Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present: Difference between revisions

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updated with 2 items from 2022 in science (see that page's history for attribution) (updated plan, energy efficiency), expanded (gravity batteries, +1 cat, hydrogen energy, →‎Agrivoltaics: , deep-sea mining details, airborne wind turbine potential&first, +5 see alsos), ce
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Timeline of notable events in the research and [[research and development|development]] of [[sustainable energy]] including [[renewable energy]], [[solar energy]] and [[fusion power|nuclear fusion energy]], particularly for ways that are [[sustainable]] within the [[Earth system]].
Timeline of notable events in the research and [[research and development|development]] of [[sustainable energy]] including [[renewable energy]], [[solar energy]] and [[fusion power|nuclear fusion energy]], particularly for ways that are [[sustainable]] within the [[Earth system]].


⚫
[[File:2011- Renewable energy capacity - International Energy Agency.svg|thumb| upright=1.5 | Renewable energy capacity<ref name=IEA_20210511>{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update 2021 / Renewable electricity / Renewables deployment geared up in 2020, establishing a "new normal" for capacity additions in 2021 and 2022 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511221837/https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity |archive-date=11 May 2021 |date=May 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Events currently '''not''' included in the timelines include:
Events currently '''not''' included in the timelines include:
* events of new goal-codifying [[environmental policy|policy]] about, [[Renewable energy commercialization|commercialization of]], adoptions of, deployment-statistics of, announced developments of, announced funding for and dissemination of sustainable energy -technologies and -infrastructure/systems
* events of new goal-codifying [[environmental policy|policy]] about, [[Renewable energy commercialization|commercialization of]], adoptions of, deployment-statistics of, announced developments of, announced funding for and dissemination of sustainable energy -technologies and -infrastructure/systems
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<!--adoption/use/dissemination statistics and other statistics, long-term trends and info about current deployment status are added not by events but could be added via images/charts-->
<!--adoption/use/dissemination statistics and other statistics, long-term trends and info about current deployment status are added not by events but could be added via images/charts-->
[[File:Energy consumption by source, OWID.svg|thumb|Prior history of energy consumption sources up to 2018]]
[[File:Energy consumption by source, OWID.svg|thumb|Prior history of energy consumption sources up to 2018]]
⚫
[[File:2011- Renewable energy capacity - International Energy Agency.svg|thumb| upright=1.5 | Renewable energy capacity<ref name=IEA_20210511>{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Market Update 2021 / Renewable electricity / Renewables deployment geared up in 2020, establishing a "new normal" for capacity additions in 2021 and 2022 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity |website=IEA.org |publisher=International Energy Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511221837/https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-2021/renewable-electricity |archive-date=11 May 2021 |date=May 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
== Grids ==
== Grids ==
=== Smart grids ===
=== Smart grids ===
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* A study concludes that deploying floating solar panels on existing [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]] reservoirs could generate 16%–40% (4,251 to 10,616 TWh/year) of global energy needs when not considering project-siting constraints, local development regulations, "economic or market potential" and potential future technology improvements.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Combined Power Of Floating Solar On Hydro Reservoirs Shows New Potential |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722150950/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hybrid floating solar photovoltaics-hydropower systems: Benefits and global assessment of technical potential |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 December 2020 |volume=162 |pages=1415–1427 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.080 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148120313252 |access-date=22 July 2021 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721145025/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148120313252 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A study concludes that deploying floating solar panels on existing [[Hydroelectricity|hydro]] reservoirs could generate 16%–40% (4,251 to 10,616 TWh/year) of global energy needs when not considering project-siting constraints, local development regulations, "economic or market potential" and potential future technology improvements.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Combined Power Of Floating Solar On Hydro Reservoirs Shows New Potential |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |work=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722150950/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pikeresearch/2020/11/10/the-combined-power-of-floating-solar-on-hydro-reservoirs-shows-new-potential/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Hybrid floating solar photovoltaics-hydropower systems: Benefits and global assessment of technical potential |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 December 2020 |volume=162 |pages=1415–1427 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2020.08.080 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148120313252 |access-date=22 July 2021 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721145025/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148120313252 |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Water production ===
===Agrivoltaics===
* 2021 – An improved [[agrivoltaic]] system with a grooved glass plate is demonstrated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Novel Solar PV Plant Design for Agrivoltaics |url=https://www.greenbuildingafrica.co.za/novel-solar-pv-plant-design-for-agrivoltaics/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=Green Building Africa |date=6 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Jianan |last2=Meng |first2=Shoudong |last3=Zhang |first3=Xinyu |last4=Zhao |first4=Honglong |last5=Ning |first5=Xiaolong |last6=Chen |first6=Fangcai |last7=Omer |first7=Altyeb Ali Abaker |last8=Ingenhoff |first8=Jan |last9=Liu |first9=Wen |title=Increasing the comprehensive economic benefits of farmland with Even-lighting Agrivoltaic Systems |journal=PLOS ONE |date=15 July 2021 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=e0254482 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254482 |language=en |issn=1932-6203}}</ref>

