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{{COI|date=September 2009}} |
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[[File:Mississippi Cottonseed Oil Company seed house.jpg|thumb|right|Mississippi Cottonseed Oil Co. seed house, Jackson, Mississippi, USA]] |
[[File:Mississippi Cottonseed Oil Company seed house.jpg|thumb|right|Mississippi Cottonseed Oil Co. seed house, [[Jackson, Mississippi]], USA]] |
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'''Cottonseed oil''' is a [[cooking oil]] extracted from the [[seeds]] of [[cotton plant]] of various species, mainly ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' and ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]''. Cotton grown for oil extraction is one of the [[genetically modified food#Development and application|big four]] [[genetically modified crops]] grown around the world, next to soy, corn, and rapeseed (canola), mostly Monsanto products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrensr.nsf/LinkView/AE641E63162D0A50CA256ECA000A8B123A8D6D972510B1ED4A2567C40015A7EE|title=Reports on GM Canola}} from the |
'''Cottonseed oil''' is a [[cooking oil]] extracted from the [[seeds]] of [[cotton plant]] of various species, mainly ''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' and ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]''. Cotton grown for oil extraction is one of the [[genetically modified food#Development and application|big four]] [[genetically modified crops]] grown around the world, next to soy, corn, and rapeseed (canola), mostly [[Monsanto]] products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nrensr.nsf/LinkView/AE641E63162D0A50CA256ECA000A8B123A8D6D972510B1ED4A2567C40015A7EE|title=Reports on GM Canola}} from the Australian Department of Primary Industries.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/ |title=Australian Department of Primary Industries homepage}}</ref> |
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The [[cottonseed]] has a similar structure to other [[oilseeds]] such as [[sunflower seed]], having an [[oil]] bearing [[Seed|kernel]] surrounded by a hard outer hull; in processing, the oil is extracted from the kernel. Cottonseed oil is used for salad oil, [[mayonnaise]], [[salad dressing]], and similar products because of its [[flavor]] stability.<ref name="cottonseed.com"> |
The [[cottonseed]] has a similar structure to other [[oilseeds]] such as [[sunflower seed]], having an [[oil]] bearing [[Seed|kernel]] surrounded by a hard outer hull; in processing, the oil is extracted from the kernel. Cottonseed oil is used for salad oil, [[mayonnaise]], [[salad dressing]], and similar products because of its [[flavor]] stability.<ref name="cottonseed.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cottonseed.com/publications/facts.asp |title=Twenty Facts About Cottonseed Oil |publisher= National Cottonseed Products Association }}</ref> The cottonseed oil undergoes intensive treatment after extraction to reduce the level of [[gossypol]] found in untreated cottonseed oil, the consumption of which may produce undesirable side-effects.<ref>{{cite journal |year= |month= |title=Low potassium levels from use of Gossypol linked to paralysis |date=1981 |url= http://jstor.org/stable/2947696 |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=24–25 |quote=Gossypol, a male antifertility agent derived from the cotton plant, may be the cause of [[hypokalemic]] paralysis in a small but significant proportion of its users. |doi= 10.2307/2947696}}</ref> |
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==Chemical composition of cottonseed oil== |
==Chemical composition of cottonseed oil== |
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Its fatty acid profile generally consists of 70% unsaturated fatty acids including 18% monounsaturated (oleic), 52% polyunsaturated (linoleic) and 26% saturated (primarily palmitic and stearic).<ref name="Oysters and cotton seed Oil"> |
Its fatty acid profile generally consists of 70% unsaturated fatty acids including 18% monounsaturated (oleic), 52% polyunsaturated (linoleic) and 26% saturated (primarily palmitic and stearic).<ref name="Oysters and cotton seed Oil">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntokcotton.org/images/Cottonseed%20Oil%20Use.pdf |title= Cottonseed Oil Use |publisher= NTOK Cotton (North Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas cotton industry partnership }}</ref> |
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Cottonseed oil is described by scientists as being "naturally hydrogenated" because the saturated fatty acids it contains are the natural oleic, palmitic, and [[stearic acid]]s. These fatty acids make it a stable frying oil without the need for additional processing or the formation of [[trans fatty acids]]. Cotton seed oil is not required to be as fully [[hydrogenated]] for many purposes as some of the more polyunsaturated oils. On partial hydrogenation, the amounts of [[monounsaturated fatty acid]]s actually increase. When hydrogenated to a typical [[iodine value]] of about 80, for example, its fatty acid profile shifts to 50% monounsaturated, 21% polyunsaturated, and 29% saturated, which are all well within current diet/health guidelines.<ref name="cottonseed.com"/> |
