Transylvania: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Festivals and events: removing unsourced non notable festivals (See: WP:WTAF).
Objectivity correction - more detailed references - minor bugfix - dead link
Line 126: Line 126:


The [[Hungarian people|Magyars]] conquered much of Central Europe at the end of the 9th century. According to [[Gesta Hungarorum]], Transylvania was ruled by Vlach voivode [[Gelou]] before the Hungarians arrived. The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] established a partial control over Transylvania in 1003, when king [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]], according to legend, defeated the prince named ''[[Gyula III|Gyula]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA">Gyula - it is possible that during the 10th century some of the holders of the title of ''[[Gyula (title)|gyula]]'' also used Gyula as a personal name, but the issue has been confused because the chronicler of one of the most important primary sources (the ''Gesta Hungarorum'') has been shown to have used titles or even names of places as personal names in some cases.</ref><ref name=Britannica/><ref name="Engel 2005 27">{{cite book |title=The Realm of St Stephen |last=Engel |first=Pal |authorlink= |author2=Andrew Ayton |year=2005 |publisher= Tauris|location= London|isbn=1-85043-977-X |page=27 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA27}}</ref><ref name=MSNEncarta>"Transylvania", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008
The [[Hungarian people|Magyars]] conquered much of Central Europe at the end of the 9th century. According to [[Gesta Hungarorum]], Transylvania was ruled by Vlach voivode [[Gelou]] before the Hungarians arrived. The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] established a partial control over Transylvania in 1003, when king [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]], according to legend, defeated the prince named ''[[Gyula III|Gyula]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA">Gyula - it is possible that during the 10th century some of the holders of the title of ''[[Gyula (title)|gyula]]'' also used Gyula as a personal name, but the issue has been confused because the chronicler of one of the most important primary sources (the ''Gesta Hungarorum'') has been shown to have used titles or even names of places as personal names in some cases.</ref><ref name=Britannica/><ref name="Engel 2005 27">{{cite book |title=The Realm of St Stephen |last=Engel |first=Pal |authorlink= |author2=Andrew Ayton |year=2005 |publisher= Tauris|location= London|isbn=1-85043-977-X |page=27 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA27}}</ref><ref name=MSNEncarta>"Transylvania", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008
http://encarta.msn.com © 1997–2008 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.</ref> Transylvania was occupied by Hungarians in several stages between the 10th and 13th centuries<ref>K. HOREDT, Contribuţii la istoria Transilvaniei în secolele IV-XIII,Editura Academiei RSR, 1958 p. 113.</ref><ref>I.M.Țiplic (2000). Considerații cu privire la liniile întarite de tipul prisacilor din transilvania, Acta terrae Septemcastrensis, I, pag. 147-164</ref>
http://encarta.msn.com © 1997–2008 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.</ref> It is also subject of dispute if Transylvania was occupied by Hungarians in several stages between the 10th and 13th centuries<ref>K. HOREDT, Contribuţii la istoria Transilvaniei în secolele IV-XIII,Editura Academiei RSR, 1958 p. 113.</ref><ref>I.M.Țiplic (2000). Considerații cu privire la liniile întarite de tipul prisacilor din transilvania, Acta terrae Septemcastrensis, I, pag. 147-164</ref>, although the earliest Hungarian artifacts found in the region are dated to the first half of the 10th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|title=Românii în opera Notarului Anonim|year=2001|isbn=973-577-249-3|publisher=Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundația Culturală Română|location=Cluj-Napoca}}</ref>

Between 1003{{dubious|date=August 2012}} and 1526, Transylvania was a [[voivodeship]] in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], led by a [[Voivode of Transylvania|voivode]] appointed by the [[King of Hungary]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} After the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, Transylvania became part of the [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom|Kingdom of János Szapolyai]]. Later on, 1571, the kingdom was transformed into the [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]]- which was ruled primarily by [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] Hungarian-speaking princes. However, several ethnic groups lived in this principality the most numerous being the [[Romanians]], along with a significant [[Germans|German]] minority. For most of this period, Transylvania, maintaining its internal autonomy, was under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
Between 1003{{dubious|date=August 2012}} and 1526, Transylvania was a [[voivodeship]] in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], led by a [[Voivode of Transylvania|voivode]] appointed by the [[King of Hungary]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} After the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526, Transylvania became part of the [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom|Kingdom of János Szapolyai]]. Later, in 1570 the kingdom was transformed into the [[Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] - which was ruled primarily by [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] Hungarian princes. These times the ethnic composition of Transylvania transformed from an estimated near equal number<ref>Antonius Wrancius: Expeditionis Solymani in Moldaviam et Transsylvaniam libri duo. De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transalpinae liber tertius.</ref> of the ethnic groups to a Romanian majority - Vasile Lupu estimates their number already more than one-third of the population of Transylvania in a letter addressed to the sultan around 1650.<ref>Sándor Szilágyi: Erdély és az északkeleti háború. Levelek és okiratok Bp. 1890 I. 246-247, 255-256 - Sándor Szilágyi: Transilvania and the north-eastern war. Letters and documents Bp. 1890 p. 246-247, 255-256 </ref> For most of this period, Transylvania, maintaining its internal autonomy, was under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].