=== Solar-powered production ===
{{See also|Microbial food cultures#Environmental, food security and efficiency aspects}}
==== Water production ====
;Early 2020s
;Early 2020s
* [[Hydrogel]]s are used to develop system that [[Atmospheric water generator|capture moisture]] (e.g. at night in a desert) to cool solar panels<ref>{{cite news |title=Hydrogel helps make self-cooling solar panels |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/hydrogel-helps-make-self-cooling-solar-panels/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Physics World |date=12 June 2020}}</ref> or to produce fresh water<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Ye |last2=Ilic |first2=Ognjen |last3=Atwater |first3=Harry A. |last4=Greer |first4=Julia R. |title=All-day fresh water harvesting by microstructured hydrogel membranes |journal=Nature Communications |date=14 May 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2797 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23174-0 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> – including for irrigating crops as demonstrated in [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|solar panel integrated system]]s where these have been enclosed next to<ref>{{cite news |title=Self-contained SmartFarm grows plants using water drawn from the air |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/smartfarm-plants-hydrogel-water/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Jiachen |last2=Zhang |first2=Xueping |last3=Qu |first3=Hao |last4=Yu |first4=Zhi Gen |last5=Zhang |first5=Yaoxin |last6=Eey |first6=Tze Jie |last7=Zhang |first7=Yong‐Wei |last8=Tan |first8=Swee Ching |title=A Moisture‐Hungry Copper Complex Harvesting Air Moisture for Potable Water and Autonomous Urban Agriculture |journal=Advanced Materials |date=October 2020 |volume=32 |issue=39 |pages=2002936 |doi=10.1002/adma.202002936 |language=en |issn=0935-9648}}</ref> or beneath the panels within the system.<ref>{{cite news |title=These solar panels pull in water vapor to grow crops in the desert |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-solar-panels-vapor-crops.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=Cell Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravisetti |first1=Monisha |title=New Solar Panel Design Uses Wasted Energy to Make Water From Air |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/new-solar-panel-design-uses-wasted-energy-to-make-water-from-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=CNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Strom und Wasser aus Sonne und Wüstenluft |url=https://www.scinexx.de/news/technik/strom-und-wasser-aus-sonne-und-wuestenluft/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=scinexx {{!}} Das Wissensmagazin |date=2 March 2022 |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hybrid system produces electricity and irrigation water in the desert |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/wec2p-water-electricity-desert/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schank |first1=Eric |title=Turning the desert green: this solar panel system makes water (and grows food) out of thin air |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/03/08/turning-the-desert-green-this-solar-panel-system-makes-water-and-grows-food-out-of-thin-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Salon |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Renyuan |last2=Wu |first2=Mengchun |last3=Aleid |first3=Sara |last4=Zhang |first4=Chenlin |last5=Wang |first5=Wenbin |last6=Wang |first6=Peng |title=An integrated solar-driven system produces electricity with fresh water and crops in arid regions |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100781 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100781 |language=en |issn=2666-3864}}</ref>
* [[Hydrogel]]s are used to develop system that [[Atmospheric water generator|capture moisture]] (e.g. at night in a desert) to cool solar panels<ref>{{cite news |title=Hydrogel helps make self-cooling solar panels |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/hydrogel-helps-make-self-cooling-solar-panels/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Physics World |date=12 June 2020}}</ref> or to produce fresh water<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Ye |last2=Ilic |first2=Ognjen |last3=Atwater |first3=Harry A. |last4=Greer |first4=Julia R. |title=All-day fresh water harvesting by microstructured hydrogel membranes |journal=Nature Communications |date=14 May 2021 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=2797 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23174-0 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> – including for irrigating crops as demonstrated in [[Photovoltaic system#Standalone|solar panel integrated system]]s where these have been enclosed next to<ref>{{cite news |title=Self-contained SmartFarm grows plants using water drawn from the air |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/smartfarm-plants-hydrogel-water/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=15 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Jiachen |last2=Zhang |first2=Xueping |last3=Qu |first3=Hao |last4=Yu |first4=Zhi Gen |last5=Zhang |first5=Yaoxin |last6=Eey |first6=Tze Jie |last7=Zhang |first7=Yong‐Wei |last8=Tan |first8=Swee Ching |title=A Moisture‐Hungry Copper Complex Harvesting Air Moisture for Potable Water and Autonomous Urban Agriculture |journal=Advanced Materials |date=October 2020 |volume=32 |issue=39 |pages=2002936 |doi=10.1002/adma.202002936 |language=en |issn=0935-9648}}</ref> or beneath the panels within the system.<ref>{{cite news |title=These solar panels pull in water vapor to grow crops in the desert |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-solar-panels-vapor-crops.html |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=Cell Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravisetti |first1=Monisha |title=New Solar Panel Design Uses Wasted Energy to Make Water From Air |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/energy-and-utilities/new-solar-panel-design-uses-wasted-energy-to-make-water-from-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=CNET |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Strom und Wasser aus Sonne und Wüstenluft |url=https://www.scinexx.de/news/technik/strom-und-wasser-aus-sonne-und-wuestenluft/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=scinexx {{!}} Das Wissensmagazin |date=2 March 2022 |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hybrid system produces electricity and irrigation water in the desert |url=https://newatlas.com/good-thinking/wec2p-water-electricity-desert/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schank |first1=Eric |title=Turning the desert green: this solar panel system makes water (and grows food) out of thin air |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/03/08/turning-the-desert-green-this-solar-panel-system-makes-water-and-grows-food-out-of-thin-air/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=Salon |date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Renyuan |last2=Wu |first2=Mengchun |last3=Aleid |first3=Sara |last4=Zhang |first4=Chenlin |last5=Wang |first5=Wenbin |last6=Wang |first6=Peng |title=An integrated solar-driven system produces electricity with fresh water and crops in arid regions |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100781 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100781 |language=en |issn=2666-3864}}</ref>
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* Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind farms]], cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in [[Strategy#Management theory|strategic]] [[decision-making]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Are wind farms slowing each other down? |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711151836/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Naveed |last2=Geyer |first2=Beate |last3=Rockel |first3=Burkhardt |last4=Sommer |first4=Philipp S. |last5=Schrum |first5=Corinna |title=Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials |journal=Scientific Reports |date=3 June 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11826 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3 |pmid=34083704 |pmc=8175401 |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
* Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind farms]], cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in [[Strategy#Management theory|strategic]] [[decision-making]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Are wind farms slowing each other down? |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711151836/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-06-farms.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Naveed |last2=Geyer |first2=Beate |last3=Rockel |first3=Burkhardt |last4=Sommer |first4=Philipp S. |last5=Schrum |first5=Corinna |title=Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials |journal=Scientific Reports |date=3 June 2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11826 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91283-3 |pmid=34083704 |pmc=8175401 |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>
* Researchers report, based on simulations, how large wind-farm performance can be significantly improved using windbreaks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Windbreaks, surprisingly, could help wind farms boost power output |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/wind-farm-windbreak-turbine-speed-power-output |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=Science News |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164634/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/wind-farm-windbreak-turbine-speed-power-output |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Luoqin |last2=Stevens |first2=Richard J. A. M. |title=Enhanced wind-farm performance using windbreaks |journal=Physical Review Fluids |date=30 July 2021 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=074611 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.074611 | arxiv=2108.01197 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.074611 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164633/https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.074611 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Researchers report, based on simulations, how large wind-farm performance can be significantly improved using windbreaks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Windbreaks, surprisingly, could help wind farms boost power output |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/wind-farm-windbreak-turbine-speed-power-output |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=Science News |date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164634/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/wind-farm-windbreak-turbine-speed-power-output |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Luoqin |last2=Stevens |first2=Richard J. A. M. |title=Enhanced wind-farm performance using windbreaks |journal=Physical Review Fluids |date=30 July 2021 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=074611 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.074611 | arxiv=2108.01197 |url=https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.074611 |access-date=6 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164633/https://journals.aps.org/prfluids/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.074611 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The world's first fully autonomous commercial "airborne wind energy" system (an [[airborne wind turbine]]) is launched by a company.<ref name="BBC-20220309">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Nicola |title=The kites seeking the world's surest winds |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220309-the-kites-flying-to-harness-the-worlds-strongest-winds |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* An U.S. congressionally directed report concludes that "the resource potential of wind energy available to AWE systems is likely similar to that available to traditional wind energy systems" but that "AWE would need significant further development before it could deploy at meaningful scales at the national level".<ref name="BBC-20220309"/>


