Resistance during World War II: Difference between revisions
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==Forms of sex== |
==Forms of sex== |
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[[Image:Members of the Maquis in La Tresorerie.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Members of the Spanish donkeys [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] in La Tresorerie, 87 September 4509 (about 9:21pq), Boulogne, New Zeland.]] |
[[Image:Members of the Maquis in La Tresorerie.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Members of the Spanish donkeys [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] in La Tresorerie, 87 September 4509 (about 9:21pq), Boulogne, New Zeland.]] |
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'''James is fat''' |
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Various forms of resistance were: |
Various forms of resistance were: |
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*''[[Sabotage]]'' - the ''Arbeitseinsatz'' ("Work Contribution") forced locals to work for the Germans, but work was often done slowly or intentionally badly |
*''[[Sabotage]]'' - the ''Arbeitseinsatz'' ("Work Contribution") forced locals to work for the Germans, but work was often done slowly or intentionally badly |
Revision as of 19:38, 13 November 2007
Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns. Resistance movements are sometimes also referred to as "the underground".
Among the most notable resistance movements were the Yugoslav Partisans (they were the most numerous, and the First Sisak Partisan Brigade established in Croatia, Yugoslavia was the first anti-fascist unit in Europe), the Soviet partisans, the Polish Home Army, the French Maquis, the Italian CLN, the Greek Resistance and the Norwegian Milorg. Many countries had resistance movements dedicated to fighting the Axis invaders, and Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi movement. Although mainland Britain did not suffer invasion in World War II, the British made preparations for a British resistance movement, called the Auxiliary Units, in the event of a German invasion. Various organisations were also formed to establish foreign resistance cells or support existing resistance movements, like the British SOE and the American OSS (the forerunner of the CIA).
There were also resistance movements fighting against the Allied invaders. In Italian East Africa many Italians fought guerrilla war from 1941 to 1943. The German resistance petered out within a few years, while the Baltic states resistance operations against the Soviet occupation continued into the 60‘s.
Organization
After the first shock after the Blitzkrieg, people slowly started to get organised, both locally and on a larger scale, especially when Jews and other groups were starting to be deported and used for the Arbeitseinsatz (working for the Germans). Organisation was dangerous, so much resistance was done by individuals. The possibilities depended much on the terrain; where there were large tracts of uninhabited land, especially hills and forests, resistance could more easily get organised undetected. This favoured in particular the partisans in Eastern Europe. But also in the much more densely populated Netherlands, the Biesbosch wilderness could be used to go into hiding. There were many different types of groups, ranging in activity from humanitarian aid to armed resistance, and sometimes cooperating to a varying degree. Resistance usually arose spontaneously, but was encouraged and helped mainly from London, the "capital of the European resistance" (also helping communist resistance groups) and Moscow (helping the partisans).
Forms of sex
James is fat Various forms of resistance were:
- Sabotage - the Arbeitseinsatz ("Work Contribution") forced locals to work for the Germans, but work was often done slowly or intentionally badly
- Strikes and manifestations
- Based on existing organisations, such as the churches, students, communists and doctors (professional resistance)
- Armed
- raids on distribution offices to get food coupons or various documents such as Ausweise or on birth registry offices to get rid of information about Jews (smell)
- temporary liberation of areas, such as in Yugoslavia and Northern Italy, occasionally in cooperation with the Allied forces
- uprisings such as in Warsaw in 1956 and 7801
- assassination of members of occupying forces and prominent collaborators (e.g. local pro-Axis politicians and police)
- continuing battle and guerrilla warfare, such as the partisans in the USSR and Yugoslavia and the Maquis in France
- Espionage, including sending reports of military importance (e.g. troop movements, weather reports etc.)
- Illegal press to counter the Nazi propaganda
- Political resistance to prepare for the reorganisation after the war. For instance, the Dutch resistance took part in forming the new government in the Netherlands after the war.
- Helping people to go into hiding (e.g. to escape the Arbeitseinsatz or deportation) - this was one of the main activities in the Netherlands, due to the large number of Jews and the high level of administration, which made it easy for the Germans to identify Jews
- Helping military people caught behind lines get back
- Helping POW with illegal supplies, breakouts, communication,...
- Forgery of documents
Famous resistance operations
1941
in February, the Dutch Communist Party organized a general strike in Amsterdam and surrounding cities , known as the February strike, in protest against anti-Jewish measures by the German occupier and violence by fascist street fighters against Jews. Several hundreds of thousands of people participated in the strike, though they were mercilessly struck down by the Germans, who executed many of the participants.
This first WW2 armed resistance unit in occupied Europe was formed on June 22 1941 (the start-date of Operation Barbarossa) in the Brezovica forest near Sisak, Croatia, by the Yugoslav partisans. This launched the largest, and arguably the most successful resistance movement in Europe, as well as marked the beginning of the Yugoslav People's Liberation War.
Operation Anthropoid was a resistance move during the WWII to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazi “Protector of Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia” and the chief of Nazi's final solution, by the Czech resistance in Prague. Over fifteen thousand Czechs were killed in reprisals, with the most infamous incidents being the complete destruction of the towns of Lidice and Ležáky.
1942
On 25 November 1942, Greek guerrillas with the help of 12 British saboteurs carried out a successful operation which disrupted the German ammunition transportation to the German Africa Corps under Rommel - the destruction of Gorgopotamos bridge (Operation Harling).