The [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburgs]] acquired the territory shortly after the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. In 1687, the rulers of Transylvania recognized the suzerainty of the [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Habsburg emperor Leopold I]], and the region was officially attached to the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburgs acknowledged Principality of Transylvania as one of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen,<ref name=boundary>{{cite web|title=''International Boundary Study'' - No. 47 – April 15, 1965 - Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary|publisher=US Bureau of Intelligence and Research|url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf}}</ref> {{Dubious|date=May 2009}} but the territory of principality was administratively separated<ref name="britannica_a">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum |title=Diploma Leopoldinum (Transylvanian history) |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref><ref name=britannica.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania |title=Transylvania (region, Romania) |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref> from Habsburg Hungary<ref name="Peter F. Sugar 1983, page 163">Peter F. Sugar. Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 (History of East Central Europe), University of Washington Press, July 1983, page 163, https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&pg=PA163&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&lr=</ref><ref name="John F. Cadzow 1983, page 79">John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict, Kent State University Press, 1983, page 79, https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr=&pgis=1</ref><ref name=books.google.com>Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat" C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146; https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&pg=PA146&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr=</ref> and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors.<ref name=encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com>{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Grand+Principality+of+Transylvania |title=Definition of Grand Principality of Transylvania in the Free Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref> In 1699 the Turks legally acknowledged their loss of Transylvania in the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]; however, some [[Rákóczi's War for Independence|anti-Habsburg]] elements within the principality submitted to the emperor only in the 1711 [[Peace of Szatmár]], and Habsburg control over Principality of Transylvania was consolidated. 54 years later (1765), the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Grand Principality of Transylvania]] was reintroduced.
The [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburgs]] acquired the territory shortly after the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. In 1687, the rulers of Transylvania recognized the suzerainty of the [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Habsburg emperor Leopold I]], and the region was officially attached to the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburgs acknowledged Principality of Transylvania as one of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen,<ref name=boundary>{{cite web|title=''International Boundary Study'' - No. 47 – April 15, 1965 - Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary|publisher=US Bureau of Intelligence and Research|url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS047.pdf}}</ref> {{Dubious|date=May 2009}} but the territory of principality was administratively separated<ref name="britannica_a">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1459175/Diploma-Leopoldinum |title=Diploma Leopoldinum (Transylvanian history) |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref><ref name=britannica.com>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania |title=Transylvania (region, Romania) |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref> from Habsburg Hungary<ref name="Peter F. Sugar 1983, page 163">Peter F. Sugar. Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 (History of East Central Europe), University of Washington Press, July 1983, page 163, https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&pg=PA163&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&lr=</ref><ref name="John F. Cadzow 1983, page 79">John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict, Kent State University Press, 1983, page 79, https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr=&pgis=1</ref><ref name=books.google.com>Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat" C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146; https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&pg=PA146&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr=</ref> and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors.<ref name=encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com>{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Grand+Principality+of+Transylvania |title=Definition of Grand Principality of Transylvania in the Free Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref> In 1699 the Turks legally acknowledged their loss of Transylvania in the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]]; however, some [[Rákóczi's War for Independence|anti-Habsburg]] elements within the principality submitted to the emperor only in the 1711 [[Peace of Szatmár]], and Habsburg control over Principality of Transylvania was consolidated. 54 years later (1765), the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Grand Principality of Transylvania]] was reintroduced.
Line 147: Line 148:
** [[Țara Bârsei]] (Burzenland/Barcaság)
** [[Țara Bârsei]] (Burzenland/Barcaság)
** [[Chioar]]
** [[Chioar]]
** [[Făgăraș]] (Fergalas)
** [[Făgăraș]] (Fogaras)
** [[Hațeg]]
** [[Hațeg]]
** Avchilan
** Avchilan
Line 286: Line 287:
The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. One of the predominant early symbols of Transylvania was the coat of arms of [[Sibiu]] city. In 1596 [[Levinus Hulsius]] created a coat of arms for the imperial province of Transylvania, consisting of a shield [[Division of the field|party per fess]], with a rising eagle in the upper field and seven hills with towers on top in the lower field. He published it in his work "Chronologia", issued in [[Nuremberg]] the same year. The seal from 1597 of [[Sigismund Báthory]], prince of Transylvania, reproduced the new coat of arms with some slight changes: in the upper field the eagle was flanked by a sun and a moon and in the lower field the hills were replaced by simple towers.<ref>Dan Cernovodeanu, ''Știința și arta heraldică în România'', Bucharest, 1977, p. 130</ref>
The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. One of the predominant early symbols of Transylvania was the coat of arms of [[Sibiu]] city. In 1596 [[Levinus Hulsius]] created a coat of arms for the imperial province of Transylvania, consisting of a shield [[Division of the field|party per fess]], with a rising eagle in the upper field and seven hills with towers on top in the lower field. He published it in his work "Chronologia", issued in [[Nuremberg]] the same year. The seal from 1597 of [[Sigismund Báthory]], prince of Transylvania, reproduced the new coat of arms with some slight changes: in the upper field the eagle was flanked by a sun and a moon and in the lower field the hills were replaced by simple towers.<ref>Dan Cernovodeanu, ''Știința și arta heraldică în România'', Bucharest, 1977, p. 130</ref>