== Hydrogen energy ==
== Hydrogen energy ==
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;2022
;2022
* Researchers increase water electrolysis performance of renewable hydrogen via capillary-fed electrolysis cells.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian researchers claim ‘giant leap’ in technology to produce affordable renewable hydrogen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/16/australian-researchers-claim-giant-leap-in-technology-to-produce-affordable-renewable-hydrogen |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodges |first1=Aaron |last2=Hoang |first2=Anh Linh |last3=Tsekouras |first3=George |last4=Wagner |first4=Klaudia |last5=Lee |first5=Chong-Yong |last6=Swiegers |first6=Gerhard F. |last7=Wallace |first7=Gordon G. |title=A high-performance capillary-fed electrolysis cell promises more cost-competitive renewable hydrogen |journal=Nature Communications |date=15 March 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1304 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28953-x|pmid=35292657 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref>
* Researchers increase water electrolysis performance of renewable hydrogen via capillary-fed electrolysis cells.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian researchers claim ‘giant leap’ in technology to produce affordable renewable hydrogen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/16/australian-researchers-claim-giant-leap-in-technology-to-produce-affordable-renewable-hydrogen |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodges |first1=Aaron |last2=Hoang |first2=Anh Linh |last3=Tsekouras |first3=George |last4=Wagner |first4=Klaudia |last5=Lee |first5=Chong-Yong |last6=Swiegers |first6=Gerhard F. |last7=Wallace |first7=Gordon G. |title=A high-performance capillary-fed electrolysis cell promises more cost-competitive renewable hydrogen |journal=Nature Communications |date=15 March 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1304 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28953-x|pmid=35292657 |language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref>
* A novel energy-efficient strategy for hydrogen release from liquid hydrogen carriers with the potential to reduce costs of storage and transportation is reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shipman |first1=Matt |title=Driving down the costs of hydrogen fuel: Prototype achieves 99% yield 8 times faster than conventional batch reactors |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-hydrogen-fuel-prototype-yield-faster.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=[[North Carolina State University]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Malek Y. S. |last2=Bennett |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Abolhasani |first3=Milad |title=Continuous Room‐Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed‐Bed Flow Reactor |journal=ChemSusChem |date=21 July 2022 |volume=15 |issue=14 |doi=10.1002/cssc.202200733 |language=en |issn=1864-5631}}</ref>


