Upper Canada College

Upper Canada College
File:UCC Crest.PNG
Address
200 Lonsdale Road Toronto , Ontario , M4V 1W6 Canada
Information
Type	Independent
Motto	Palmam qui meruit ferat (Let those who earn the palm, bear it)
Established	1829
Principal	Dr. James P. Power
Faculty	72
Enrollment	1116
Campus	Deer Park (urban), Norval (rural)
Colour(s)	Blue and white
Endowment	$40,789,000 CAD
Affiliation	None
Website	http://www.ucc.on.ca/

Upper Canada College, commonly known as UCC, is an internationally renowned private elementary and secondary school for boys, founded in 1829.

It is located in Toronto, Canada, and is the oldest independent school in the province of Ontario and the third oldest school in Canada. Often regarded as the most prestigious preparatory school in Canada,</ref> Upper Canada College Starts Floorball Program</ref> it has educated many of the country's elite, powerful and wealthy and declares its goals to be "trust and honesty, respect for others, respect for property, self-respect, and caring."

UCC is a non-denominational school administered by a Board of Governors as a public trust. On November 29, 2006, it was announced that Michael MacMillan, Executive Chairman of Alliance Atlantis, was elected as the new Chair of the Board of Governors.

All of UCC's 1,000 day students and 110 boarders study the International Baccalaureate diploma programme during Grades 11 and 12.

The College maintains a traditional link to the Royal Family through His Royal Highness Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who is the College's Official Visitor, and a member of the Board of Governors.

The school's current Principal is Dr. James Power. The Preparatory School and Upper School are headed by Donald Kawasoe and Steven Griffin respectively. The Upper School is in turn divided into the Middle Years Division, directed by Derek Poon, and a Senior Years Division, directed by Scott Cowie.

The school's student government, known as the Board of Stewards is comprised of 16 elected members of the Leaving Class. The Board represents the students in many activities such as Association Day and Hockey Night, and relays their wishes during times of change or concern to the upper administration.

Upper Canada College is one of the "Little Big Four."

History

Drawing of former UCC campus at King and Simcoe Streets in downtown Toronto

Founding

The College was founded in 1829 by then-Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, Major-General Sir John Colborne (later , Lord Seaton). The school was founded in the hopes it would serve as a feeder school to the newly established King's College (later the University of Toronto), and was modelled on the great public schools of Britain, most notably Eton College. An announcement of the College's January opening appeared in the December 17 1829, edition of the Canada Gazette, and teaching at the College began on January 4 1830, with 57 students, the first boy enrolled being Henry Scadding. By the end of the school's first semester, the enrolment had increased to 89.

Prior to 1829, the College was called the Royal Grammar School. Its first permanent buildings stood on Russell Square, on land that is now bounded by King, Simcoe, Adelaide and John Streets in downtown Toronto. Almost immediately after the College opened, plans were implemented for newer and more permanent buildings, and the 1831 school year began in new structures at the north-west corner of King and Simcoe Streets.

Further information: Architecture of Upper Canada College

The costs of the new buildings, combined with the large staff and their high salaries led to criticism of the College and its expenses. In his publication Colonial Advocate, William Lyon Mackenzie stated: "The College here at York in Upper Canada is most extravagantly endowed... thousands of pounds are realised at will by its self-constituted managers from the sale of school lots and school lands [in fact, not true]... splendid incomes given to masters... and dwellings furnished to the professors... by the sweat of the brow of the Canadian labourer." In 1837, UCC's student militia offered help to Sir Francis Bond Head's Family Compact government in suppressing Mackenzie's pro-responsible government Upper Canada Rebellion. In 1852, Mackenzie's sons, William and George, were enrolled at UCC.

University control

On March 4, 1837, the King's College charter was amended to take UCC in under the control of the university, with the principal to be appointed by the King, the vice-principal and masters nominated by the Chancellor of King's College (the Lieutenant-Governor) at the approval of the King's College Council.

In 1842, Charles Dickens visited the College and said of it: "a sound education in every department of polite learning can be had, at a very moderate expense... It has pretty good endowments in the way of land, and is a valuable and useful institution."

