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Gulistan (book)

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Sa'di in a Flower garden, from a Mughal manuscript of the Golestan, c. 1645. Saadi is on the right.

Gulistān (Persian: گُلِستان, romanized: Golestān, lit. 'The Rose Garden'; [golestɒːn]), sometimes spelled Golestan, is a landmark of Persian literature, perhaps its single most influential work of prose.[1] Written in 1258 CE, it is one of two major works of the Persian poet Sa'di, considered one of the greatest medieval Persian poets. It is also one of his most popular books, and has proved deeply influential in the West as well as the East.[2]

The Gulistan is a collection of poems and stories, just as a rose-garden is a collection of flowers. It is widely quoted as a source of wisdom. The well-known aphorism still frequently repeated in the western world, about being sad because one has no shoes until one meets the man who has no feet "whereupon I thanked Providence for its bounty to myself" is from the Gulistan.[3]

The minimalist plots of the Gulistan's stories are expressed with precise language and psychological insight, creating a "poetry of ideas" with the concision of mathematical formulas.[1] The book explores virtually every major issue faced by humankind with both an optimistic and a subtly satirical tone.[4] There is much advice for rulers, in this way coming within the mirror for princes genre. But as Eastwick comments in his introduction to the work,[5] there is a common saying in Persian, "Each word of Sa'di has seventy-two meanings", and the stories, alongside their entertainment value and practical and moral dimension, frequently focus on the conduct of dervishes and are said to contain Sufi teachings. Idries Shah elaborates further. "The place won by the Gulistan as a book of moral uplift invariably given to the literate young has had the effect of establishing a basic Sufic potential in the minds of its readers."[6]

Reasons for composition

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The poet Sa'di converses by night with a young friend in a garden. Miniature from Golestan. Herat, 1427. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin; workshops of Baysunghur.

In his introduction Sa'di describes how a friend persuaded him to go out to a garden on 21 April 1258. There the friend gathered up flowers to take back to town. Sa'di remarked on how quickly the flowers would die, and proposed a flower garden that would last much longer:

Of what use will be a dish of flowers to thee?
Take a leaf from my flower-garden.
A flower endures but five or six days
But this flower-garden is always delightful.

There follow the words illustrated in the Persian miniature, believed to be by the Mughal painter Govardhan, shown at the top of the article:[7]

حالی که من این حکایت بگفتم دامن گل بریخت و در دامنم آویخت که الکریم اذا وعدَ وفا
hāl-ī ke man īn hekāyat begoftam, dāman-e gol berīxt o dar dāman-am āvixt, ke al-karimu eza va'ada vafā
When I said this, he poured out the skirt of flowers and hung on my skirt, saying 'The generous man, if he promises, keeps his word!'

Sa'di continues, "On the same day I happened to write two chapters, namely on polite society and the rules of conversation, in a style acceptable to orators and instructive to letter-writers.".[8] In finishing the book, Sa'di writes that, though his speech is entertaining and amusing, "it is not hidden from the enlightened minds of sahibdils (possessors of heart), who are primarily addressed here, that pearls of healing counsel have been drawn onto strings of expression, and the bitter medicine of advice has been mixed with the honey of wit".[9]

Structure

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The opening page from the introduction

After the introduction, the Golestan is divided into eight chapters, each consisting of a number of stories, decorated with short poems:[10][11]

1. The Manners of Kings
2. On the Morals of Dervishes
3. On the Excellence of Contentment
4. On the Advantages of Silence
5. On Love and Youth
6. On Weakness and Old Age
7. On the Effects of Education
8. On Rules for Conduct in Life

Altogether the work contains some 595 short poems in Persian, consisting on average of just under two couplets each, in a variety of metres;[12] there are also occasional verses in Arabic.

Some stories are very brief. The short poems which decorate the stories sometimes represent the words of the protagonists, sometimes the author's perspective and sometimes, as in the following case, are not clearly attributed:

Chapter 1, story 34

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One of the sons of Harun al-Rashid came to his father in a passion, saying, "Such an officer's son has insulted me, by speaking abusively of my mother." Harun said to his nobles, "What should be the punishment of such a person?" One gave his voice for death, and another for the excision of his tongue, and another for the confiscation of his goods and banishment. Harun said, "O my son! the generous part would be to pardon him, and if thou canst not, then do thou abuse his mother, but not so as to exceed the just limits of retaliation, for in that case we should become the aggressors."