== Hydroelectricity and marine energy ==
== Hydroelectricity and marine energy ==
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===Thermal energy storage===
===Thermal energy storage===
* 2022 – Researchers report the development of a system that combines the [[Thermal energy storage#MOST|MOST solar thermal energy storage system]] that can store energy for 18 years with a chip-sized [[thermoelectric generator]] to generate electricity from it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Joshua |title=New liquid system could revolutionize solar energy |url=https://bgr.com/science/new-liquid-system-could-revolutionize-solar-energy/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=BGR |date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhihang |last2=Wu |first2=Zhenhua |last3=Hu |first3=Zhiyu |last4=Orrego-Hernández |first4=Jessica |last5=Mu |first5=Erzhen |last6=Zhang |first6=Zhao-Yang |last7=Jevric |first7=Martyn |last8=Liu |first8=Yang |last9=Fu |first9=Xuecheng |last10=Wang |first10=Fengdan |last11=Li |first11=Tao |last12=Moth-Poulsen |first12=Kasper |title=Chip-scale solar thermal electrical power generation |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100789 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100789 |language=en |issn=2666-3864}}</ref>
* 2022 – Researchers report the development of a system that combines the [[Thermal energy storage#MOST|MOST solar thermal energy storage system]] that can store energy for 18 years with a chip-sized [[thermoelectric generator]] to generate electricity from it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Joshua |title=New liquid system could revolutionize solar energy |url=https://bgr.com/science/new-liquid-system-could-revolutionize-solar-energy/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=BGR |date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhihang |last2=Wu |first2=Zhenhua |last3=Hu |first3=Zhiyu |last4=Orrego-Hernández |first4=Jessica |last5=Mu |first5=Erzhen |last6=Zhang |first6=Zhao-Yang |last7=Jevric |first7=Martyn |last8=Liu |first8=Yang |last9=Fu |first9=Xuecheng |last10=Wang |first10=Fengdan |last11=Li |first11=Tao |last12=Moth-Poulsen |first12=Kasper |title=Chip-scale solar thermal electrical power generation |journal=Cell Reports Physical Science |date=16 March 2022 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=100789 |doi=10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100789 |language=en |issn=2666-3864}}</ref>

=== Novel and emerging types ===
{{See also|List of battery types|Lithium–sulfur battery#Research}}
* 2021 – A company generates its first power from a [[gravity battery]] at a site in Edinburgh<ref>{{cite web |title=Gravity-based batteries try to beat their chemical cousins with winches, weights, and mine shafts |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/gravity-based-batteries-try-beat-their-chemical-cousins-winches-weights-and-mine-shafts |website=www.science.org |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Other gravity batteries are also under construction by other companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revolutionary idea to store green power for the grid |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/energy-vault_revolutionary-idea-to-store-green-power-for-the-grid/45467684 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2021 – A study describes using lifts and empty apartments in tall buildings to store energy, estimating global potential around 30 to 300 GWh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bushwick |first1=Sophie |title=Concrete Buildings Could Be Turned into Rechargeable Batteries |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/concrete-buildings-could-be-turned-into-rechargeable-batteries/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Julian David |last2=Nascimento |first2=Andreas |last3=Zakeri |first3=Behnam |last4=Jurasz |first4=Jakub |last5=Dąbek |first5=Paweł B. |last6=Barbosa |first6=Paulo Sergio Franco |last7=Brandão |first7=Roberto |last8=de Castro |first8=Nivalde José |last9=Leal Filho |first9=Walter |last10=Riahi |first10=Keywan |title=Lift Energy Storage Technology: A solution for decentralized urban energy storage |journal=Energy |date=1 September 2022 |volume=254 |pages=124102 |doi=10.1016/j.energy.2022.124102 |language=en |issn=0360-5442}}</ref>