Watercolour of UCC's dining hall by John Howard, in 1842

By the 1870s, with an enrolment of 300, the school was outgrowing the 1831 buildings. However, UCC came close to closing its doors in 1887, when a Liberal provincial government which supported university federation, and saw the College's endowment and downtown campus as sources of funds for such an expensive venture, came to power. That year a Notice of Motion was introduced to the Legislature by a Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly named Waters: "in the opinion of this House the time has come when Upper Canada College should be abolished... as the instruction given in the College can be obtained in any well conducted high school in the province," adding that the College's real estate should go to the province. In reaction to this a group of Old Boys met, along with letters of support from various alumni, including Lieutenant-Governor John Beverley Robinson, in an effort to stop the closing of the College. The meeting ended with a unanimous motion that the group's views be laid before the government. The story was covered widely in the papers of the time, with the Evening Telegram being most supportive, the Globe taking a more moderate stance, and the News criticizing the existence of the school. In the end, after much negotiation, a decision was reached to detach the school from King's College after fifty years of affiliation, and to operate it under the guidance of five trustees appointed by the Minister of Education. The College was also to be relocated to an area outside of the city, though this provision was not included in the statute.

Move

Photo of Upper Canada College buildings at Deer Park. Courtesy NAC/RD353

On July 3, 1891, the bell at the Russell Square campus rang for the last time, and on August 29, a farewell cricket game was played, and, in an attempt to ensure the survival of the College, the Upper Canada College Old Boys' Association was created on the same day. UCC then moved to its current site, the Deer Park campus (43.6933°N 79.4042°W / 43.6933; -79.4042), 200 Lonsdale Road at Avenue Road in Forest Hill, with the doors being officially opened on October 14, 1891.

In 1902, a separate Preparatory School was built at the south edge of the Deer Park campus, creating two physically separate schools.

World Wars

More than 400 graduates perished during both the First World War and the Second World War, the first being Lt. C. Gordon Mackenzie of the Royal Scots Fusiliers, on October 24, 1914. By the end of WWI, 176 Old Boys were dead.

Photo of the ambulance purchased by the boys of UCC in 1916

One year later the Upper Canada College ambulance was presented to the forces, and was delivered to France at the beginning of 1916. By May the next year the vehicle had travelled almost three thousand miles, and carried five thousand wounded men.

The outbreak of the Second World War saw the College lose a number of its best masters, although the majority were too old to join and remained behind at the school. UCC welcomed a large number of war refugees; by May of 1941 there were ninety seven. The increasing number led to some concern amongst the Board of Governors, as these students were not paying tuition. A war chest was also started for the purpose of sending packages to Old Boys, and help support the children of Old Boys killed or wounded in battle.

Historian Jack Granatstein in his book The Generals has a list that demonstrates that UCC graduates accounted for more than 30% of Canadian generals during the Second World War, including General Harry Crerar, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the First Canadian Army, and Major-General Bruce Matthews, General Officer Commanding the 2nd Canadian Division and later Chairman of the College's Board of Governors.

In 1923 The War Book of Upper Canada College was published, commemorating each Old Boy who served in the "Great War" of 1914-1918. Those who gave their lives are contained in a separate section. There are also two gilt boards in the College's main foyer that commemorate the names of the dead, one for each World War.

Building crisis

The College faced another crisis at the end of the 1950s when it was discovered that the 1891 main building was decaying rapidly due to poor construction; cracks and pipes were appearing throughout, doors frames warped to the point where doors could no longer be opened or closed. Eventually there was a fear that the tower would collapse. Because of these problems, the building was condemned and evacuated by March 12 1958. Faculty offices were moved to the Prep building, the infirmary, and any other spare spaces, including the principal's residence, Grant House. Classes were conducted in portables.