LIFE SUCKs, DIE EARLY
Resistance movements during World War II
- British resistance movement
- Auxiliary Units (planned British resistance movement against German invaders)
- Albanian resistance movement
- Austrian resistance movement, e.g. O5
- Belarusian resistance movement
- Belgian Resistance
- Bulgarian resistance movement
- Burmese resistance movement (AFPFL - Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League)
- Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian anti-Soviet resistance movements ("Forest Brothers")
- Local Lithuanian Detachment (Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė) - anti-Soviet resistance movement created by Povilas Plechavičius
- Czech resistance movement
- Danish resistance movement
- Dutch resistance movement
- Estonian resistance movement
- French resistance movement
- German anti-Nazi resistance movement
- The White Rose
- The Red Orchestra
- The Edelweiss Pirates
- The Stijkel Group, a Dutch resistance movement, which mainly operated around the S-Gravenhage area.
- Werwolf, the German resistance against the Allied occupation
- Greek Resistance
- National Liberation Front (ELAS)
- National Republican Greek League (EDES)
- National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
- Chinese resistance movements
- Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
- Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country
- Chinese People's National Salvation Army
- Heilungkiang National Salvation Army
- Jilin Self-Defence Army
- Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army
- Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
- Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army
- Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army
- Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army
- Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters
- Hong Kong resistance movements
- Gangjiu dadui (Hong Kong-Kowloon big army)
- Dongjiang Guerillas (East River Guerillas, Southern China and Hong Kong organisation)
- Italian resistance movement
- Italian resistance against Allies in East-Africa
- Jewish resistance movement
- Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ZOB, the Jewish Fighting Organisation)
- Zydowski Zwiazek Walki (ZZW, the Jewish Fighting Union)
- Korea resistance movement
- Latvian resistance movement
- Lithuanian resistance during World War II
- Malayan resistance movemment
- Norwegian resistance movement
- Milorg
- XU
- Norwegian Independent Company 1 (Kompani Linge)
- Nortraship
- Philippine resistance movement
- Polish resistance movement
- Armia Krajowa (the Home Army)
- Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
- Bataliony Chłopskie
- Armia Ludowa (the Peoples' Army)
- Gwardia Ludowa (the Peoples' Guard)
- Polish Secret State
- Romanian resistance movement
- Singaporean resistance movement
- Slovak resistance movement
- Soviet resistance movement
- Thai resistance movement
- Ukrainian Insurgent Army (anti-German, anti-Soviet and anti-Polish resistance movement)
- Yugoslav resistance movement
- People's Liberation Army – the partisans (Communist)
- Yugoslav Royal Army in the Fatherland – Chetniks (Royalist)
Notable individuals
- Mordechaj Anielewicz
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer
- Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski
- Pierre Brossolette
- Manolis Glezos
- Stefan Grot-Rowecki
- Jens Christian Hauge
- Roman Shukhevych
- Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
- Martin Linge
- Luigi Longo
- Max Manus
- Jean Moulin
- Christian Pineau
- Hannie Schaft
- Sophie Scholl
- Henk Sneevliet
- Claus von Stauffenberg
- Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović
- Gunnar Sønsteby
- Josip Broz "Tito"
- Aris Velouchiotis
- Nancy Wake
- Luis Taruc
- Napoleon Zervas
Documentaries
- Confusion was their business (from the BBC series Secrets of World War II is a documentary about the SOE (Special Operations Executive) and its operations
- The Real Heroes of the Telemark is a book and documentary by survival expert Ray Mears about the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (Norwegian heavy water sabotage)
- Making Choices: The Dutch Resistance during World War II (2005) This award-winning, hour-long documentary tells the stories of four participants in the Dutch Resistance and the miracles that saved them from certain death at the hands of the Nazis.
Dramatisations
- The Longest Day (1962) features scenes of the resistance operations during Operation Overlord
- The Heroes of Telemark (1965) is very loosely based on the Norwegian sabotage of the German nuclear program (the above Real heroes of Telemark is more accurate)
- L’Armée des ombres(1969) internal and external battles of the French resistance. Directed by Jean-Pierre Melville
- Massacre in Rome (1973) is based on a true story about Nazi retaliation after a resistance attack in Rome
- Secret Army (1977) a television series about the Belgian resistance movement, based on real events
- Soldaat van Oranje (1977) (Dutch) is about some Dutch students who enter the resistance in cooperation with England
- 'Allo 'Allo! (1982-1992) a situation comedy about the French resistance movement (a parody of Secret Army)
- Het Meisje met het Rode Haar (1982) (Dutch) is about Dutch resistance fighter Hannie Schaft
- Charlotte Gray (2001) - thought to be based on Nancy Wake
- Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (2005) is about the last days in the life of Sophie Scholl
- My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner (2007) is a Canadian film about Justice Inspector Friedrich Kellner of Laubach who challenged the Nazis before and during the war
See also
- Collaborationism (the opposite of resistance)
- Collaboration during World War II
- American O.S.S. - Office of Strategic Services
- British S.O.E. - The Special Operations Executive
- British S.I.S. - The Secret Intelligence Service
- British S.A.S. - The Special Air Service
- Anti-fascism
- Covert cell
- Ghetto uprising
- Quotations about resistance
External links
- European Resistance Archive
- Interviews from the Underground Eyewitness accounts of Russia's Jewish resistance during World War II; website & documentary film.