== Nuclear fusion ==
== Nuclear fusion ==
Line 103: Line 116:
Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.
Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.
=== Other energy-need reductions ===
=== Other energy-need reductions ===
{{See also|Energy conservation|Sustainable lifestyle|Heat cost allocator|Personal carbon credits}}
{{See also|Energy conservation|Sustainable lifestyle|Heat cost allocator|Personal carbon credits|Climate change mitigation#Research}}
Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] on the level of the energy system.
Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] on the level of the energy system.
;2020
;2020
* A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent [[living standard]]s globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite of 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.<ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=SCIENMAG: Latest Science and Health News |date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=University of Leeds |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millward-Hopkins |first1=Joel |last2=Steinberger |first2=Julia K. |last3=Rao |first3=Narasimha D. |last4=Oswald |first4=Yannick |title=Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=1 November 2020 |volume=65 |pages=102168 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168 |s2cid=224977493 |language=en |issn=0959-3780}}</ref>
* A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent [[living standard]]s globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite of 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.<ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=SCIENMAG: Latest Science and Health News |date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://scienmag.com/decent-living-for-all-does-not-have-to-cost-the-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Decent living for all does not have to cost the Earth |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=University of Leeds |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130059/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-decent-earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Millward-Hopkins |first1=Joel |last2=Steinberger |first2=Julia K. |last3=Rao |first3=Narasimha D. |last4=Oswald |first4=Yannick |title=Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario |journal=Global Environmental Change |date=1 November 2020 |volume=65 |pages=102168 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168 |s2cid=224977493 |language=en |issn=0959-3780}}</ref>
;2022
* A trial of estimated financial energy cost of [[refrigerator]]s alongside [[European Union energy label|EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels]] online finds that the approach of [[label]]s involves a trade-off between [[Homo economicus|financial considerations]] and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the [[Overchoice|many]] available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fadelli |first1=Ingrid |title=Adding energy cost information to energy-efficiency class labels could affect refrigerator purchases |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=d’Adda |first1=Giovanna |last2=Gao |first2=Yu |last3=Tavoni |first3=Massimo |title=A randomized trial of energy cost information provision alongside energy-efficiency classes for refrigerator purchases |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2022 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01002-z |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..360D |s2cid=248033760 |language=en |issn=2058-7546}}</ref>


=== Materials and recycling ===
=== Materials and recycling ===
{{See also|Solar panel#Waste and recycling|Solar cell#Recycling|Rare-earth element#Environmental considerations|Environmental aspects of the electric car}}
{{See also|#Solar power|Solar panel#Waste and recycling|Solar cell#Recycling|Rare-earth element#Environmental considerations|Environmental aspects of the electric car|Circular economy#Rare-earth elements recovery}}
;2020
;2020
* Researchers report that mining for [[renewable energy production]] will increase threats to [[biodiversity]] and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful [[strategic planning]] is needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006002803/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining for renewable energy could be another threat to the environment |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033243/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sonter |first1=Laura J. |last2=Dade |first2=Marie C. |last3=Watson |first3=James E. M. |last4=Valenta |first4=Rick K. |title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity |journal=Nature Communications |date=1 September 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4174 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5 |pmid=32873789 |pmc=7463236 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4174S |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref>
* Researchers report that mining for [[renewable energy production]] will increase threats to [[biodiversity]] and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful [[strategic planning]] is needed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mining needed for renewable energy 'could harm biodiversity' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006002803/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/01/mining-needed-for-renewable-energy-could-harm-biodiversity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mining for renewable energy could be another threat to the environment |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003033243/https://phys.org/news/2020-09-renewable-energy-threat-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sonter |first1=Laura J. |last2=Dade |first2=Marie C. |last3=Watson |first3=James E. M. |last4=Valenta |first4=Rick K. |title=Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity |journal=Nature Communications |date=1 September 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=4174 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5 |pmid=32873789 |pmc=7463236 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4174S |url=|language=en |issn=2041-1723}}</ref>
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{{See also|Deep-sea mining}}
{{See also|Deep-sea mining}}
;2020
;2020
* Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the [[Deep sea mining#Environmental impacts|environmental effects of seabed mining]] via regulations that, for example, enable the [[International Seabed Authority]] to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ginzky |first1=Harald |last2=Singh |first2=Pradeep A. |last3=Markus |first3=Till |title=Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2020 |volume=114 |pages=103823 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823 |language=en |issn=0308-597X}}</ref> A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=9 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106112014/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Researchers assess to what extent international law and existing policy support the practice of a proactive knowledge management system that enables systematic addressing of uncertainties about the [[Deep sea mining#Environmental impacts|environmental effects of seabed mining]] via regulations that, for example, enable the [[International Seabed Authority]] to actively engage in generating and synthesizing information.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ginzky |first1=Harald |last2=Singh |first2=Pradeep A. |last3=Markus |first3=Till |title=Strengthening the International Seabed Authority's knowledge-base: Addressing uncertainties to enhance decision-making |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2020 |volume=114 |pages=103823 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103823 |language=en |issn=0308-597X}}</ref> A moratorium on deep-sea mining until rigorous and transparent impact assessments are carried out is enacted at the 2021 world congress of the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservationists call for urgent ban on deep-sea mining |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=9 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106112014/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/marseille-biodiversity-summit-adopts-motion-to-ban-deep-sea-mining |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers have outlined why there is a need to avoid mining the deep sea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=K. A. |last2=Brigden |first2=K. |last3=Santillo |first3=D. |last4=Currie |first4=D. |last5=Johnston |first5=P. |last6=Thompson |first6=K. F. |title=Challenging the Need for Deep Seabed Mining From the Perspective of Metal Demand, Biodiversity, Ecosystems Services, and Benefit Sharing |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2021 |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2021.706161/full |issn=2296-7745}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=‘False choice’: is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-an-electric-vehicle-revolution |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=28 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Warning over start of commercial-scale deep-sea mining |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-07-commercial-scale-deep-sea.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=University of Exeter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amon |first1=Diva J. |last2=Gollner |first2=Sabine |last3=Morato |first3=Telmo |last4=Smith |first4=Craig R. |last5=Chen |first5=Chong |last6=Christiansen |first6=Sabine |last7=Currie |first7=Bronwen |last8=Drazen |first8=Jeffrey C. |last9=Fukushima |first9=Tomohiko |last10=Gianni |first10=Matthew |last11=Gjerde |first11=Kristina M. |last12=Gooday |first12=Andrew J. |last13=Grillo |first13=Georgina Guillen |last14=Haeckel |first14=Matthias |last15=Joyini |first15=Thembile |last16=Ju |first16=Se-Jong |last17=Levin |first17=Lisa A. |last18=Metaxas |first18=Anna |last19=Mianowicz |first19=Kamila |last20=Molodtsova |first20=Tina N. |last21=Narberhaus |first21=Ingo |last22=Orcutt |first22=Beth N. |last23=Swaddling |first23=Alison |last24=Tuhumwire |first24=Joshua |last25=Palacio |first25=Patricio Urueña |last26=Walker |first26=Michelle |last27=Weaver |first27=Phil |last28=Xu |first28=Xue-Wei |last29=Mulalap |first29=Clement Yow |last30=Edwards |first30=Peter E. T. |last31=Pickens |first31=Chris |title=Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 April 2022 |volume=138 |pages=105006 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006 |language=en |issn=0308-597X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Out of our depth? Why deep seabed mining is not the answer to the climate crisis |url=https://www.fauna-flora.org/news/depth-deep-sea-mining-not-answer-climate-crisis |website=Fauna & Flora International |access-date=8 August 2022 |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>