The seal of [[Michael the Brave]] from 1600 depicts the territory of the former [[Dacia|Dacian kingdom]]: [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and Transylvania:<ref name="Coat of arms of Dacia medieval">{{cite web|title=Coat of arms of Dacia (medieval)|url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/ro-dacia.html}}</ref>
The seal of [[Michael the Brave]] from 1600 depicts the territory of the former [[Dacia|Dacian kingdom]]: [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and Transylvania:{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

* The black eagle ([[Wallachia]])
* The black eagle ([[Wallachia]])
* The [[aurochs]] head ([[Moldavia]])
* The [[aurochs]] head ([[Moldavia]])
* The seven hills (Transylvania).
* The seven hills (Transylvania).
* Over the hills there were two rampant lions affronts, supporting the trunk of a tree, as a symbol of the reunited [[Dacia|Dacian Kingdom]].<ref name="Coat of arms of Dacia medieval"/>
* Over the hills there were two rampant lions affronts, supporting the trunk of a tree, as a symbol of the reunited [[Dacia|Dacian Kingdom]].{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}


The [[Transylvanian Diet|Diet]] of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations in Transylvania's [[coat of arms]]. It depicted a black [[turul]] on a blue background, representing the [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] nobility,<ref>{{cite book |title=Oesterreichish-Ungarische Wappenrolle |last=Ströhl |first=Hugo Gerard |authorlink=Hugo Gerard Ströhl |year=1890 |publisher=Verlag vom Anton Schroll & C° |location=Vienna |page= XV. |url=http://www.austria-lexikon.at/attach/Wissenssammlungen/Symbole/Wappenrolle_Str%C3%B6hl_1890/Wappenrolle_1890_Text.pdf |accessdate=24 November 2011}}</ref> a [[Sun]] and the [[crescent|Moon]] representing the [[Székely]]s, and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the [[Transylvanian Saxons#Fortification of the towns|seven fortified cities]] of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]]. The red dividing band was originally not part of the coat of arms.
The [[Transylvanian Diet|Diet]] of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations in Transylvania's [[coat of arms]]. It depicted a black [[turul]] on a blue background, representing the [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] nobility,<ref>{{cite book |title=Oesterreichish-Ungarische Wappenrolle |last=Ströhl |first=Hugo Gerard |authorlink=Hugo Gerard Ströhl |year=1890 |publisher=Verlag vom Anton Schroll & C° |location=Vienna |page= XV. |url=http://www.austria-lexikon.at/attach/Wissenssammlungen/Symbole/Wappenrolle_Str%C3%B6hl_1890/Wappenrolle_1890_Text.pdf |accessdate=24 November 2011}}</ref> a [[Sun]] and the [[crescent|Moon]] representing the [[Székely]]s, and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the [[Transylvanian Saxons#Fortification of the towns|seven fortified cities]] of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]]. The red dividing band was originally not part of the coat of arms.

