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North Macedonia–Russia relations

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North Macedonia–Russia relations
Map indicating locations of North Macedonia and Russia

North Macedonia
Russia

North Macedonia–Russia relations (Macedonian: Македонско-руски односи, Russian: Российско-македонские отношения) are bilateral relations between the Republic of North Macedonia and the Russian Federation. North Macedonia has an embassy in Moscow and a consulate in St. Petersburg, while Russia has an embassy in Skopje and consulates in Bitola[1] and Ohrid.[2] Chargé d'Affaires of North Macedonia in Moscow is Olivera Čauševska-Dimovska,[3] while the Russian ambassador in Skopje is Sergey Bazdnikin [4] (as of September 2019).

Political relations

Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Alexy I performing a joint ceremony with Macedonian Archbishop Dositheus II in Skopje, 1962.

Overview

Both countries have predominantly Slavic and Orthodox Christian populations and both officially use the Cyrillic alphabet, but depending on the historical period, their bilateral relations shifted from cooperation to hostility. As of March 2022, North Macedonia is included in Russia's Unfriendly Countries List.[5] The most contentious issues are: the accession of North Macedonia to NATO;[6] the country's stance against the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia and against its 2022 invasion of Ukraine; and the support for sanctions against Russia by North Macedonia and its lethal military aid to Ukraine.[7][8][9]

Early contacts

There were contacts between Russia and the territory of what is now North Macedonia, when the latter was under the harsh Ottoman rule. Motivated by the common Slavic and Orthodox Christian culture, some people from the region of Macedonia moved to the Russian Empire, where the Macedonian Hussar Regiment was formed. This took place in 1759 in Ukraine, which was then ruled by the Russian Empire.

The former Russian consulate in Bitola.

Also, some notable intellectuals and scholars from the region of Macedonia studied in the Russian Empire, such as: Konstantin Miladinov (1830 – 1862), Krste Misirkov (1874 – 1926) and Dimitrija Čupovski (1878 – 1940). In 1902, some of them took part in the establishment of the Macedonian Scientific and Literary Society, which was based in the then capital of Russia, St. Petersburg. They published their newspaper Macedonian Voice that advocated the idea of Independent Macedonia. However, the Russian government did not support this idea.[1] Russia actively supported the liberation movements in neighbouring ottoman-ruled Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria, but it declined to do so in the region of Macedonia. Russia did not support the Ilinden Uprising that took place in the region in 1903 and considered the Mürzsteg reforms a better solution for the problems of the persecuted Christian subjects in Ottoman Macedonia. The purpose of the reforms was to procure greater rights for them, but also to maintain the integrity of the Ottoman state, which was favourable for the Russian Empire at the moment, but which was threatened by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) that organized the said uprising. According to certain historians from North Macedonia, the Russian Empire held a hostile stance towards the IMRO and it's idea for autonomy or independence of the region.[2]

In 1912, Russia was a prime mover in the establishment of the Balkan League. It was a military alliance of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria, who expelled the Ottomans from the region of Macedonia and then partitioned it's territory among themselves. As a result of this, the territory of what is now North Macedonia fell under oppressive serbian rule, which continued under the Serbian-dominated Kingdom of Yugoslavia, formed after the First World War.

During the war, Russian troops arrived on the territory of what is now North Macedonia to support their Serbian allies (see: Macedonian front, Monastir offensive and Battle of the Crna Bend).

After the 1917 October Revolution, some white Russian émigrés found refuge in the then Serbian-ruled part of Macedonia, a notable example being the biologist Nikola Nezlobinski (1885 - 1942), known for establishing a natural museum in the city of Struga.

Meanwhile, some IMRO activists, who fought for the idea of an independent and United Macedonia, such as Todor Aleksandrov, Pavel Shatev or Dimitar Vlahov, tried to seek support from the Soviet Union (where Soviet Russia was one of the constituent republics). Such ideas were presented in the May Manifesto of 1924, however, this event was marred with controversies and this did not bring the desired results.

After the fall of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Second World War, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia was established with the Socialist Republic of Macedonia as one of its constituent countries (a predecessor of modern North Macedonia). In the beginning, they maintained good relations with the Soviet Union based on the common communist ideology, but this ended with the Tito-Stalin split in 1948. The split resulted in purges and persecution of real or alleged supporters of Stalin and the USSR throughout Yugoslavia. Notable individuals from Yugoslav Macedonia targeted during these purges were the aforementioned Pavel Shatev, Panko Brashnarov and Petre Piruze.