They that with raging elephants make war
Are not, so deem the wise, the truly brave;
But in real verity, the valiant are
Those who, when angered, are not passion's slave.

An ill-bred fellow once a man reviled,
Who patient bore it, and replied, "Good friend!
Worse am I than by thee I could be styled,
And better know how often I offend."[13][14]

Since there is little biographical information about Sa'di outside of his writings, his short, apparently autobiographical tales, such as the following have been used by commentators to build up an account of his life.

Chapter 2, story 7

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I remember that, in the time of my childhood, I was devout, and in the habit of keeping vigils, and eager to practise mortification and austerities. One night I sat up in attendance on my father, and did not close my eyes the whole night, and held the precious qur'an in my lap while the people around me slept. I said to my father, "Not one of these lifts up his head to perform a prayer. They are so profoundly asleep that you would say they were dead." He replied, "Life of thy father! it were better if thou, too, wert asleep; rather than thou shouldst be backbiting people."

Naught but themselves can vain pretenders mark,
For conceit's curtain intercepts their view.
Did God illume that which in them is dark,
Naught than themselves would wear a darker hue.[13]

The young athlete is marooned on a pillar. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.

Most of the tales within the Golestan are longer, some running on for a number of pages. In one of the longest, in Chapter 3, Sa'di explores aspects of undertaking a journey for which one is ill-equipped:

Chapter 3, story 28

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An athlete, down on his luck at home, tells his father how he believes he should set off on his travels, quoting the words:

As long as thou walkest about the shop or the house
Thou wilt never become a man, O raw fellow.
Go and travel in the world
Before that day when thou goest from the world.

His father warns him that his physical strength alone will not be sufficient to ensure the success of his travels, describing five kinds of men who can profit from travel: the rich merchant, the eloquent scholar, the beautiful person, the sweet singer and the artisan. The son nevertheless sets off and, arriving penniless at a broad river, tries to get a crossing on a ferry by using physical force. He gets aboard, but is left stranded on a pillar in the middle of the river. This is the first of a series of misfortunes that he is subjected to, and it is only the charity of a wealthy man that finally delivers him, allowing him to return home safe, though not much humbled by his tribulations. The story ends with the father warning him that if he tries it again he may not escape so luckily:

The hunter does not catch every time a jackal.
It may happen that some day a tiger devours him.

Chapter 5, story 5

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In the fifth chapter of The Golestan of Saadi, on Love and Youth, Saadi includes explicit moral and sociological points about the real life of people from his time period (1203-1291). The story below by Saadi, like so much of his work, conveys meaning on many levels and broadly on many topics. In this story, Saadi communicates the importance of teachers educating the “whole child”—cognitively, morally, emotionally, socially, and ethically–using, as often in the book, homoerotic attraction as a motif.[15] Even though adults and teachers have been accorded great status and respect in Iranian culture and history, in Saadi’s story, he shows that a young boy has great wisdom in understanding his educational needs.

A schoolboy was so perfectly beautiful and sweet-voiced that the teacher, in accordance with human nature, conceived such an affection towards him that he often recited the following verses:

I am not so little occupied with you, O heavenly face,
That remembrance of myself occurs to my mind.
From your sight I am unable to withdraw my eyes
Although when I am opposite I may see that an arrow comes.

Once the boy said to him: "As you strive to direct my studies, direct also my behavior. If you perceive anything reprovable in my conduct, although it may seem approvable to me, inform me thereof that I may endeavor to change it." He replied: "O boy, make that request to someone else because the eyes with which I look upon you behold nothing but virtues."

The ill-wishing eye, be it torn out
Sees only defects in his virtue.
But if you possess one virtue and seventy faults
A friend sees nothing except that virtue.[11]

Influence

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Sa'di's Golestan is said to be one of the most widely read books ever produced.[9] From the time of its composition to the present day it has been admired for its "inimitable simplicity",[1] seen as the essence of simple elegant Persian prose. Persian for a long time was the language of literature from Bengal to Constantinople, and the Golestan was known and studied in much of Asia. In Persian-speaking countries today, proverbs and aphorisms from the Golestan appear in every kind of literature and continue to be current in conversation, much as Shakespeare is in English.[1][16] As Sir John Malcolm wrote in his Sketches of Persia in 1828, the stories and maxims of Sa'di were "known to all, from the king to the peasant".[17]

In Europe

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The Golestan has been significant in the influence of Persian literature on Western culture. La Fontaine based his "Le songe d'un habitant du Mogol"[18] on a story from Golestan chapter 2 story 16: A certain pious man in a dream beheld a king in paradise and a devotee in hell. He inquired, "What is the reason of the exaltation of the one, and the cause of the degradation of the other? for I had imagined just the reverse." They said, "That king is now in paradise owing to his friendship for darweshes, and this recluse is in hell through frequenting the presence of kings."