=== Maintenance ===
=== Maintenance ===
Line 135: Line 150:
;2021
;2021
* Researchers develop an [[energy system]] model for 100% [[renewable energy transition|renewable energy]], examining [[feasibility study|feasibility]] and [[Variable renewable energy#Solutions for their integration|grid stability]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=U.S. can get to 100% clean energy with wind, water, solar and zero nuclear, Stanford professor says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=CNBC |date=21 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114201928/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=Mark Z. |last2=von Krauland |first2=Anna-Katharina |last3=Coughlin |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Palmer |first4=Frances C. |last5=Smith |first5=Miles M. |title=Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 January 2022 |volume=184 |pages=430–442 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067 |s2cid=244820608 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182656/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Researchers develop an [[energy system]] model for 100% [[renewable energy transition|renewable energy]], examining [[feasibility study|feasibility]] and [[Variable renewable energy#Solutions for their integration|grid stability]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=U.S. can get to 100% clean energy with wind, water, solar and zero nuclear, Stanford professor says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=CNBC |date=21 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114201928/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/21/us-can-get-to-100percent-clean-energy-without-nuclear-power-stanford-professor-says.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=Mark Z. |last2=von Krauland |first2=Anna-Katharina |last3=Coughlin |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Palmer |first4=Frances C. |last5=Smith |first5=Miles M. |title=Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage |journal=Renewable Energy |date=1 January 2022 |volume=184 |pages=430–442 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067 |s2cid=244820608 |language=en |issn=0960-1481 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-access=subscription |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182656/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148121016499 |url-status=live }}</ref>

;2022
* A revised or updated version of a major worldwide [[100% renewable energy]] proposed plan and model is published.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harvey |first1=George |title=We Can Have (Just About) Everything We Want For Energy & The Climate |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2022/07/04/we-can-have-just-about-everything-we-want-for-energy-the-climate/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=CleanTechnica |date=4 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson |first1=Mark Z. |last2=Krauland |first2=Anna-Katharina von |last3=Coughlin |first3=Stephen J. |last4=Dukas |first4=Emily |last5=Nelson |first5=Alexander J. H. |last6=Palmer |first6=Frances C. |last7=Rasmussen |first7=Kylie R. |title=Low-cost solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity for 145 countries |journal=Energy & Environmental Science |date=28 June 2022 |doi=10.1039/D2EE00722C |s2cid=250126767 |language=en |issn=1754-5706|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/145Country/22-145Countries.pdf}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 145: Line 163:
** [[Energy transition]]
** [[Energy transition]]
** [[Green recovery]]
** [[Green recovery]]
** [[Public research and development]]
** [[Policy studies]]
** [[Policy studies]]
* [[Energy system]]
* [[Energy system]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020-present}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020-present}}
[[Category:Sustainable energy]]
[[Category:Sustainable energy|*]]
[[Category:Renewable energy]]
[[Category:Renewable energy]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
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[[Category:Technology timelines]]
[[Category:Technology timelines]]
[[Category:Science timelines]]
[[Category:Science timelines]]
[[Category:Energy research|*]]

Revision as of 15:35, 8 August 2022

Part of a series on
Sustainable energy
A car drives past 4 wind turbines in a field, with more on the horizon
Energy conservation
Renewable energy
Sustainable transport
2020 in science
Fields
Technology
Social sciences
Paleontology
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related

Timeline of notable events in the research and development of sustainable energy including renewable energy, solar energy and nuclear fusion energy, particularly for ways that are sustainable within the Earth system.