Revision as of 01:32, 21 May 2016

"Siebenbürgen" redirects here. For other uses, see Transylvania (disambiguation).
Transylvania
Transilvania/Ardeal Template:Ro icon
Erdély Template:Hu icon
Siebenbürgen Template:De icon
Historical region of Romania
Apuseni Mountains near Arieșeni, Alba County
Apuseni Mountains near Arieșeni, Alba County
Coat of arms of Transylvania
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
The Land Beyond the Forest
  Transylvania proper
  Banat, Crișana and Maramureș
Country Romania
Area
 • Total102,834 km2 (39,704 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total7,309,291
 • Density71/km2 (180/sq mi)
DemonymTransylvanian
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)

Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, Polish: Siedmiogród, Latin: Transsilvania, Turkish: Erdel) is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bound on the east and south by its natural borders, the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended eastward to the Apuseni Mountains. The term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of Crișana, Maramureș and the Romanian part of Banat.

The region of Transylvania is known for the scenic beauty of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history. It also contains major Romanian cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Brașov and Sibiu.

In the English-speaking world it has been commonly associated with vampires, chiefly due to the influence of Bram Stoker's famous novel Dracula as well as the many later film adaptations.[1][2][3]

Etymology

Main article: Historical names of Transylvania

In Romanian, the region is known as Ardeal (pronounced [arˈde̯al]) or Transilvania (pronounced [transilˈvani.a]); in Hungarian as Erdély (pronounced [ɛrdeːj]); in German as Siebenbürgen (pronounced [ˈziːbn̩ˌbʏʁɡn̩] ⓘ); and in Turkish as Transilvanya (pronounced [tɾansilˈvanja]) but historically as Erdel or Erdehstan; see also other denominations.

  • Transylvania was first referred to in a Medieval Latin document in 1075 as ultra silvam, meaning "beyond the forest" (ultra meaning "beyond" or "on the far side of" and the accusative case of sylva (sylvam) "woods, forest"). Transylvania, with an alternative Latin prepositional prefix, means "on the other side of the woods". Hungarian historians claim that the Medieval Latin form Ultrasylvania, later Transylvania, was a direct translation from the Hungarian form Erdő-elve.[4] That also was used as an alternative name in German überwald (13-14th centuries) and Ukrainian Залісся (Zalissia).
  • Within certain western regions of neighbouring Moldova, there are rumours that the name 'Transylvania' alludes to the myth of the ancient folk hero Atrensel, who is said to have had 75 wives and the greatest appetite for wild boar in all of Eastern Europe.
  • The German name Siebenbürgen means "seven fortresses", after the seven (ethnic German) Transylvanian Saxons' cities in the region. This is also the origin of the region's name in many other languages, such as the Bulgarian Седмиградско (Sedmigradsko), Polish Siedmiogród and the Ukrainian Семигород (Semyhorod).
  • The Hungarian form Erdély was first mentioned in the 12th-century Gesta Hungarorum as Erdeuleu (in modern script Erdőelü) or Erdő-elve. The word Erdő means forest in Hungarian, and the word Elve denotes a region in connection with this, similarly to the Hungarian name for Muntenia (Havas-elve, or land lying ahead of the snow-capped mountains). Erdel, Erdil, Erdehstan, the Turkish equivalents, or the Romanian Ardeal were borrowed from this form as well.
  • The first known written occurrence of the Romanian name Ardeal appeared in a document in 1432 as Ardeliu.[5]

History

Main article: History of Transylvania
Roman city of Apulum

Transylvania has been dominated by several different peoples and countries throughout its history. It was once the nucleus of the Kingdom of Dacia (82 BC–106 AD). In 106 AD the Roman Empire conquered the territory, systematically exploiting its resources. After the Roman legions withdrew in 271 AD, it was overrun by a succession of various tribes, bringing it under the control of the Carpi, Visigoths, Huns, Gepids, Avars and Slavs. From 9th to 11th century Bulgarians ruled Transylvania. It is a subject of dispute whether elements of the mixed Daco–Roman population survived in Transylvania through the Dark Ages (becoming the ancestors of modern Romanians) or the first Vlachs/Romanians appeared in the area in the 13th century after a northward migration from the Balkan Peninsula.[6][7] There is an ongoing scholarly debate over the ethnicity of Transylvania's population before the Hungarian conquest (see Origin of the Romanians).

