Audio engineer
An audio engineer is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing and reproduction of sound. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games, alternatively the term audio engineer can refer to a scientist or engineer who develops new audio technologies working within the field of acoustical engineering.[1]
Audio engineers who are users of technologies, might also be referred to as audio technicians, audio technologists, recording engineers, sound engineers, sound operators, or sound technicians. They draw on many artistic and vocational areas, including electronics, acoustics, psychoacoustics, and music. An audio technician is proficient with different types of recording media, such as analog tape, digital multitrack recorders and workstations, and computer knowledge. With the advent of the digital age, it is becoming more and more important for the audio technician to be versed in the understanding of software and hardware integration from synchronization to analog to digital transfers.
Audio engineering concerns the creative and practical aspects of sounds and music as well as the development of new audio technologies and advancing scientific understanding of audible sound.[2] Producer, engineer, mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the "technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs, the setting of levels. The physical recording of any project is done by an engineer... the nuts and bolts."[3] Many audio engineers also invented new technology, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art.[4]
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Education [edit]
Audio engineers come from backgrounds such as fine arts, broadcasting, music, science, acoustical engineering or electronics. Audio engineering courses at university or college fall into two rough categories: (i) training in the creative use of audio as a sound engineer, and (ii) training in science or engineering which then allows students to pursue a career developing audio technologies. The second type of courses necessarily have significant scientific and mathematical content.[5] Many colleges and accredited institutions around the world offer degrees in audio engineering. Some audio engineers working in production are autodidacts with no formal training.
Terminology [edit]
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Terms such as "audio technician", "sound technician", "audio engineer", "audio technologist", "sound mixer" and "sound engineer" can be ambiguous; depending on the context they may be synonymous, or they may refer to slightly different roles in audio production. Such terms can refer to a person working in sound and music production, as well as to technicians who design professional equipment for these tasks. Certain jurisdictions specifically prohibit the use of the title engineer to any individual not a registered member of a professional engineering licensing body.
Individuals who design acoustical simulations of rooms, shaping algorithms for digital signal processing and computer music problems, perform institutional research on sound, and other advanced fields of audio engineering are most often graduates of an accredited college or university, or have passed a difficult civil qualification test.
Other languages, such as German and Italian, have different words to refer to these activities. For instance, in German, the Tontechniker (audio technician) is the one who operates the audio equipment and the Tonmeister (sound master) is a person who creates recordings or broadcasts of music who is both deeply musically trained (in 'classical' and non-classical genres) and who also has a detailed theoretical and practical knowledge of virtually all aspects of sound, whereas the Toningenieur (audio engineer) is the one who designs, builds and repairs it.[citation needed]
Practitioners [edit]
An audio engineer is someone with experience and training in the production and manipulation of sound through mechanical or electronic means. As a professional title, this person is sometimes designated as a sound engineer or recording engineer instead. A person with one of these titles is commonly listed in the credits of many commercial music recordings (as well as in other productions that include sound, such as movies).
Audio engineers are generally familiar with the design, installation, and/or operation of sound recording, sound reinforcement, or sound broadcasting equipment, including large and small format consoles. In the recording studio environment, the audio engineer records, edits, manipulates, mixes, or masters sound by technical means in order to realize an artist's or record producer's creative vision. While usually associated with music production, an audio engineer deals with sound for a wide range of applications, including post-production for video and film, live sound reinforcement, advertising, multimedia, and broadcasting. When referring to video games, an audio engineer may also be a computer programmer.
In larger productions, an audio engineer is responsible for the technical aspects of a sound recording or other audio production, and works together with a record producer or director, although the engineer's role may also be integrated with that of the producer. In smaller productions and studios the sound engineer and producer is often one and the same person.
In typical sound reinforcement applications, audio engineers often assume the role of producer, making artistic and technical decisions, and sometimes even scheduling and budget decisions.[6]
Different professional branches [edit]
There are four distinct steps to commercial production of a recording: recording, editing, mixing, and mastering. Typically, each is performed by a sound engineer who specializes only in that part of production.
- Studio engineer – an engineer working within a studio facility, either with a producer or independently.
- Recording engineer – engineer who records sound.
- Assistant engineer – often employed in larger studios, allowing them to train to become full-time engineers. They often assist full-time engineers with microphone setups, session breakdowns and in some cases, rough mixes.[6]
- Mixing engineer – a person who creates mixes of multi-track recordings. It is common for a commercial record to be recorded at one studio and later mixed by different engineers in other studios.
- Mastering engineer – typically the person who mixes the final stereo tracks (or sometimes just a few tracks or stems) that the mix engineer produces. The mastering engineer makes any final adjustments to the overall sound of the record in the final step before commercial duplication. Mastering engineers use principles of equalization and compression to affect the coloration of the sound.
- Game audio designer engineer – deals with sound aspects of game development.
- Live sound engineer
- Front of House (FOH) engineer, or A1.[7] – a person dealing with live sound reinforcement. This usually includes planning and installation of loudspeakers, cabling and equipment and mixing sound during the show. This may or may not include running the foldback sound. A live/sound reinforcement engineer hears source material and tries to correlate that sonic experience with system performance.[8]
- Wireless microphone engineer, or A2. This position is responsible for wireless microphones during a theatre production, a sports event or a corporate event.
- Foldback or Monitor engineer – a person running foldback sound during a live event. The term "foldback" is outdated and refers to the practice of folding back audio signals from the FOH (Front of House) mixing console to the stage in order for musicians to hear themselves while performing. Monitor engineers usually have a separate audio system from the FOH engineer and manipulate audio signals independently from what the audience hears, in order to satisfy the requirements of each performer on stage. In-ear systems, digital and analog mixing consoles, and a variety of speaker enclosures are typically used by monitor engineers. In addition most monitor engineers must be familiar with wireless or RF (radio-frequency) equipment and must communicate personally with the artist(s) during each performance.
- Systems engineer – responsible for the design setup of modern PA systems which are often very complex. A systems engineer is usually also referred to as a "crew chief" on tour and is responsible for the performance and day-to-day job requirements of the audio crew as a whole along with the FOH audio system. This is a sound-only position concerned with implementation, not to be confused with the interdisciplinary field of system engineering which requires a college degree.
- Audio post engineer – a person who edits and mixes audio for film and/or television programs.
Equipment [edit]
Audio engineers in their daily work operate and make use of:
Recording engineers of note [edit]
Mastering engineers of note [edit]
Live sound engineers of note [edit]
See also [edit]
External resources [edit]
- Audio Engineering Society
- Audio engineering formulas and calculators
- Recording engineer video interviews
- A free collection of online audio tools for audio engineers
- WikiRecording's Audio Engineer Directory
- Audio Engineering online course under Creative Commons Licence
- Audio White Papers, Articles and Books
- Rane Pro Audio Reference
- Audio Engineers Freelancer Marketplace
References [edit]
- ^ wiseGeek. "What Is Audio Engineering?". Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ wiseGEEK. "What Is Audio Engineering?". Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Interview with Phil Ek". HitQuarters. 25 May 2009. Retrieved Sep 3, 2010.
- ^ Daley, Dan, "The Engineers Who Changed Recording: Fathers Of Invention", Sound on Sound magazine, October 2004
- ^ University of Salford, Acoustics. "Physics and music technology degrees". Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b Huber, D.M. (1995). Modern Recording Techniques. (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press
- ^ "Front of House (FOH) Engineer", Get in Media Entertainment Careers
- ^ Davis, G., Jones R. (1990). Yamaha Sound Reinforcement Handbook. (2nd ed.) Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp.