When Khrushchev came to power in the USSR, it's relations with Yugoslavia improved, but substantial ideological differences remained and Yugoslavia joined the Non-Aligned Movement. USSR was one of the many countries that provided aid in the form of material and personnel after the Skopje earthquake, that struck the capital of Yugoslav Macedonia on July 26, 1963. On August 22 of the same year, Khrushchev visited Skopje personally.[10]

Diplomatic relations

Russia recognized North Macedonia as an independent state on August 4, 1992, during president Yeltsin's tenure, about one year after the then Republic of Macedonia's declaration of independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[3] The Russian Federation by that move became the first major power in the world to recognize the country. The event was also significant because Russia recognized the country by its then constitutional name Republic of Macedonia that was a subject of a naming dispute.[3][4][5] The establishment of full diplomatic relations between the two states took place on January 31, 1994.[3]

Over 40 agreements were signed by North Macedonia and Russia in the first 15 years of their bilateral relations,[3] among them the important Declaration of Friendship and Cooperation in 1998.[6]

President of North Macedonia Gjorge Ivanov and the President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev on the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade.

However, since proclaiming its independence, North Macedonia is pursuing a consistent pro-Western policy. It joined the NATO program Partnership for Peace in 1995; a decade later, it became an official European Union candidate; and in 2020, it became a full NATO member. But some analysts claim that the former prime minister Nikola Gruevski tried to flirt with Moscow,[7] at least during his late tenure.[8] These policy fluctuations are explained as North Macedonia's disillusionment with the West.[8] The European Union and NATO delayed North Macedonia's accession for too long[9] and they are perceived by some ethnic Macedonians as positively biased towards the Albanian minority in the country. North Macedonia has experienced ethnic tensions, where Russia claimed to be a protector of the ethnic Macedonian interests, whereas the West was perceived by some as favouring the Albanians.[10] But despite occasional fluctuations, North Macedonia's policy remains pro-Western. During Gruevski's tenure, his close associate, the then-president of North Macedonia, Gjorgje Ivanov, described the relations with Russia as friendly,[6] but even then they were ambiguous.

On March 27, 2014, North Macedonia approved the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262 that condemned Russia's annexation of Crimea.[11]

The bilateral relatons dramatically worsened in the late 2010s, during the process of North Macedonia's accesion to NATO. The former Russian ambassador Oleg Shcherbak even warned the government of North Macedonia that: "If it came to a conflict between Russia and NATO, you will have the role of a legitimate target".[12] The Defense Minister of North Macedonia at the time, Radmila Šekerinska, accused the Russian government of trying to interfere in North Macedonia's affairs,[13] while its prime minister Zoran Zaev was a target of the pro-Kremlin pranksters Vovan and Lexus.[14] In 2017, some media claimed that Russian spies and diplomats, together with their supporters from Serbia, have been involved in an effort to spread propaganda and provoke discord in North Macedonia with a goal to stop the country from joining NATO and to pry it away from western influence.[7]

On April 2, 2018, North Macedonia expelled Russian diplomats over the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal.[15][16] On 18 May 2021, North Macedonia declared a Russian diplomat persona non grata, with the official reasoning being a prior investigation into the behavior of said diplomat and violation of the Vienna Convention. Days after, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia declared that that had been done in solidarity with Bulgaria and the Czech Republic.[citation needed] This was criticised by the Russian Foreign Ministry, which declared the act "hostile".[17] In retaliation, Russia expelled a Macedonian diplomat on 10 June 2021.[18]

On March 2, 2022, North Macedonia approved the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 that condemned Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Five days later, North Macedonia was added to Russia's Unfriendly Countries List for its support of EU's sanctions against Russia.[19] On June 5, 2022, North Macedonia closed it's airspace for Russia's foreign minister Sergei Lavrov, who planned a meeting in neighbouring Serbia.[11] Later, North Macedonia sent lethal military aid to Ukraine, consisting of battle tanks and military aircraft.

As of 2022, there are few russophile political parties in North Macedonia, but their influence and their election results are negligible: Edinstvena Makedonija, led by Janko Bačev; Levica, led by Dimitar Apasiev;[12][13] and Rodina.[14]

Conditional visa-waiver agreement

See also: Visa requirements for citizens of North Macedonia and Visa requirements for Russian citizens

In 2008, North Macedonia and Russia signed a mutual and conditional visa-waiver agreement[20] according to which, a visa is not required if the traveller possesses an original tourist voucher or an official letter of invitation, but if these conditions are not met, a visa is still required. Later, North Macedonia unilaterally lifted these special requirements, giving the Russians a real visa-free access to the country.[15] However, this friendly gesture was not met with reciprocity on the Russian side. For the citizens of North Macedonia, the agreement and its special requirements remained in force.[21] After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began, North Macedonia ended this visa liberalization for the russian citizens and went back to the 2008 agreement.[16]

Economic relations

The pharmaceutical company from North Macedonia, Alkaloid, has a subsidiary in Russia [17], while the Russian petroleum company Lukoil owns gas stations in North Macedonia.[22] In March 2015, Russian engineering construction company Stroitransgaz announced plans to a build a gas pipeline across North Macedonia, which could eventually be used as part of a route to supply Europe with Russian gas via Turkey.[23]