That same year, a major fundraising campaign was launched as construction of a new building on the exact site of the old was started. HRH Prince Philip visited in 1959 to assist with the fundraising. Money to reconstruct the iconic tower over the main entrance was donated by the media magnate, Ted Rogers. In the summer of 1959, Governor General Vincent Massey laid the cornerstone, and tragedy struck that same year when an Italian construction worker fell from the tower to his death. None-the-less, Field Marshal Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein dedicated the new front doors on April 28, 1960, and the new building was officially opened by Vincent Massey and Ewdard Peacock on September 28. The $3,200,000 cost of the bulding was fully subscribed.

Late 20th century

UCC welcomed the first woman to its Board of Governors in 1971 with the appointment of Pauline Mills McGibbon, although she resigned in 1974 upon her appointment to the post of Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.

In 1979, UCC celebrated its 150th anniversary in the presence of the College's Official Visitor, HRH Prince Philip, at the College's first Association Day.

In 1991, UCC was visited by the Hungarian President Árpád Göncz, who would soon after enrol his grandson at the school, and in 1993, Prince Philip again visited to officially open the Foster Hewitt Athletic Centre, the Eaton Building, as well as the rebuilt College gates, the Mara Gates, at the foot of the main avenue. Two years later the College decided to greatly alter its academic course and adopted the International Baccalaureate programme.

James FitzGerald, a UCC Old Boy himself, published a book in 1994 titled Old Boys; the Powerful Legacy of Upper Canada College. It stirred up some controversy in Canadian media due to its candid portrayal of life at the College, derived from excerpts of interviews that FitzGerald had conducted with former students, ranging from Conrad Black and Michael Ignatieff to unknowns who managed gas stations or worked in retail. Reactions varied; Charlotte Gray wrote in the Toronto Star: "My reaction to this book is fascinated revulsion - mainly because the school seems to have taught successive generations of boys that girls are some alien species that is both terrifying and stupid," while Jill Rigby said in the Toronto Sun: "Yeah, so what if some UCC teachers were pedophiles? All that stuff has been going on in educational institutions since Socrates met Plato."

File:UCC-duke.jpg

HRH The Duke of Edinburgh speaks with UCC First Football team members at the College's 150th anniversary celebrations, 1979

The publication of the book had an effect on the College, both in its internal structure, as well as its relationship with the broader community. Peter Dalglish, the founder of Street Kids International, criticised the school heavily in his interview for Old Boys, where he said "A prime failing of UCC is that they have no sense of being a part of a community within the city or country. The school has to change; it is still very upper middle class." Subsequently, he was hired by the College to change school culture. Under his direction, along with Nanci Goldman, the former Toronto Board co-ordinator of inner city services, UCC students have since been partnered with inner city Toronto kids in the College's Horizon program.

The Eaton Building was extended in 1999 to accommodate the school's curricular expansion to include grades 1 and 2. Senior kindergarten was introduced in 2003.

Norval

By the early 20th century, the city was growing quickly around the Deer Park campus. The College trustees began to explore the possibility of once again moving the school. A property of 450 acres on the Credit River, north of the Toronto, was purchased in 1913. Plans for a new college building were even drawn up by a Toronto architectural firm. However, due to the First World War and the depression, plans to move the school were abandoned in the 1930s.

Still, the property remained in the hands of the school, and it has become a popular outdoor education centre for UCC students. In 1964, a modern bunk-house, designed by Old Boy Blake Millar, was built, and an arboretum was planted. In 1967, the bunk-house, known as Stephen House, won a Massey Medal for excellence in architecture.

Cadets

Photo of Upper Canada College Cadets, 1893

There is no fixed date for the formation of the UCC Cadets, though beginnings can be traced to a willingness of students to participate in the defence against the 1837 rebellion. Later in the 1800s, in schools throughout England, Canada and the United States, involvement in a military body was thought of to inspire patriotism in young men, as well as being a good method of teaching discipline and obedience. By 1863, UCC students were paraded weekly, in an amateur fashion, under someone known as Major Goodwin, but with the beginning of Fenian troubles in Upper Canada by 1865, UCC students requested that the Cadets form into a company of the Queen's Own Rifles. By 1866, the request was fulfilled, making UCC possibly the second school in Canada to have a proper Cadet Corps (the first being Bishop's College School in Lennonville, Quebec).

