shein products on other websites that are not covered under Section 69A.[96]

Criticism for offensive images

[edit]

In July 2020, a necklace with a swastika was reported and later removed from the site in response to widespread public criticism; the brand explained that it was a Buddhist religious symbol, not a Nazi swastika.[97]

In May 2021, Shein received criticism for offering a phone case with an image of a handcuffed Black man outlined in chalk. Shein issued an apology for the unintentional offensive image and for using it without the permission of its original designer, who had created the image after the killing of Michael Brown. He has asked Shein to donate the proceeds from the sales to Black Lives Matter.[98]

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[edit]
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