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Y-DNA, or Y-chromosomal, (direct paternal) lineages were not analyzed in this study; however, an earlier{{which?|date=April 2012}} study giving the aboriginal y-DNA contribution at 6% was cited by Maca-Meyer et al., but the results were criticized as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y-DNA haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1b]], which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y-DNA lineages in the Canaries. Regardless, Maca-Meyer et al. states that historical evidence does support the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry...as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between European males and aboriginal females, and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the Conquest."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 |title=Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches |year=2003 |last1=Maca-Meyer |first1=Nicole |last2=Arnay |first2=Matilde |last3=Rando |first3=Juan Carlos |last4=Flores |first4=Carlos |last5=González |first5=Ana M |last6=Cabrera |first6=Vicente M |last7=Larruga |first7=José M |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=155–62 |pmid=14508507}}</ref> The genetics thus suggests the native men were sharply reduced in numbers due to the war, large numbers of Spanish men stayed in the islands and married the local women, the Canarians adopted Spanish names, language, and religion, and in this way, the Canarians were [[Hispanicization|Hispanicized]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} |
Y-DNA, or Y-chromosomal, (direct paternal) lineages were not analyzed in this study; however, an earlier{{which?|date=April 2012}} study giving the aboriginal y-DNA contribution at 6% was cited by Maca-Meyer et al., but the results were criticized as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y-DNA haplogroup [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b1b]], which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y-DNA lineages in the Canaries. Regardless, Maca-Meyer et al. states that historical evidence does support the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry...as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between European males and aboriginal females, and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the Conquest."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075 |title=Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches |year=2003 |last1=Maca-Meyer |first1=Nicole |last2=Arnay |first2=Matilde |last3=Rando |first3=Juan Carlos |last4=Flores |first4=Carlos |last5=González |first5=Ana M |last6=Cabrera |first6=Vicente M |last7=Larruga |first7=José M |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=155–62 |pmid=14508507}}</ref> The genetics thus suggests the native men were sharply reduced in numbers due to the war, large numbers of Spanish men stayed in the islands and married the local women, the Canarians adopted Spanish names, language, and religion, and in this way, the Canarians were [[Hispanicization|Hispanicized]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} |
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According to a recent study by Fregel et al. 2009, in spite of the geographic nearness between the Canary Islands and [[Morocco]], the genetic heritage of the Canary islands male lineages, is mainly from European origin. Indeed, nearly 67% of the haplogroups resulting from are Euro–Eurasian ([[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]](2.76%), [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] (50.62%), [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] (14%), [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I]] (9.66%) and [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] (3.99%)). Unsurprisingly the Spanish conquest brought the genetic base of the current male population of the Canary Islands. Nevertheless, the second most important Haplogroup origin is Northern Africa. [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (14% including 8.30% of the typical [[berber people|berber]] haplogroup E-M81), [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]] and E1a (1.50%), and [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] (3%) Haplogroups are present at a rate of 33%. Even if a part of these "eastern" haplogroups were introduced by the Spanish (they are well represented in Spain), we can suppose that a good portion of this rate was already there at the time of the conquest.<ref>{{cite journal |
According to a recent study by Fregel et al. 2009, in spite of the geographic nearness between the Canary Islands and [[Morocco]], the genetic heritage of the Canary islands male lineages, is mainly from European origin. Indeed, nearly 67% of the haplogroups resulting from are Euro–Eurasian ([[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]](2.76%), [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] (50.62%), [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] (14%), [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I]] (9.66%) and [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] (3.99%)). Unsurprisingly the Spanish conquest brought the genetic base of the current male population of the Canary Islands. Nevertheless, the second most important Haplogroup origin is Northern Africa. [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (14% including 8.30% of the typical [[berber people|berber]] haplogroup E-M81), [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]] and E1a (1.50%), and [[Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)|T]] (3%) Haplogroups are present at a rate of 33%. Even if a part of these "eastern" haplogroups were introduced by the Spanish (they are well represented in Spain), we can suppose that a good portion of this rate was already there at the time of the conquest.