When the Fenians did attack Fort Erie, Ontario, on June 1 1866 (see Fenian Raids), the UCC Cadets, along with the Bishop's College Cadets, were called to duty, but were instructed only to guard the armouries and official stores. None-the-less, this was the only time in Canadian military history where student Cadet Corps were called to duty.

By the 1890s, there was a lack of enthusiasm for the Cadets. It was an extra expense for a student's family to cover the costs of uniform, weapons, and even their drill instructor. As well, drill and practice time was beyond the commitment to scholastics and sport. Enrolment fluctuated over the next few decades, at one point the school's administration turning its eyes to the school the College had been modelled on, Eton, as well as Harrow, where Cadet participation was compulsory. No real action was taken by UCC in regards to the Cadets, however, by 1910 the population of the company had increased to 63, and in 1912 a Sergeant Carpenter was approached to act as instructor. He was not to last long, as by 1914 he was in Europe as Sergeant-Major in the 9th Battalion of the 1st Canadian Overseas Contingent. Numbers in the UCC Cadets still stayed high during the First World War.

By around 1919, the UCC Cadets finally became compulsory, and principal Grant asked the army district headquarters if the Corps could be presented with Colours, both the King's Colour and College Colour. The College Colour was given by Elanor Gooderham in 1921.

During the war, the Cadets' association with the Queen's Own Rifles had lapsed, and by 1923 two regiments, the Toronto Regiment and Queen's Own Rifles were requesting that the Corps affiliate itself with them. After some dispute between the three parties, the College settled on the Queen's Own again by 1927.

For thirty following years, the Cadets remained an integral part of College life, and by the middle of the Second World War boys were practising not only drills, but also spent time on lectures, map reading, military law, and signalling.

Still, by the 1960s, due to broader shifts in social paradigms, belief in the Cadets was faltering; religion and patriotism were not held in such high regard by youth, and rebellion was the more accepted behaviour for teenagers. Minutes of the Board of Governors meeting in 1965 recorded, for the first time in sixty years, poor discipline at the battalion parade. Principal Richard Sadlier finally disbanded the Cadet Battalion as a compulsory body in 1976. He noted: "The Battalion has been left with little beyond its ceremonial drill which is a pretty irrelevant exercise to many people today and difficult to defend when it becomes the be-all and end-all of a program."

In 1977, the voluntary Royal Canadian Army Cadets helped organize a course in military science at UCC, which also included battle drill, field craft, weapons training, and some parade-square drill. But, by the mid 1980s, interest in this programme had fallen to a bare minimum, and today UCC provides no formal military training.

Ethnic & gender issues

UCC began admitting ethnic minority students early in its history. The first black student enrolled in 1831 the first Jewish student in 1836 and the first aboriginal student in 1840; some graduates from the Ojibway peoples of Upper Canada having gone on to study at Dartmouth College and Harvard University.

Even though there have been ethnic minority students admitted to UCC, the school continued to maintain a reputation as a "bastion of WASP privilege" through the first 150 years of its history. In relation to this, diplomat James George, a student between 1926 and 1936, said upon reflection about his time with other UCC graduates in the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs: "If UCC really was a womb matrix for a bunch of WASP patriots, why did it produce so many internationalists?"

Other former students took a different view, some citing experiences of anti-Semitism. Graham Fraser, The Globe and Mail's Washington Bureau Chief, who attended UCC between 1960 and 1964, recalled: "Anti-Semitism was generally an unspoken undercurrent at UCC, but a couple of times I witnessed overt anti-Semitism.... Before 1960, Toronto was a pretty narrow, close-minded, little Victorian town and Upper Canada College reflected that reality."

Michael Ignatieff, who was a student at the College from 1959 to 1965 stated: "The UCC culture in my time was basically Tory, Anglican and fantastically patrician... The Canadian elite must be an open, permeable elite which is colour blind, religion blind and gender blind. There has to be an elite based not even on intelligence but character. They will mostly come from schools that bear no resemblance to Upper Canada College."