The Magyars conquered much of Central Europe at the end of the 9th century. According to Gesta Hungarorum, Transylvania was ruled by Vlach voivode Gelou before the Hungarians arrived. The Kingdom of Hungary established a partial control over Transylvania in 1003, when king Stephen I, according to legend, defeated the prince named Gyula.[8][9][10][11] It is also subject of dispute if Transylvania was occupied by Hungarians in several stages between the 10th and 13th centuries[12][13], although the earliest Hungarian artifacts found in the region are dated to the first half of the 10th century.[14]

Between 1003[dubious – discuss] and 1526, Transylvania was a voivodeship in the Kingdom of Hungary, led by a voivode appointed by the King of Hungary.[citation needed] After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of János Szapolyai. Later, in 1570 the kingdom was transformed into the Principality of Transylvania - which was ruled primarily by Calvinist Hungarian princes. These times the ethnic composition of Transylvania transformed from an estimated near equal number[15] of the ethnic groups to a Romanian majority - Vasile Lupu estimates their number already more than one-third of the population of Transylvania in a letter addressed to the sultan around 1650.[16] For most of this period, Transylvania, maintaining its internal autonomy, was under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.

The Habsburgs acquired the territory shortly after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. In 1687, the rulers of Transylvania recognized the suzerainty of the Habsburg emperor Leopold I, and the region was officially attached to the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburgs acknowledged Principality of Transylvania as one of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen,[17] [dubious – discuss] but the territory of principality was administratively separated[18][19] from Habsburg Hungary[20][21][22] and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors.[23] In 1699 the Turks legally acknowledged their loss of Transylvania in the Treaty of Karlowitz; however, some anti-Habsburg elements within the principality submitted to the emperor only in the 1711 Peace of Szatmár, and Habsburg control over Principality of Transylvania was consolidated. 54 years later (1765), the Grand Principality of Transylvania was reintroduced.

After the Ausgleich of 1867, the Principality of Transylvania was once again abolished. The territory was then turned into Transleithania,[9][11] an addition to the newly established Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Following defeat in World War I, Austria-Hungary disintegrated. The ethnic Romanian majority in Transylvania elected representatives, who then proclaimed Union with Romania on December 1, 1918. The Proclamation of Union of Alba Iulia was adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania, and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the Saxons from Transylvania. In 1920, the Treaty of Trianon as a result of the war, established a new border between Romania and Hungary, leaving the whole of Transylvania within the Romanian state. Hungary protested against the new borders, as over 1,600,000 Hungarian people and representing 31.6% of the Transylvanian population [24] were living on the Romanian side of the border, mainly in Székely Land of Eastern Transylvania, and along the newly created border. In August 1940, Hungary gained about 40% of Transylvania by the Second Vienna Award, with the arbitration of Germany and Italy. The Second Vienna Award was voided on 12 September 1944 by the Allied Commission through the Armistice Agreement with Romania (Article 19); and the 1947 Treaty of Paris reaffirmed the borders between Romania and Hungary, as originally defined in Treaty of Trianon, 27 years earlier, thus confirming the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania.[9] From 1947 to 1989, Transylvania, as the rest of Romania, was under a communist regime.

Geography and ethnography

Sirnea in Brașov County

The Transylvanian plateau, 300 to 500 metres (980–1,640 feet) high, is drained by the Mureș, Someș, Criș, and Olt rivers, as well as other tributaries of the Danube. This core of historical Transylvania roughly corresponds with nine counties of modern Romania. Other areas to the west and north, which also united with Romania in 1918 (inside the border established by peace treaties in 1919-20), are since that time widely considered part of Transylvania.

In common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the Treaty of Trianon, although geographically the two are not identical.

Administrative divisions

The area of the historical Voivodeship is 55,146 km2 (21,292 sq mi).[25][26]

The regions granted to Romania in 1920 covered 23 counties including nearly 102,200 km2 (39,460 sq mi) (102,787–103,093 km2 in Hungarian sources and 102,200 km2 in contemporary Romanian documents). Nowadays, due to the several administrative reorganisations, the territory covers 16 counties (Romanian: judeţ), with an area of 99,837 km2 (38,547 sq mi), in central and northwest Romania.

The 16 counties are: Alba, Arad, Bihor, Bistriţa-Năsăud, Brașov, Caraș-Severin, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Maramureș, Mureș, Sălaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, and Timiș.

The most populous cities (as of 2011 census):[27]

Cluj-Napoca, commonly known as Cluj, is the second most populous city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Cluj County. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania. Brașov is an important tourist destination, being the largest city in a mountain resorts area, and a central location, suitable for exploring Romania, with the distances to several tourist destinations (including the Black Sea resorts, the monasteries in northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș) being similar. Sibiu is one of the most important cultural centres of Romania and was designated the European Capital of Culture for the year 2007, along with the city of Luxembourg,[28] and it was formerly the centre of the Transylvanian Saxon culture.