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zurita AI, Hernandez A, Sanchez JJ, Cuellas JA |title=Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in the Canary Islands population (Spain) |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=148 |issue=2–3 |pages=233–8 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15639620 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.004}}</ref> According to the same study, the presence of autochthonous North African E-M81 lineages, and also other relatively abundant markers (E-M78 and J-M267) from the same region in the indigenous Guanche population, "strongly points to that area [North Africa] as the most probable origin of the Guanche ancestors". In this study, Fregel et al. estimated that, based on Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the relative female and male indigenous Guanche contributions to the present-day Canary Islands populations were respectively of 41.8% and 16.1%.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: Replacement of native lineages by European |year=2009 |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |last2=Gomes |first2=Verónica |last3=Gusmão |first3=Leonor |last4=González |first4=Ana M |last5=Cabrera |first5=Vicente M |last6=Amorim |first6=António |last7=Larruga |first7=Jose M |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |pages=181 |pmid=19650893 |pmc=2728732}}</ref> |
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An [[Autosome|autosomal]] study in 2011 found an average Northwest African influence of about 17% in Canary Islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0% to 96%. According to the authors, the substantial Northwest African ancestry found for Canary Islanders supports that, despite the aggressive conquest by the Spanish in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration, genetic footprints of the first settlers of the Canary Islands persist in the current inhabitants. Paralleling mtDNA findings, the largest average Northwest African contribution was found for the samples from [[La Gomera]].<ref>{{cite journal | |
An [[Autosome|autosomal]] study in 2011 found an average Northwest African influence of about 17% in Canary Islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0% to 96%. According to the authors, the substantial Northwest African ancestry found for Canary Islanders supports that, despite the aggressive conquest by the Spanish in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration, genetic footprints of the first settlers of the Canary Islands persist in the current inhabitants. Paralleling mtDNA findings, the largest average Northwest African contribution was found for the samples from [[La Gomera]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018389}}</ref> |
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| La Gomera||46||50.01%||10.86%||60.87%||Fregel 2009<ref> |
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| El Hierro||32||21.88%||12.49%||34.37%||Fregel 2009 |
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Revision as of 21:34, 19 August 2013
     José de Anchieta · Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa · Agustín de Betancourt Luis de la Cruz y Ríos · Benito Pérez Galdós · José Comas Quesada | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 Canary Islands 1,547,611 (2009)[1] | |
 Spain | Total unknown |
 Venezuela | 42,671 [2][3] |
 Cuba | 40,602[4] |
 Argentina | 2,390[2] |
 United Kingdom | 2,114[5] |
 Mexico | 1,600 |
 Germany | 1,471[5] |
 Uruguay | 628[5] |
 Brazil | 620[5] |
 Puerto Rico | Total unknown[5] |
 Dominican Republic | Total unknown |
| Languages | |
| Canarian Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Roman Catholic | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Spanish peoples · Portuguese peoples · Berber people · Cubans · Puerto Rican people · Venezuelan people | |
| Part of a series on the |
| Spanish people |
|---|
_alternate_colours.svg) Rojigualda (historical Spanish flag) |
| Regional groups |
Other groups
|
| Significant Spanish diaspora |
| Languages |
|
Other languages |
 Category Spain portal |
The Canarians are an ethnic group living in the archipelago of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of Spain), near the coast of Western Africa. The variety of the Spanish language spoken in the region is the Habla Canaria (Canary speech) or the Dialecto Canario (Canarian dialect), a distinctive dialect of Spanish spoken in the islands.
History
The original inhabitants of the Canary Islands were the Guanches, believed to be Berbers in origin or a related group.
The islands were conquered by mostly Andalusians and some Castilians at the beginning of the 15th century. In 1402, they began to subdue and suppress the native Guanche population. The Guanches were initially enslaved and gradually absorbed by the Spanish colonizers.