Of what avail is frock, or rosary,
Or clouted garment? Keep thyself but free
From evil deeds, it will not need for thee
To wear the cap of felt: a darwesh be
In heart, and wear the cap of Tartary.[5]

Voltaire was familiar with works of Sa'di, and wrote the preface of Zadig in his name. He mentions a French translation of the Golestan, and himself translated a score of verses, either from the original or from some Latin or Dutch translation.[19]

Sir William Jones advised students of Persian to pick an easy chapter of the Golestan to translate as their first exercise in the language. Thus, selections of the book became the primer for officials of British India at Fort William College and at Haileybury College in England.[1]

In the United States Ralph Waldo Emerson who addressed a poem of his own to Sa'di, provided the preface for Gladwin's translation, writing, "Saadi exhibits perpetual variety of situation and incident ... he finds room on his narrow canvas for the extremes of lot, the play of motives, the rule of destiny, the lessons of morals, and the portraits of great men. He has furnished the originals of a multitude of tales and proverbs which are current in our mouths, and attributed by us to recent writers." Henry David Thoreau quoted from the book in A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers and in his remarks on philanthropy in Walden.[1]

In music

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Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji's 1940 piece "Gulistān"—Nocturne for Piano was inspired by the book.[20] He also set three of the poems from it (in the French translation from Franz Toussaint) for voice and piano.[21]

Translations

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Frontispiece of André du Ryer's translation

Saʿdi was first introduced to the West in a partial French translation by André du Ryer[22](1634). Friedrich Ochsenbach based a German translation (1636) on this. Georgius Gentius produced a Latin version accompanied by the Persian text in 1651.[23] Adam Olearius made the first direct German translation.[1]

The Golestan has been translated into many languages.

It has been translated into English a number of times: Stephen Sullivan (London, 1774, selections), James Dumoulin (Calcutta, 1807), Francis Gladwin (Calcutta, 1808, preface by Ralph Waldo Emerson),[24] James Ross (London, 1823),[25] S. Lee (London, 1827), Edward Backhouse Eastwick (Hartford, 1852; republished by Octagon Press, 1979),[26][27] Johnson (London, 1863), John T. Platts (London, 1867), Edward Henry Whinfield (London, 1880), Edward Rehatsek (Banaras, 1888, in some later editions incorrectly attributed to Sir Richard Burton),[28] Sir Edwin Arnold (London, 1899),[8] Launcelot Alfred Cranmer-Byng (London, 1905), Celwyn E. Hampton (New York, 1913), and Arthur John Arberry (London, 1945, the first two chapters). More recent English translations have been published by Omar Ali-Shah (1997) and by Wheeler M. Thackston (2008).

After the first partial translation, it has been translated in French several times: Gulistan ou l’Empire des Roses, traité des mœurs des rois[29] by M. Alegre (Paris, 1704), abbé Jacques Gaudin(Paris,1789), Sémelet (Paris, Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, 1834), Gulistan ou le Parterre de Roses[30] by C. Defremery (Paris, 1858).

The Uzbek poet and writer Gafur Gulom translated The Golestan into the Uzbek language.