In the decades after the 1970s, some saw the ethnic composition of the school's enrolment as changing. In 1979, former Prep School Headmaster Richard Howard said in his book Upper Canada College, 1929-1979: Colborne's Legacy: "The growth of the enrolment has increased the number of boys from a wide variety of backgrounds and decreased the ratio of those from old Toronto families. The address list now reflects Toronto's ethnic variety and resembles a small United Nations." However, even into the 1990s some, while acknowledging the shift to a more multi-cultural student body, claimed anti-Semitism continued in some form. In 1990, The College Times featured an editorial stating that while UCC was no longer "a white-bread, right-wing fortress: it has become much more multi-cultural and (dare I say it?) liberal.... In my years at UCC I have faced anti-Semitism, ugliness, stupidity and bureaucracy."

By the late 1990s, the college was increasingly diverse, and in 1997 the daily recitation of the Lord's Prayer was replaced by the recitation of a prayer from different global faiths each day. In 2002, student Adam Sheikh created the Diversity Council to celebrate the cultural diversity of the school's student population. This council, a body of students independent from the school administration, organizes celebrations of Chinese, Jewish, and Ukrainian cultural events and traditions, as well as Canadian cultural events.

UCC's website states that currently "the College's boarding program welcomes Upper School students from all faiths and cultural backgrounds. Each year, more than 100 students from Year 1 to IB2 come together in this cross-cultural hub, where students benefit from each other's unique experiences."

Today, students from over 16 different countries attend UCC. The international students typically come from among the wealthiest families in the countries of their origin.

The 1990 College Times also addressed alleged sexism at the school in the article The School On The Hill by Greg Tessaro, winner of the College Times' Ponton Prize for Journalism. The article stated:

"The school fosters sexist attitudes that impair the students.... There is undeniably sexism at the school. The '88 Times had a running joke in the Leaving Class section, "Why beer is better than women", with examples like "Fact #19: Beer doesn't demand equality" ...A careful look through past yearbooks reveals a sexist viewpoint that would not be tolerated at a co-ed school. The school itself is the direct cause of this sexism. ...The school teaches sexism by example. ...In addition, on a staff of over sixty full-time teachers, there are three women. However, in my time at the College, the French conversation teacher has always been a woman. The librarians are all women. The secretaries are all women."

UCC did, however, appoint the first woman to its Board of Governors in 1971; Pauline Mills McGibbon. The College also states:

"We value diversity and are actively engaged in building a school that reflects the various backgrounds of our community members. We recognize that embracing a mix of cultures, talents, backgrounds, experiences and socioeconomic diversity will make the College a more rewarding place in which to learn and work."

Today

UCC's Upper School on a snowy winter morning

UCC is Canada's wealthiest independent school , having an endowment of more than $40 million (CAD). The school has devoted this endowment to physical expansion, financial aid, scholarships, and advanced computer and laboratory equipment.

There are 72 faculty members in total, 64 of which teach at the Upper School. Within the Upper School faculty there are 52 men and 12 women, 26 of which have advanced university degrees. 10 faculty members reside on the campus.

Tuition fees range from $21,725 to $23,474 for all day-boy students, and $38,675 to $40,425 for boarding. Today, 6% of the school population receives financial aid. The school plans to increase financial assistance over the next decade, and to help a more diverse range of students attend UCC. The institution is well-known for its challenging admissions standards, accepting less than 22% of all applicants. The current student-to-teacher ratio is 18:1 in the lower grades and 19:1 in the upper grades.

The College has a notable collection of artwork and war medals. This collection includes Canada's first Victoria Cross, awarded in 1854 to Old Boy Alexander Roberts Dunn, and a Victoria Cross awarded to Hampden Zane Churchill Cockburn. These medals were given to the Canadian War Museum on permanent loan on May 17, 2006. UCC also holds a collection of original paintings from the Group of Seven, though several were auctioned by the College in an effort to pay for the lawsuits it faced in 2004. The school also holds an original Stephen Leacock essay, titled Why Boys Leave Home - A Talk on Camping, donated in 2005, and published for the first time in the Globe and Mail. Aside from UCC's main campus in the Deer Park area of midtown Toronto, the College owns the Norval Outdoor School near Georgetown, Ontario.