After subsequent settlement by Spaniards and other European peoples, mainly Portuguese, the remaining Guanches were gradually diluted by the settlers and their culture largely vanished. Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of Tenerife and La Palma, oversaw extensive immigration to these islands during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, and immigrants included Galicians, Castilians, Portuguese, Italians, Catalans, Basques, and Flemings. At subsequent judicial enquiries, Fernández de Lugo was accused of favoring Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians.[7]
Today some of the traditional sports such as Lucha Canaria, Juego del Palo or Salto del Pastor, among others, have their roots in Guanche culture. Additionally, other traditions include Canarian pottery, words of Guanche origin in the habla canaria and the rural consumption of guarapo gomero and gofio.
Modern day Canarian culture is Spanish with some Guanche roots. The strong influence of Latin America is due to the constant emigration and return over the centuries of Canarians to that continent, chiefly to Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and Nuevo León in Northeastern Mexico.[8]
Ancestry
The inhabitants of the Canary Islands hold a gene pool that is mostly of Berber and Iberian extract. Guanche genetic markers have also been found, recently in Puerto Rico and at low frequencies, in peninsular Spain, probably as a result of slavery and/or later emigration from the Canary Islands.[9]
Population genetics
The most frequent mtDNA haplogroup in Canary Islands is H (37.6%), followed by U6 (14.0%), T (12.7%), U (except U6) (10.3%) and J (7.0%). Two haplogroups, H and U6 alone account for more than 50% of the individuals. Significant frequencies of sub-Saharan L haplogroups (6.6%) is also consistent with the historical records on introduction of sub-Saharan slave labour in Canary Islands. However some Sub-Saharan lineages are also found in North African populations, and as a result, some of these L lineages could have been introduced to the Islands from North Africa.[10][11] A 2009 study of DNA extracted from the remains of aboriginal inhabitants found that 7% of lineages were Haplogroup L. This leaves open the possibility that these L lineages were part of the founding population of the Canary Islands.[12]
A 2003 genetics research article by Nicole Maca-Meyer et al. published in the European Journal of Human Genetics compared aboriginal Guanche mtDNA (collected from Canarian archaeological sites) to that of today's Canarians and concluded that, "despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonization, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA [direct maternal] lineages constitute a considerable proportion [42–73%] of the Canarian gene pool.
Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements [e.g., the Islamic-Arabic conquest of the Berbers] have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands and the "results support, from a maternal perspective, the supposition that since the end of the 16th century, at least, two-thirds of the Canarian population had an indigenous substrate, as was previously inferred from historical and anthropological data."[13] mtDNA haplogroup U subclade U6b1 is Canarian-specific[14] and is the most common mtDNA haplogroup found in aboriginal Guanche archaeological burial sites.[13]
Y-DNA, or Y-chromosomal, (direct paternal) lineages were not analyzed in this study; however, an earlier[which?] study giving the aboriginal y-DNA contribution at 6% was cited by Maca-Meyer et al., but the results were criticized as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b1b, which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y-DNA lineages in the Canaries. Regardless, Maca-Meyer et al. states that historical evidence does support the explanation of "strong sexual asymmetry...as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between European males and aboriginal females, and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the Conquest."[15] The genetics thus suggests the native men were sharply reduced in numbers due to the war, large numbers of Spanish men stayed in the islands and married the local women, the Canarians adopted Spanish names, language, and religion, and in this way, the Canarians were Hispanicized.[citation needed]