Population

Historical population

See also: History of Transylvania § Historical population, Hungarian minority in Romania, Székely, Transylvanian Saxons, and List of Transylvanians
Ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910.

Official censuses with information on Transylvania's population have been conducted since the 18th century. On May 1, 1784 the Emperor Joseph II called for the first official census of the Habsburg Empire, including Transylvania. The data was published in 1787, and this census showed only the overall population (1,440,986 inhabitants).[29] Fényes Elek, a 19th-century Hungarian statistician, estimated in 1842 that in the population of Transylvania for the years 1830-1840 the majority were 62.3% Romanians and 23.3% Hungarians.[30]

The first official census in Transylvania that made a distinction between nationalities (distinction made on the basis of mother tongue) was performed by Austro-Hungarian authorities in 1869, distributed among the ethnic groups as follows: Romanians 59.0%, Hungarians 24.9%, Germans 11.9%.

In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Hungarian population of Transylvania increased from 24.9% in 1869 to 31.6%, as indicated in the 1910 Hungarian census. At the same time, the percentage of Romanian population decreased from 59.0% to 53.8% and the percentage of German population decreased from 11.9% to 10.7%, for a total population of 5,262,495. Magyarization policies greatly contributed to this shift.[31]

The percentage of Romanian majority has significantly increased since the declaration of the union of Transylvania with Romania after World War I in 1918. The proportion of Hungarians in Transylvania was in steep decline as more of the region's inhabitants moved into urban areas, where the pressure to assimilate and Romanianize was greater.[32] The expropriation of the estates of Magyar magnates, the distribution of the lands to the Romanian peasants, and the policy of cultural Romanianization that followed the Treaty of Trianon were major causes of friction between Hungary and Romania.[33] Other factors include the emigration of non-Romanian peoples, assimilation and internal migration within Romania (estimates show that between 1945 and 1977, some 630,000 people moved from the Old Kingdom to Transylvania, and 280,000 from Transylvania to the Old Kingdom, most notably to Bucharest).[34]

Current population

The 2002 census classified Transylvania as the entire region of Romania west of the Carpathians. This region has a population of 7,221,733, with a large Romanian majority (73.5%). There are also sizeable Hungarian (22.1%), Roma (2.4%), German (0.8%) and Bulgarians (0.1%) communities.[35][36] The ethnic Hungarian population of Transylvania, largely composed of Székely, form a majority in the counties of Covasna and Harghita.

The population is mostly of Hungarian origin in Harghita County (84.8%) and Covasna County (73.6%). The Hungarians are also numerous in the following counties: Mureș (37.8%), Satu Mare (34.5%), Bihor (25.2%) and Sălaj (23.2%).

Economy

Farmers working in Transylvania

Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably lignite, iron, lead, manganese, gold, copper, natural gas, salt, and sulfur.

There are large iron and steel, chemical, and textile industries. Stock raising, agriculture, wine production and fruit growing are important occupations. Agriculture is widespread in the Transylvanian Plateau, including growing cereals, vegetables, viticulture and breeding cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. Timber is another valuable resource.

IT, electronics and automotive industries are important in urban and university centers like Cluj-Napoca (Robert Bosch GmbH, Emerson Electric), Timișoara (Alcatel-Lucent, Flextronics and Continental AG), Brașov, Sibiu, Oradea and Arad. The cities of Cluj Napoca and Târgu Mureș are connected with a strong medical tradition, and according to the same classifications top performance hospitals exist there.[37]

Native brands include: Roman of Brașov (trucks and buses), Azomureș of Târgu Mureș (fertilizers), Terapia of Cluj-Napoca (pharmaceuticals), Banca Transilvania of Cluj-Napoca (finance), Romgaz and Transgaz of Mediaș (natural gas), Jidvei of Alba county (alcoholic beverages), Timișoreana of Timișoara (alcoholic beverages) and others.

Transylvania accounts for around 35% of Romania's GDP, and has a GDP per capita (PPP) of around $11,500, around 10% higher than the Romanian average.

The Jiu Valley, located in the south of Hunedoara County, has been a major mining area throughout the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, but many mines were closed down in the years following the collapse of the communist regime, forcing the region to diversify its economy.