Cottonseed oil is described by scientists as being "naturally hydrogenated" because the saturated fatty acids it contains are the natural oleic, palmitic, and [[stearic acid]]s. These fatty acids make it a stable frying oil without the need for additional processing or the formation of [[trans fatty acids]]. Cotton seed oil is not required to be as fully [[hydrogenated]] for many purposes as some of the more polyunsaturated oils. On partial hydrogenation, the amounts of [[monounsaturated fatty acid]]s actually increase. When hydrogenated to a typical [[iodine value]] of about 80, for example, its fatty acid profile shifts to 50% monounsaturated, 21% polyunsaturated, and 29% saturated, which are all well within current diet/health guidelines.<ref name="cottonseed.com"/> |
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[[Gossypol]] is a biologically-active yellow polyphenolic compound produced by cotton and other members of the order [[Malvaceae]], such as [[okra]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Lynn A. |last2=King |first2=C. Clay |editor=Y. H. Hui (ed.) |title=Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edible Oil and Fat Products: Oils and Oilseeds |chapter=Cottonseed oil |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-471-59426-0}}</ref> This coloured compound found in tiny glands in the seeds, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. The adaptive function of the compound is believed to be one of facilitating [[insect]] resistance. Further, [[Gossypol]]<ref group="Gossypol"> |
[[Gossypol]] is a biologically-active yellow polyphenolic compound produced by cotton and other members of the order [[Malvaceae]], such as [[okra]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Lynn A. |last2=King |first2=C. Clay |editor=Y. H. Hui (ed.) |title=Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edible Oil and Fat Products: Oils and Oilseeds |chapter=Cottonseed oil |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-471-59426-0}}</ref> This coloured compound found in tiny glands in the seeds, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. The adaptive function of the compound is believed to be one of facilitating [[insect]] resistance. Further, [[Gossypol]]<ref group="Gossypol">{{cite web |url=http://www.drugs.com/npp/gossypol.html |title=Gossypol |publisher=drugs.com |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> acts as a male and female contraceptive. It may be used to treat gynaecological problems and viral infections. |
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In addition, global cotton seed production can potentially provide the protein requirements for half a billion people per year. Work is under way to find a viable solution to the [[Gossypol]]<ref group="Gossypol" > |
In addition, global cotton seed production can potentially provide the protein requirements for half a billion people per year. Work is under way to find a viable solution to the [[Gossypol]]<ref group="Gossypol" >{{cite web |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/48/18054.abstract |title=Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol |publisher=pnas.org |date=June 27, 2006}}</ref> problem. |
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The three key steps of [[refining]], [[bleaching]] and deodorization that are involved in producing finished oil act to reduce the [[Gossypol]] level. [[Ferric chloride]] is often used to decolorize cotton seed oil.<ref> |
The three key steps of [[refining]], [[bleaching]] and deodorization that are involved in producing finished oil act to reduce the [[Gossypol]] level. [[Ferric chloride]] is often used to decolorize cotton seed oil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h860k75388370033/ |title= Research abstract: Southern Regional Research Laboratory |publisher=springerlink.com }}</ref> |
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==Health concerns regarding cottonseed oil== |
==Health concerns regarding cottonseed oil== |
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| ⚫ | Cottonseed oil is under scrutiny by many [[nutritionist]]s, who deem it too high in [[saturated fat]] and too low in [[monounsaturated fat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA400361/Is-Cottonseed-Oil-Okay.html |author= Dr. Andrew Weil |title=Why you should avoid cottonseed oil? |publisher=Q & A Library |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> Detractors say that cottonseed oil may contain natural [[toxins]] and unacceptably high levels of [[pesticide]] residues; cotton is not classified as a food crop, and farmers use many agrichemicals when growing it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wizbangblue.com/2008/01/26/the-awful-truth-about-cottonseed-oil.php |title=The Awful Truth About Cottonseed Oil |publisher=wizbangblue.com |date=26 January 2008 }}</ref> Cottonseed oil has traditionally been used in recognizably fatty foods such as [[potato chips]] and is a primary ingredient in [[Crisco]], the shortening