According to a recent study by Fregel et al. 2009, in spite of the geographic nearness between the Canary Islands and Morocco, the genetic heritage of the Canary islands male lineages, is mainly from European origin. Indeed, nearly 67% of the haplogroups resulting from are Euro–Eurasian (R1a(2.76%), R1b (50.62%), J (14%), I (9.66%) and G (3.99%)). Unsurprisingly the Spanish conquest brought the genetic base of the current male population of the Canary Islands. Nevertheless, the second most important Haplogroup origin is Northern Africa. E1b1b (14% including 8.30% of the typical berber haplogroup E-M81), E1b1a and E1a (1.50%), and T (3%) Haplogroups are present at a rate of 33%. Even if a part of these "eastern" haplogroups were introduced by the Spanish (they are well represented in Spain), we can suppose that a good portion of this rate was already there at the time of the conquest.[16][17] According to the same study, the presence of autochthonous North African E-M81 lineages, and also other relatively abundant markers (E-M78 and J-M267) from the same region in the indigenous Guanche population, "strongly points to that area [North Africa] as the most probable origin of the Guanche ancestors". In this study, Fregel et al. estimated that, based on Y-chromosome and mtDNA haplogroup frequencies, the relative female and male indigenous Guanche contributions to the present-day Canary Islands populations were respectively of 41.8% and 16.1%.[18]
An autosomal study in 2011 found an average Northwest African influence of about 17% in Canary Islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0% to 96%. According to the authors, the substantial Northwest African ancestry found for Canary Islanders supports that, despite the aggressive conquest by the Spanish in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration, genetic footprints of the first settlers of the Canary Islands persist in the current inhabitants. Paralleling mtDNA findings, the largest average Northwest African contribution was found for the samples from La Gomera.[19]
| Island | N | Average NW African ancestry |
| La Gomera | 7 | 42.50% |
| Fuerteventura | 10 | 21.60% |
| La Palma | 7 | 21.00% |
| El Hierro | 7 | 19.80% |
| Lanzarote | 13 | 16.40% |
| Tenerife | 30 | 14.30% |
| Gran Canaria | 30 | 12.40% |
| Total Canary Islanders | 104 | 17.40% |
| Island/NW African mtDna | N | %U6 | %L | Total | Study |
| La Gomera | 46 | 50.01% | 10.86% | 60.87% | Fregel 2009[20] |
| El Hierro | 32 | 21.88% | 12.49% | 34.37% | Fregel 2009 |
| Lanzarote | 49 | 20.40% | 8.16% | 28.56% | Fregel 2009 |
| Gran Canaria | 80 | 11.25% | 10% | 21.25% | Fregel 2009 |
| Tenerife | 174 | 12.09% | 7.45% | 19.54% | Fregel 2009 |
| La Palma | 68 | 17.65% | 1.47% | 19.12% | Fregel 2009 |
| Fuerteventura | 42 | 16.66% | 2.38% | 19.04% | Fregel 2009 |
Ancient Canarians
| Population history [21] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Population | |
| 1768 | 155,763 | |
| 1787 | 168,928 | |
| 1797 | 173,865 | |
| 1842 | 241,266 | |
| 1860 | 237,036 | |
| 1887 | 301,983 | |
| 1900 | 364,408 | |
| 1920 | 488,483 | |
| 1940 | 687,937 | |
| 1960 | 966,177 | |
| 1981 | 1,367,646 | |
| 1990 | 1,589,403 | |
| 2000 | 1,716,276 | |
| 2008 | 2,075,968 | |
| 2011 | 2,126,769 | |
| Figures between 1768-2011 | ||
The Guanches are related to the indigenous Berbers of neighboring Morocco. Guanche language is firmly in the Afro-Asiatic family of languages, and is a dialect of the Berber subfamily therein.
They were left isolated on the islands, until the Spanish arrived in the 15th century, allowing no contact and mixing with other ethnic groups.
Canary Islanders may descend from the Guanches as much as the Spanish.
Demographics
| Demographics of the Canary Islands (2009) [6][1] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Nationality | Population | Percent |
| Canarian | 1,547,611 | 73.7% |
| Mainland Spanish (Peninsulares) | 178,613 | 12.0% |
| Spanish total | 1,799,373 | 85.7% |
| Foreign-born nationals | 299,220 | 14.3% |
| Total | 2,098,593 | 100% |
The Canarian population includes long-tenured and new waves of Spanish immigrants, including Galicians, Castilians, Catalans, Basques and Asturians of Spain; and Portuguese, Italians, the Dutch people or Flemings, and French people. As of 2008, the total Canarian population is 2,075,968. Over 1,541,381 people are native Canarian-born, and another 178,613 people from the Spanish mainland with a total 1,792,121 Spanish population. Most of the 283,847 foreign-born citizens are Europeans with 155,415, such as Germans (39,505), British (37,937) and Italians (24,177). There are 86,287 from the Americas, with Colombians (21,798), Venezuelans (11,958), Cubans (11,098) and Argentines (10,159) being the most numerous.[22]
Religion
The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic with various smaller foreign born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants from northern Europe and Africans following Islam.