Culture

George Coșbuc, Romanian poet, translator, teacher, and journalist, best known for his verses describing, praising and eulogizing rural life

The culture of Transylvania is complex, due to its varied history. Its culture has been historically linked to both Central Europe and Southeastern Europe; and it has significant Hungarian (see Hungarians in Romania) and German (see Germans of Romania) influences.[38]

With regard to architecture, the Transylvanian Gothic style is preserved to this day in monuments such as the Black Church in Braşov (14th and 15th centuries) and a number of other cathedrals, as well as the Bran Castle in Braşov County (14th century), the Hunyad Castle in Hunedoara (15th century).

Notable writers such as Emil Cioran, Lucian Blaga, George Coșbuc, Octavian Goga and Liviu Rebreanu were born in Transylvania. The latter wrote the novel Ion, which introduces the reader to a depiction of the life of the peasants and intellectuals of Transylvania at the turn of the 20th century.

Tourist attractions

St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca
Merry Cemetery of Săpânța

Festivals and events

File:FESTIVAL MEDIEVAL SIGHISOARA 2011.jpg
Sighișoara Medieval Festival, 2011

Film festivals

Music festivals

Others

Historical coat of arms of Transylvania

Main article: Coat of arms of Transylvania

The first heraldic representations of Transylvania date from the 16th century. One of the predominant early symbols of Transylvania was the coat of arms of Sibiu city. In 1596 Levinus Hulsius created a coat of arms for the imperial province of Transylvania, consisting of a shield party per fess, with a rising eagle in the upper field and seven hills with towers on top in the lower field. He published it in his work "Chronologia", issued in Nuremberg the same year. The seal from 1597 of Sigismund Báthory, prince of Transylvania, reproduced the new coat of arms with some slight changes: in the upper field the eagle was flanked by a sun and a moon and in the lower field the hills were replaced by simple towers.[44]

The seal of Michael the Brave from 1600 depicts the territory of the former Dacian kingdom: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania:[citation needed]

The Diet of 1659 codified the representation of the privileged nations in Transylvania's coat of arms. It depicted a black turul on a blue background, representing the Hungarian nobility,[45] a Sun and the Moon representing the Székelys, and seven red towers on a yellow background representing the seven fortified cities of the Transylvanian Saxons. The red dividing band was originally not part of the coat of arms.

In popular culture

Lugosi as Dracula
Main article: Transylvania in popular culture

Following the publication of Emily Gerard's The Land Beyond the Forest (1888), Bram Stoker wrote his gothic horror novel Dracula in 1897, using Transylvania as a setting. With its success, Transylvania became associated in the English-speaking world with vampires. Since then it has been represented in fiction and literature as a land of mystery and magic. For example, in Paulo Coelho's novel The Witch of Portobello, the main character, Sherine Khalil, is described as a Transylvanian orphan with a Romani mother, in an effort to add to the character's exotic mystique.[citation needed] The so-called Transylvanian trilogy of historical novels by Miklos Banffy, The Writing on the Wall, is an extended treatment of the 19th- and early 20th-century social and political history of the country. Among the first actors to portray Bram Stoker's Dracula in film was Bela Lugosi, who was born in Banat, in present-day Romania.

The Munsters were also said to be from Transylvania, referring to it several times in the show both by name and as "The Old Country".

In the film The Rocky Horror Picture Show, Tim Curry played a character that comes from "Transexual Transylvania."