The Bulgarian poet and writer Iordan Milev translated The Gulistan into Bulgarian.[31]

United Nations quotation

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Main article: Bani Adam

This well-known verse, part of chapter 1, story 10 of the Gulistan, is woven into a carpet which is hung on a wall in the United Nations building in New York:[32]

U.S. President Barack Obama quoted this in his videotaped Nowruz (New Year's) greeting to the Iranian people in March 2009: "There are those who insist that we be defined by our differences. But let us remember the words that were written by the poet Saadi, so many years ago: 'The children of Adam are limbs to each other, having been created of one essence.'"[33]

Dancing dervishes on a double-page composition from an illustrated manuscript of the Golestan Iran, c. 1615

Notes and references

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Franklin (15 December 2001). "GOLESTĀN-E SAʿDI". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  2. ^ "Gulistan". leeds.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
  3. ^ [Durant, The Age of Faith, 326]
  4. ^ Katouzian, Homa (2006). Sa'di, The Poet of Life, Love and Compassion (PDF). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-473-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  5. ^ a b "The Gulistān; or, Rose-garden, of Shek̲h̲ Muslihu'd-dīn Sādī of Shīrāz, translated for the first time into prose and verse, with an introductory preface, and a life of the author, from the Ātish Kadah". 1880.
  6. ^ Shah, Idries (1977) [1964]. The Sufis. London, UK: Octagon Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-86304-020-9.
  7. ^ The original painting (12.9 x 6.7 cm) is dated c. 1630–45, and is kept in the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. For an account of the possible erotic subtext of the picture, see Francesca Leoni, Mika Natif (eds.) (2013). Eros and Sexuality in Islamic Art, pp. 43–52.
  8. ^ a b "Gulistan". sacred-texts.com.
  9. ^ a b Thackston, Shaykh Mushrifuddin Sa'di of Shiraz ; new English translation by Wheeler M. (2008). The Gulistan, rose garden of Sa'di: Bilingual English and Persian edition with vocabulary. Bethesda, Md.: Ibex Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58814-058-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Chapter titles given in the 1899 translation by Sir Edwin Arnold, http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/gulistan.txt
  11. ^ a b "The Gulistan or Rose Garden of Sa'di - Edward Rehatsek" – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^ Thiesen, Finn (1982). A Manual of Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody. Wiesbaden; pp. 261–262.
  13. ^ a b Edward B., Eastwick (1852). Sadi: The Rose Garden.
  14. ^ The king referred to is Harun al-Rashid.
  15. ^ Minoo S. Southgate (1984). "Men, Women, and Boys: Love and Sex in the Works of Sa'di". Iranian Studies. 17 (4): 413–452. doi:10.1080/00210868408701640.
  16. ^ Ibex Publishers' description of Gulistan, http://ibexpub.com/index.php?main_page=pubs_product_book_info&products_id=105
  17. ^ Malcolm, John (1828). Sketches of Persia. p. 86.
  18. ^ "Le songe d'un habitant du Mogol - Wikisource". fr.wikisource.org.
  19. ^ Price, William Raleigh (1911). The symbolism of Voltaire's novels, with special reference to Zadig. New York Columbia University Press. p. 79.
  20. ^ Roberge, p. 297
  21. ^ Roberge, p. 168
  22. ^ texte, Saʿadī (1193-1292?) Auteur du (1634). Gulistan, ou L'empire des roses , composé par Sadi,... trad. en français par André Du Ryer,...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Iranian Studies in the Netherlands, J. T. P. de Bruijn, Iranian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2/4, Iranian Studies in Europe and Japan (1987), 169.
  24. ^ The Gulistan, or, Rose garden. Ticknor and Fields. 1865.
  25. ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks".
  26. ^ Eastwick, translated by Edward B. (1996). The Gulistan of Sadi / The Rose garden of Shekh Muslihu'd-din Sadi of Shiraz ; with a preface, and a life of the author, from the Atish Kadah ; introduction by Idries Shah (Reprint. ed.). London: Octagon Press. ISBN 978-0-86304-069-6.
  27. ^ in wikisource
  28. ^ "The Internet Classics Archive | The Gulistan of Sa'di by Sa'di". classics.mit.edu.
  29. ^ texte, Saʿadī (1193-1292?) Auteur du (1704). Gulistan, ou L'Empire des roses , traité des moeurs des rois, composé par Musladini Saadi... traduit du persan par M***.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ texte, Saʿadī (1193-1292?) Auteur du (1858). Gulistan, ou Le parterre de roses / par Sadi ; traduit du persan... et accompagné de notes historiques, géographiques et littéraires, par Charles Defrémery.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "iCloud". Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  32. ^ "Payvand News 24 August 2005". Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  33. ^ Cowell, Alan (20 March 2009). "Obama and Israeli Leader Make Taped Appeals to Iran". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2009.

Sources

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Further reading

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