Canarians abroad: the Isleño community
Historically, the Canary Islands have served as a hub between Spain and the Americas, and therefore large groups of Canary islanders have emigrated and settled all over the New World as early as the 15th century, mainly in, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Uruguay.
Los Isleños
The Canarians were known as Isleños ("islanders") to peninsular Spanish, and they also went by that name during emigration to the Americas. In the United States, they settled in two places: Louisiana and Texas, both then parts of the Spanish Empire, with Louisiana being the premier settlement. When referring to the Isleños in the United States, it usually applies to the Canarian descendants of Louisiana. There were four places in southeast Louisiana settled by Isleños, with the main settlement being St. Bernard Parish.
The Isleños still speak the Canarian dialect of Spanish. Their Spanish has some borrowed words from neighboring cultures. The Isleños are proud of their heritage and have annual festivals in Louisiana to celebrate their culture. There is a museum as well as an exclusive Isleño cemetery and a church in St. Bernard Parish. The Isleños have dominated the fishing and farming industries, especially sugarcane.
In Texas, in earlier times, there was a small community of Isleños that founded San Antonio in 1731, one hundred years before the first English-speaking immigrants arrived in the region.
In Latin America, Canarian emigration to Cuba, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico has been ongoing for centuries as well. Canarian people greatly influenced the Cuban culture, even those typical Cuban industries such as tobacco and sugar have the signature of Canarian people[citation needed]. In Puerto Rico, whole villages were founded by Canarian settlers. In addition, several towns across the Northeastern Mexican state of Nuevo León were founded by Canarian settlers. The most recognized Canarian settlement took place in 1604, led by Canarian settler Bernabé de las Casas, in the Salinas Valley region of the former New Kingdom of León. This was a crucial event for the subsequent expansion of Canarian settlements in Texas.
Notable Canarians
- José de Anchieta, Jesuit priest and missionary
- Carla Antonelli, LGBT rights activist and actress
- Rosana Arbelo, singer
- Rafael Arozarena, writer
- Carolina Bang, actress
- Javier Bardem, Academy Awarded actor
- Bencomo, pre-Hispanic King
- Beneharo, pre-Hispanic King
- Agustín de Betancourt y Molina, engineer, Russian General
- Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur
- Manolo Blahnik, fashion designer
- Jose Campeche, artist
- Olga Cerpa, singer
- José Comas Quesada, painter
- Óscar Domínguez, painter
- Doramas, pre-Hispanic warrior
- José Doreste, sailor, yacht racer and olympic champion
- Luis Doreste, sailor, yacht racer and world champion and olympic champion
- Ruslan Ela, soccer player
- Nicolás Estévanez, politician
- José Franchy y Roca, journalist and politician, Minister of Industry in the Second Spanish Republic
- Juan Carlos Fresnadillo, filmmaker
- Pedro García Cabrera, poet
- Antonio González y González, scientist, chemist
- Fernando Guanarteme, pre-Hispanic king
- Pedro Guerra, music composer and singer
- Ángel Guimerá, Writer
- Emeterio Gutiérrez Albelo, poet
- Nancy Fabiola Herrera, mezzo-soprano opera singer
- Manolo Hussein, professional basketball coach
- K-Narias, reggaeton pop duo
- Alfredo Kraus, opera singer
- Fernando León y Castillo, politician
- Juan Fernando López Aguilar, politician and jurist, former Minister of Justice
- Domingo López Torres, painter, writer, poet and Marxist revolutionary
- Maninidra, pre-Hispanic warrior
- César Manrique, artist
- Cristo Marrero Henríquez, professional footballer
- Manolo Millares, painter
- José María Millares Sall, poet
- Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan general, politician and precursor of South America independence
- María Montez, actress, Hollywood "Queen of Technicolor"
- Manuel Mora Morales writer and filmmaker
- Tomás Morales, poet
- Juan Negrín, politician
- Pily Nieblas, singer-songwriter and painter
- Leopoldo O'Donnell, General and statesman
- Frances Ondiviela, telenovelas actress, former Miss Spain and model
- Benito Pérez Galdós, writer
- Domingo Pérez Minik, writer
- Sara Da Pin Up, hip hop artist
- Alonso Quesada, writer
- Aythami Ruano, judoka
- Daida Ruano, six time Windsurfing world champion, twin sister of Iballa Ruano