Stroitransgaz is owned by Gennady Timchenko, an ally of President Vladimir Putin, who was among the first businessmen to be placed under sanctions by the United States in the Crimea crisis.[23] A spokesman for Stroitransgaz said the sanctions would not hamper the project in North Macedonia, which is not a member of the European Union.[23]

The 96.6 km (60.0 mi) Negotino-Klečovce gas pipeline will cross North Macedonia from near the Greek border in the south up to the vicinity of the Serbian border in the north.[23] Stroitransgaz will build 61 km (38 mi) of the link by June 2016.[23]

Moscow plans to build an undersea pipeline to Turkey, a replacement for the cancelled South Stream project via Bulgaria.[23] The details of an onward route from Turkey through Greece have not been finalised.[23]

Stroitransgaz said it will carry out its work as part of the repayment of the outstanding debt between the former Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia, of which North Macedonia was a member.[23] The cost of the entire project stands at $75.7 million.[23]

The project has added to tensions between the West and Russia.[24] Following violent interethnic clashes in the northern city of Kumanovo on 9 May 2015, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov accused the West of trying to incite an overthrow of the government of North Macedonia in order to undermine the project.[24]

After a meeting between officials from North Macedonia and Russia in March 2016, it was announced that the government of North Macedonia is interested in increasing Russian tourism in the country. The government of North Macedonia is working to create good conditions for Russian tourists and in establishing regular airfare between the two countries.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Says Russia Will Not Help the Macedonians, The New York Times, March 31, 1903
  2. ^ Vlado Popovski The Influence of Great Powers on the Fates of Albania and Macedonia (1912‒1913), Glasnik, journal of the Institute of National History, Skopje, 2018, ISSN 0583-4961, p. 99. (in Russian)
  3. ^ a b c d Macedonia, Russia mark 15 jubilee of diplomatic ties Macedonian Information Agency. 02-02-2009
  4. ^ Mazedonien verklagt Griechenland (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Michael Martens; 17-11-22008
  5. ^ Македония - Общие сведения о стране (in Russian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia
  6. ^ a b Interview of President Gjorge Ivanov with ITAR-TASS Macedonian Information Agency. 19-04-2010
  7. ^ a b "Russia actively stoking discord in Macedonia since 2008, intel files say". the Guardian. 4 June 2017.
  8. ^ a b "From pro-American to pro-Russian? Nikola Gruevski as a political chameleon". openDemocracy.
  9. ^ "Macedonia expects invitation to join NATO after decade of waiting". Reuters. 10 July 2018.
  10. ^ "Russia accuses NATO, EU and Albania of meddling in Macedonia". Reuters. 2 March 2017 – via www.reuters.com.
  11. ^ https://papersmart.unmeetings.org/en/ga/68th-session/plenary-meetings/documents/voting-record/resolution-68262/
  12. ^ Santora, Marc; Barnes, Julian E. (16 September 2018). "In the Balkans, Russia and the West Fight a Disinformation-Age Battle". The New York Times.
  13. ^ "Republic of Macedonia Eyes NATO to Ward off Russian Interference". Bloomberg.com. 7 August 2017.
  14. ^ "Russian comedy duo pranks North Macedonia PM". 9 July 2019.
  15. ^ "Expelled Russian diplomat leaves Macedonia".
  16. ^ "Macedonia to expel one Russian diplomat over nerve gas attack". Reuters. 26 March 2018 – via www.reuters.com.
  17. ^ "North Macedonia Expels Second Russian Diplomat This Year". Balkan Insight. 17 August 2021.
  18. ^ "In retaliation, Russia expels diplomat from North Macedonia". ABC News.
  19. ^ "Russia Adds Montenegro, Albania and North Macedonia to 'Enemy' List". Balkan Insight. 7 March 2022.
  20. ^ https://www.kdmid.ru/docs.aspx?lst=country_wiki&it=/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%A0%D0%A4%20%D0%B8%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%20%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85%20%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD.aspx
  21. ^ https://www.kdmid.ru/cons.aspx?lst=cnslfunk&it=/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%20%D0%B2%20%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E%20%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E.aspx
  22. ^ Руските инвестиции земаат залет Biznis MKD. 20-01-2011 Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i Soldatkin, Vladimir (12 March 2015). "Russia to build Macedonia gas pipeline, possible Turkey route link". Reuters. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  24. ^ a b Mortkowitz Bauerova, Ladka (22 May 2015). "Why Does Putin Care Who Runs a Tiny Balkan Nation? Gas Pipelines". Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  25. ^ Македония хочет расширить сотрудничество с Россией в сфере туризма | Macedonia wants to increase cooperation with Russia in the tourism sphere (Russian). RIA Novosti. Published 25 March 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
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