The Sony Pictures Animation's animated Hotel Transylvania series takes place largely in Transylvania and nearby places. It recasts Dracula in a comic scenario.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Transylvania Society of Dracula Information". Afn.org. 1995-05-29. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  2. ^ "Travel Advisory; Lure of Dracula In Transylvania". The New York Times. 1993-08-22.
  3. ^ "Romania Transylvania". Icromania.com. 2007-04-15. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  4. ^ Engel, Pál (2001). Realm of St. Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 (International Library of Historical Studies), page 24, London: I.B. Taurus. ISBN 1-86064-061-3
  5. ^ Pascu, Ștefan (1972). "Voievodatul Transilvaniei". I: 22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ István Lázár: Transylvania, a Short History, Simon Publications, Safety Harbor, Florida, 1996 [1]
  7. ^ Martyn C. Rady: Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary, Antony Grove Ltd, Great Britain, 2000 [2]
  8. ^ Gyula - it is possible that during the 10th century some of the holders of the title of gyula also used Gyula as a personal name, but the issue has been confused because the chronicler of one of the most important primary sources (the Gesta Hungarorum) has been shown to have used titles or even names of places as personal names in some cases.
  9. ^ a b c "Transylvania". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
  10. ^ Engel, Pal; Andrew Ayton (2005). The Realm of St Stephen. London: Tauris. p. 27. ISBN 1-85043-977-X.
  11. ^ a b "Transylvania", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997–2008 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
  12. ^ K. HOREDT, Contribuţii la istoria Transilvaniei în secolele IV-XIII,Editura Academiei RSR, 1958 p. 113.
  13. ^ I.M.Țiplic (2000). Considerații cu privire la liniile întarite de tipul prisacilor din transilvania, Acta terrae Septemcastrensis, I, pag. 147-164
  14. ^ Madgearu, Alexandru (2001). Românii în opera Notarului Anonim. Cluj-Napoca: Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundația Culturală Română. ISBN 973-577-249-3.
  15. ^ Antonius Wrancius: Expeditionis Solymani in Moldaviam et Transsylvaniam libri duo. De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transalpinae liber tertius.
  16. ^ Sándor Szilágyi: Erdély és az északkeleti háború. Levelek és okiratok Bp. 1890 I. 246-247, 255-256 - Sándor Szilágyi: Transilvania and the north-eastern war. Letters and documents Bp. 1890 p. 246-247, 255-256
  17. ^ "International Boundary Study - No. 47 – April 15, 1965 - Hungary – Romania (Rumania) Boundary" (PDF). US Bureau of Intelligence and Research.
  18. ^ "Diploma Leopoldinum (Transylvanian history)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  19. ^ "Transylvania (region, Romania)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  20. ^ Peter F. Sugar. Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 (History of East Central Europe), University of Washington Press, July 1983, page 163, https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&pg=PA163&dq=independent+principality+that+was+not+reunited+with+Hungary&lr=
  21. ^ John F. Cadzow, Andrew Ludanyi, Louis J. Elteto, Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict, Kent State University Press, 1983, page 79, https://books.google.com/books?id=fX5pAAAAMAAJ&q=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr=&pgis=1
  22. ^ Paul Lendvai, Ann Major. "The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat" C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, page 146; https://books.google.com/books?id=9yCmAQGTW28C&pg=PA146&dq=diploma+leopoldinum+transylvania&lr=
  23. ^ "Definition of Grand Principality of Transylvania in the Free Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  24. ^ Történelmi világatlasz (in Hungarian). Cartographia. 1998. ISBN 963-352-519-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Transilvania at romaniatraveltourism.com
  26. ^ Transylvania at 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
  27. ^ "Population at 20 October 2011" (in Romanian). INSSE. July 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  28. ^ Sibiu Cultural Capital Website
  29. ^ http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/transy/transy03.htm
  30. ^ Elek Fényes, Magyarország statistikája, Vol. 1, Trattner-Károlyi, Pest. VII, 1842
  31. ^ Seton-Watson, Robert William (1933). "The Problem of Treaty Revision and the Hungarian Frontiers". International Affairs. 12 (4): 481–503. doi:10.2307/2603603.
  32. ^ Varga, E. Árpád, Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995, Translation by Tamás Sályi, Budapest, March 1999, pp. 30-34
  33. ^ "Transylvania". Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
  34. ^ Varga, E. Árpád, Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995, Translation by Tamás Sályi, Budapest, March 1999, p. 31
  35. ^ 2002 Census official results
  36. ^ "Structura Etno-demografică a României". edrc.ro. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  37. ^ http://www.ms.ro/upload/CLASIFICAREA%20SPITALELOR-1.pdf
  38. ^ "Cultura". 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
  39. ^ "Travel to Romania - Densus Church (Hunedoara)". Romanianmonasteries.org. 2006-05-31. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  40. ^ http://sibiupeople.ro/en/reports/732
  41. ^ a b "Apuseni Caves". Itsromania.com. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
  42. ^ "Zilele Filmului de Umor 2014". timisoreni.ro. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  43. ^ "O nouă ediție a Zilelor Filmului de Umor la Timișoara". HotNewsRo. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  44. ^ Dan Cernovodeanu, Știința și arta heraldică în România, Bucharest, 1977, p. 130
  45. ^ Ströhl, Hugo Gerard (1890). Oesterreichish-Ungarische Wappenrolle (PDF). Vienna: Verlag vom Anton Schroll & C°. p. XV. Retrieved 24 November 2011.

K. Horedt (1958) Contribuţii la istoria Transilvaniei în secolele IV-XIII, Editura Academiei RSR, 1958 p. 113

Further reading

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Transylvania.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transylvania.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transylvania&oldid=721320732"