- Iballa Ruano, professional windsurfer, twin sister of Daida Ruano
- Narciso Rodriguez, American fashion designer born to Cuban parents with Canarian origins[23]
- Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma, professional footballer
- Manolo Vieira, comedian
- Sergio Rodríguez, NBA basketball player
- Jerónimo Saavedra, politician, mayor of Las Palmas and two times president of Canaries
- Mary Sánchez, Grammy nominated folk and bolero singer
- Caco Senante, salsa singer and actor
- David Silva, football player
- Carla Suárez Navarro, tennis player
- Tanausu, pre-Hispanic King of Aceró
- Tinguaro, pre-Hispanic warrior General
- Goya Toledo, actress and model
- Jose Toledo, model and TV host
- Danny Vain, Professional Photographer & Lyricist
- Juan Carlos Valerón, football player
- Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa, writer
- José Vélez, singer
- José Viera y Clavijo, historian
- Rosanna Walls, actress
- Eduardo Westerdahl, painter, art critic and writer, and a member of the Surrealist Movement
- Pedro Zerolo, LGBT rights activist, lawyer and politician
See also
References
- ^ a b Native and foreign residents in Canary Islands (Spanish) 2009
- ^ a b c How many Canarians in other countries.
- ^ Canarians in Venezuela
- ^ LA EMIGRACIÓN CANARIA A AMÉRICA A TRAVÉS DE LA HISTORIA. Manuel Hernández González
- ^ a b c d e EMIGRANTES CANARIOS EN EL MUNDO[self-published source?]
- ^ a b www.ine.es Total population by region.
- ^ History of La Palma
- ^ http://www.elporvenir.com.mx/notas.asp?nota_id=55499[full citation needed]
- ^ Maca-Meyer N, Villar J, Pérez-Méndez L, Cabrera de León A, Flores C (2004). "A tale of aborigines, conquerors and slaves: Alu insertion polymorphisms and the peopling of Canary Islands". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 6): 600–5. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00125.x. PMID 15598218.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rando JC, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM; et al. (1999). "Phylogeographic patterns of mtDNA reflecting the colonization of the Canary Islands". Annals of Human Genetics. 63 (Pt 5): 413–28. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6350413.x. PMID 10735583.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Brehm A, Pereira L, Kivisild T, Amorim A (2003). "Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers". Human Genetics. 114 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3. PMID 14513360.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fregel R, Pestano J, Arnay M, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, González AM (2009). "The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands)". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (10): 1314–24. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46. PMC 2986650. PMID 19337312.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Maca-Meyer N, Arnay M, Rando JC; et al. (2004). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155–62. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075. PMID 14508507.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pereira, L; MacAulay, V; Prata, M.J; Amorim, A (2003). "Phylogeny of the mtDNA haplogroup U6. Analysis of the sequences observed in North Africa and Iberia". International Congress Series. 1239: 491. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00553-8.
- ^ Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Larruga, José M (2003). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155–62. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075. PMID 14508507.
- ^ . doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Zurita AI, Hernandez A, Sanchez JJ, Cuellas JA (2005). "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in the Canary Islands population (Spain)". Forensic Science International. 148 (2–3): 233–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.004. PMID 15639620.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M (2009). "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: Replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018389.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ . doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Official census statistics of the Canary Islands population
- ^ Native and foreign residents in Canary Islands (Spanish)
- ^ http://www.hola.com/biografias/narciso-rodriguez/
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