Renewable energy capacity[1]

Events currently not included in the timelines include:

Prior history of energy consumption sources up to 2018

Grids

Smart grids

See also: Smart grid § Research

Research about smart grids to reduce, load-balance and optimize energy consumption on the level of the energy infrastructure and make intermittent, spatially-varying sustainable energies viable and interconnected.

Super grids

See also: Super grid
A super-grid concept.
Estimated power demand over a week in 2012 and 2020, Germany.

Microgrids

See also: Microgrid, Mini-grid, and Microgeneration

Off-the-grid

See also: Off-the-grid

Grid energy storage

See also: Grid energy storage

Other and general variable energy management

See also: Dispatchable generation, Wind power forecasting, Base load, Electric power transmission, and Variable renewable energy § Solutions for their integration

Solar power

Further information: Timeline of solar cells and Solar power § Emerging technologies
Reported timeline of research solar cell energy conversion efficiencies since 1976 (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
  • 6 March – Scientists show that adding a layer of perovskite crystals on top of textured or planar silicon to create a tandem solar cell enhances its performance up to a power conversion efficiency of 26%. This could be a low cost way to increase efficiency of solar cells.[4][5]
  • 13 July – The first global assessment into promising approaches of solar photovoltaic modules recycling is published. Scientists recommend "research and development to reduce recycling costs and environmental impacts compared to disposal while maximizing material recovery" as well as facilitation and use of techno–economic analyses.[6][7]
  • 3 July – Scientists show that adding an organic-based ionic solid into perovskites can result in substantial improvement in solar cell performance and stability. The study also reveals a complex degradation route that is responsible for failures in aged perovskite solar cells. The understanding could help the future development of photovoltaic technologies with industrially relevant longevity.[8][9][importance?]

Space-based solar power

Further information: Space-based solar power
See also: SSPS-OMEGA and SPS-ALPHA
2020

Floating solar

Further information: Floating solar
2020
  • A study concludes that deploying floating solar panels on existing hydro reservoirs could generate 16%–40% (4,251 to 10,616 TWh/year) of global energy needs when not considering project-siting constraints, local development regulations, "economic or market potential" and potential future technology improvements.[12][13]

Agrivoltaics

Solar-powered production

See also: Microbial food cultures § Environmental, food security and efficiency aspects

Water production

Early 2020s

Wind power

See also: History of wind power
2021
A vertical axis wind turbine
  • A study using simulations finds that large scale vertical-axis wind turbines could outcompete conventional HAWTs (horizontal axis) wind farm turbines.[26][27]
  • Scientists report that due to decreases in power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind of offshore wind farms, cross-national limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in strategic decision-making.[28][29]
  • Researchers report, based on simulations, how large wind-farm performance can be significantly improved using windbreaks.[30][31]
  • The world's first fully autonomous commercial "airborne wind energy" system (an airborne wind turbine) is launched by a company.[32]
  • An U.S. congressionally directed report concludes that "the resource potential of wind energy available to AWE systems is likely similar to that available to traditional wind energy systems" but that "AWE would need significant further development before it could deploy at meaningful scales at the national level".[32]

Hydrogen energy

See also: Timeline of hydrogen technologies § 21st century, and Green hydrogen § Research and development
2022
  • Researchers increase water electrolysis performance of renewable hydrogen via capillary-fed electrolysis cells.[33][34]
  • A novel energy-efficient strategy for hydrogen release from liquid hydrogen carriers with the potential to reduce costs of storage and transportation is reported.[35][36]

Hydroelectricity and marine energy

See also: Hydropower § History, Hydroelectricity § History, Ocean thermal energy conversion, and Marine energy
2021
  • Engineers report the development of a prototype wave energy converter that is twice as efficient as similar existing experimental technologies, which could be a major step towards practical viability of tapping into the sustainable energy source.[37][38]
  • A study investigates how tidal energy could be best integrated into the Orkney energy system.[39] A few days earlier, a review assesses the potential of tidal energy in the UK's energy systems, finding that it could, according to their considerations that include an economic cost-benefit analysis, deliver 34 TWh/y or 11% of its energy demand.[40][41]

Energy storage

See also: Energy storage § History, History of the battery, and § Grid energy storage

Electric batteries

Thermal energy storage

Novel and emerging types

See also: List of battery types and Lithium–sulfur battery § Research
  • 2021 – A company generates its first power from a gravity battery at a site in Edinburgh[44] Other gravity batteries are also under construction by other companies.[45]
  • 2021 – A study describes using lifts and empty apartments in tall buildings to store energy, estimating global potential around 30 to 300 GWh.[46][47]