product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crisco.com/Products/Details.aspx?groupID=17&prodID=803 |publisher=crisco.com |title=Ingredient facts }}</ref> But since it is significantly less expensive than [[olive oil]] or [[canola oil]], cottonseed has started to creep into a much wider range of [[processed food]]s, including [[cereals]], [[bread]]s and [[snack foods]]. Products that say "may contain one or more of these oils" and list cottonseed, virtually always contain it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cotton247.com/cg/?storyid=743 |publisher=cotton 247.com |title= Cottonseed oil use on the rise }}</ref> Cottonseed oil resists [[rancidity]] and therefore offers a longer shelf life for food products in which it is an ingredient. Research shows that a diet containing cottonseed oil causes [[infertility]] in [[rats]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/112/11/2052 |author= Sotelo A., Montalvo I., de la Luz Crail M., and Gonzalez-Garza M. T. |year=1982 |title=Infertility in Male Rats Induced by Diets Containing Whole Cottonseed Flour |journal=Journal of Nutrition, 112(10), 2052 }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Cottonseed oil is under scrutiny by many [[nutritionist]]s, who deem it too high in [[saturated fat]] and too low in [[monounsaturated fat]].<ref> |
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==Physical properties== |
==Physical properties== |
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Once processed, cottonseed oil has a mild taste and appears generally clear with a light golden color, the amount of color depending on the amount of [[refining]].<ref> |
Once processed, cottonseed oil has a mild taste and appears generally clear with a light golden color, the amount of color depending on the amount of [[refining]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cottonseedoiltour.com/pdf/NCPA_CSOFACTSHEET_03.pdf |title= Cottonseed oil |publisher=National Cottonseed Products Association |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> Cottonseed oil has a relatively high [[smoke point]] as a frying medium. Like other [[long-chain fatty acid]] oils, cottonseed oil has a smoke point of about {{convert|450|F|C}}.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Cottonseed oil is high in [[tocopherol]]s which also contribute to its stability giving products that contain it a long [[shelf life]], hence manufacturers' proclivity to use it in packaged goods. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 15:56, 29 November 2010
 | A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. (September 2009) |
Cottonseed oil is a cooking oil extracted from the seeds of cotton plant of various species, mainly Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum. Cotton grown for oil extraction is one of the big four genetically modified crops grown around the world, next to soy, corn, and rapeseed (canola), mostly Monsanto products.[1][2]
The cottonseed has a similar structure to other oilseeds such as sunflower seed, having an oil bearing kernel surrounded by a hard outer hull; in processing, the oil is extracted from the kernel. Cottonseed oil is used for salad oil, mayonnaise, salad dressing, and similar products because of its flavor stability.[3] The cottonseed oil undergoes intensive treatment after extraction to reduce the level of gossypol found in untreated cottonseed oil, the consumption of which may produce undesirable side-effects.[4]
Chemical composition of cottonseed oil
Its fatty acid profile generally consists of 70% unsaturated fatty acids including 18% monounsaturated (oleic), 52% polyunsaturated (linoleic) and 26% saturated (primarily palmitic and stearic).[5]
Cottonseed oil is described by scientists as being "naturally hydrogenated" because the saturated fatty acids it contains are the natural oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. These fatty acids make it a stable frying oil without the need for additional processing or the formation of trans fatty acids. Cotton seed oil is not required to be as fully hydrogenated for many purposes as some of the more polyunsaturated oils. On partial hydrogenation, the amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids actually increase. When hydrogenated to a typical iodine value of about 80, for example, its fatty acid profile shifts to 50% monounsaturated, 21% polyunsaturated, and 29% saturated, which are all well within current diet/health guidelines.[3]
Gossypol is a biologically-active yellow polyphenolic compound produced by cotton and other members of the order Malvaceae, such as okra.[6] This coloured compound found in tiny glands in the seeds, leaf, stem, tap root bark, and root of the cotton plant. The adaptive function of the compound is believed to be one of facilitating insect resistance. Further, Gossypol[Gossypol 1] acts as a male and female contraceptive. It may be used to treat gynaecological problems and viral infections. In addition, global cotton seed production can potentially provide the protein requirements for half a billion people per year. Work is under way to find a viable solution to the Gossypol[Gossypol 2] problem.
The three key steps of refining, bleaching and deodorization that are involved in producing finished oil act to reduce the Gossypol level. Ferric chloride is often used to decolorize cotton seed oil.[7]
Health concerns regarding cottonseed oil
Cottonseed oil is under scrutiny by many nutritionists, who deem it too high in saturated fat and too low in monounsaturated fat.[8] Detractors say that cottonseed oil may contain natural toxins and unacceptably high levels of pesticide residues; cotton is not classified as a food crop, and farmers use many agrichemicals when growing it.[9] Cottonseed oil has traditionally been used in recognizably fatty foods such as potato chips and is a primary ingredient in Crisco, the shortening product.[10] But since it is significantly less expensive than olive oil or canola oil, cottonseed has started to creep into a much wider range of processed foods, including cereals, breads and snack foods. Products that say "may contain one or more of these oils" and list cottonseed, virtually always contain it.[11] Cottonseed oil resists rancidity and therefore offers a longer shelf life for food products in which it is an ingredient. Research shows that a diet containing cottonseed oil causes infertility in rats.[12]
Physical properties
Once processed, cottonseed oil has a mild taste and appears generally clear with a light golden color, the amount of color depending on the amount of refining.[13] Cottonseed oil has a relatively high smoke point as a frying medium. Like other long-chain fatty acid oils, cottonseed oil has a smoke point of about 450 °F (232 °C).[6] Cottonseed oil is high in tocopherols which also contribute to its stability giving products that contain it a long shelf life, hence manufacturers' proclivity to use it in packaged goods.
References
- ^ "Reports on GM Canola". from the Australian Department of Primary Industries.
- ^ "Australian Department of Primary Industries homepage".
- ^ a b "Twenty Facts About Cottonseed Oil". National Cottonseed Products Association.
- ^ "Low potassium levels from use of Gossypol linked to paralysis". International Family Planning Perspectives. 7 (1): 24–25. 1981. doi:10.2307/2947696.
Gossypol, a male antifertility agent derived from the cotton plant, may be the cause of hypokalemic paralysis in a small but significant proportion of its users.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help) - ^ "Cottonseed Oil Use" (PDF). NTOK Cotton (North Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas cotton industry partnership.
- ^ a b Jones, Lynn A.; King, C. Clay (1996). "Cottonseed oil". In Y. H. Hui (ed.) (ed.). Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Edible Oil and Fat Products: Oils and Oilseeds. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-59426-0.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help) - ^ "Research abstract: Southern Regional Research Laboratory". springerlink.com.
- ^ Dr. Andrew Weil. "Why you should avoid cottonseed oil?". Q & A Library. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ "The Awful Truth About Cottonseed Oil". wizbangblue.com. 26 January 2008.
- ^ "Ingredient facts". crisco.com.
- ^ "Cottonseed oil use on the rise". cotton 247.com.
- ^ Sotelo A., Montalvo I., de la Luz Crail M., and Gonzalez-Garza M. T. (1982). "Infertility in Male Rats Induced by Diets Containing Whole Cottonseed Flour". Journal of Nutrition, 112(10), 2052.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Cottonseed oil" (PDF). National Cottonseed Products Association. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ "Gossypol". drugs.com. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ "Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol". pnas.org. June 27, 2006.