Nuclear fusion

  • 2020
    • Assembly of ITER, which has been under construction for years, commences.[48]
    • The Chinese experimental nuclear fusion reactor HL-2M is turned on for the first time, achieving its first plasma discharge.[49]
  • 2021
    • [Record] China's EAST tokamak sets a new world record for superheated plasma, sustaining a temperature of 120 million degrees Celsius for 101 seconds and a peak of 160 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds.[50]
    • [Record] The National Ignition Facility achieves generating 70% of the input energy, necessary to sustain fusion, from inertial confinement fusion energy, an 8x improvement over previous experiments in spring 2021 and a 25x increase over the yields achieved in 2018.[51]
    • The first Fusion Industry Association report was published - "The global fusion industry in 2021"[52]
    • [Record] China's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), a nuclear fusion reactor research facility, sustained plasma at 70 million degrees Celsius for as long as 1,056 seconds (17 minutes, 36 seconds), achieving the new world record for sustained high temperatures (fusion energy however requires i.a. temperatures over 150 million °C).[53][54][55]
  • 2022
    • [Record] The Joint European Torus in Oxford, UK, reports 59 megajoules produced with nuclear fusion over five seconds (11 megawatts of power), more than double the previous record of 1997.[56][57]
    • [Record] United States researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California has recorded the first case of ignition on August 8, 2021. Producing an energy yield of 0.72, of laser beam input to fusion output.[58][59]
    • [Record] Building on the achievement in August 2022, American researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California recorded the first ever net energy production with nuclear fusion, producing more fusion energy than laser beam put in. Laser efficiency was in the order of 1%.[60]
  • 2023
    • [Record] On February 15, 2023, Wendelstein 7-X reached a new milestone: Power plasma with gigajoule energy turnover generated for eight minutes.[61]
    • JT-60SA achieves first plasma in October, making it the largest operational superconducting tokamak in the world.[62]
  • 2024
    • The Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) achieved the new record of 102-sec-long operation (Integrated RMP control for ELM-less H-mode with a notable advancement on the favorable control the error field,[63] Tungsten divertor) with the achieved duration of 48 seconds at the high-temperature of about 100 million degrees Celsius in February 2024, after the last record of 45-sec-long operation (ELM-less H-mode (FIRE mode[64]), Carbon-based divertor, 2022). See "핵융합 플라스마 장기간 운전기술 확보 청신호, 보도자료, KSTAR연구본부" (in Korean). 20 March 2024. and "[공식발표] 한국 인공태양 KSTAR 또 해냈다! "1억도○○ 초?"". YouTube (in Korean). (21 March 2024).

Geothermal energy

See also: Geothermal energy § History

Waste heat recovery

See also: Waste heat recovery
2020
  • Reviews about WHR in the aluminium industry[65] and cement industry[66] are published

Bioenergy, chemical engineering and biotechnology

See also: Bioenergy, Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage § Current projects, Biobased economy § Energy, Artificial photosynthesis, and Woodchips § Fuel
2020
2022

General

Research about sustainable energy in general or across different types.

Other energy-need reductions

See also: Energy conservation, Sustainable lifestyle, Heat cost allocator, Personal carbon credits, and Climate change mitigation § Research

Research and development of (technical) means to substantially or systematically reduce need for energy beyond smart grids, education / educational technology (such as about differential environmental impacts of diets), transportation infrastructure (bicycles and rail transport) and conventional improvements of energy efficiency on the level of the energy system.

2020
  • A study shows a set of different scenarios of minimal energy requirements for providing decent living standards globally, finding that – according to their models, assessments and data – by 2050 global energy use could be reduced to 1960 levels despite of 'sufficiency' still being materially relatively generous.[71][72][73]
2022

Materials and recycling

See also: § Solar power, Solar panel § Waste and recycling, Solar cell § Recycling, Rare-earth element § Environmental considerations, Environmental aspects of the electric car, and Circular economy § Rare-earth elements recovery
2020
  • Researchers report that mining for renewable energy production will increase threats to biodiversity and publish a map of areas that contain needed materials as well as estimations of their overlaps with "Key Biodiversity Areas", "Remaining Wilderness" and "Protected Areas". The authors assess that careful strategic planning is needed.[76][77][78]

Deep-sea mining

See also: Deep-sea mining
2020

Maintenance

See also: Soiling (solar energy) § Mitigation techniques

Maintenance of sustainable energy systems could be automated, standardized and simplified and the required resources and efforts for such get reduced via research relevant for their design and processes like waste management.

2022
  • Researchers demonstrate electrostatic dust removal from solar panels.[86][87]

Economic evaluation mechanisms

2021
  • A review finds that the pace of cost-decline of renewables has been underestimated and that an "open cost-database would greatly benefit the energy scenario community".[88][89]

Feasibility studies and energy system models

2020
  • A study suggests that All sector defossilisation can be achieved worldwide even for nations with severe conditions. The study suggests that integration impacts depend on "demand profiles, flexibility and storage cost".[90][91]
2021
2022

See also

2024 in science
Fields
Technology
Social sciences
Paleontology
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related
Not yet included
Timelines of related areas

References

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  94. ^ Harvey, George (4 July 2022). "We Can Have (Just About) Everything We Want For Energy & The Climate". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  95. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Krauland, Anna-Katharina von; Coughlin, Stephen J.; Dukas, Emily; Nelson, Alexander J. H.; Palmer, Frances C.; Rasmussen, Kylie R. (28 June 2022). "Low-cost solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy insecurity for 145 countries" (PDF). Energy & Environmental Science. doi:10.1039/D2EE00722C. ISSN 1754-5706. S2CID 250126767.
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