Facilities

Main campus

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Satellite image of the Upper Canada College Deer Park campus; © Google Earth

The College has 15 buildings on its Deer Park campus. The main building (the Upper School) houses classrooms, computer and science laboritories, two art studios, music classrooms and practice rooms, three theatres, a library, a creativity centre, locker rooms, a chapel, two dining halls, kitchens, as well as faculty and staff offices and lounges. Laidlaw Hall, the principle assembly hall attached to the west end of the main building, holds a pipe organ as well as a large proscenium stage. At the other end of the building is the Memorial Wing, the school's main infirmary has a nurse's exam room, and rooms with hospital beds for ill students. Forming the north end of the main quadrangle is the building containing the two boarding houses. Satellite to the main complex are townhouse-style residences for masters and their families, and Grant House, the residence of the College's principal. There are also two structures north of the boarding houses: one that was once stables, but now serves as a covered garage, and the other, a small, two-storey cricket pavilion.

The Preparatory School at the south-west corner of the campus holds classrooms, computer and science laboratories, a library, theatre, and staff offices and lounges. Near this building is a home for the Prep Headmaster, and a small gatehouse.

The athletic facilities include, in the Upper School: an indoor pool, two gymnasiums, and a weight room; and in the Prep School: a gymnasium. Around the campus there is an indoor arena (the Patrick Johnson Arena), a sports activity bubble, tennis courts, a sports court, a running track, and nine regulation sized sports fields for football, soccer, lacrosse, cricket, and baseball. The two major fields of the Upper School are called "Commons" and "Lords", after the British House of Commons and House of Lords. In the summer of 2006, the UCC oval and running track were renovated thanks to an anonymous multi-million dollar donation to the school. The field has been replaced by a partially synthetic astroturf/grass hybrid, while the track is entirely rubber turf. Several meters below the field geothermal pipes were laid which will provide alternative energy heating for both the Upper School and the future sports complex.

The Wernam-West Centre for Learning was created in 2002, and is Canada's most-endowed highschool student learning program [citation needed]. In the late 1990s, the school had incurred many requests for a department pertaining to the refinement of academic skills, and assisting the students with learning disabilities. In 2001, 6.9 million dollars were donated by the Whernam Family to fund it's creation. The centre provides rigorous exam study sessions, peer tutoring, professional tutoring, one-of-one meetings to discuss learning strategies, and academic consultation, as well as a general working environment for students wishing to work during spare time.

The College maintains and administers its own publishing company, the UCC Press. The Press, which produces all school publishings, also once printed professional texts, novels and histories, such as those by Robert Lowell. The latter ceased in 19??; today, the UCC Press still prints the majority of school related publishings (newspaper, alumni magazines, financial reports etc), save the College Times.

UCC also maintains its own archives.

Norval

File:Norval-satelite1.jpg

Satellite image of the Upper Canada College Norval Outdoor School (outlined in orange); © Google Earth

Upper Canada College also owns and maintains an outdoor educational facility located in Norval, Ontario, which is Canada's oldest "outdoor school." Though the College only uses a select few, the Norval property is over 450 acres (181 hectares) in area, containing much of the area's Credit River. On the Norval property, Stephen House contains a bunk area, dining area, lounge area, kitchen, bathrooms, accommodation for teacher chaperones and staff, and a classroom/laboratory. There is also an older structure that was the original bunk-house, and a bungalow-style residence for the property caretaker. In 2003, several log cabins were built for writing retreats. The norval facilities employ over 10 persons, including faculty and facilities workers, all administrated by Bill Elgie. The main focus of management is toward improved diversity of forest cover and the related protection of wildlife and the Credit River watershed.

Norval's primary function is to provide outdoor learning programs to students of the College. Throughout the school year, entire classes, houses, or portions of certain grades will have a several day stay at Norval, where they will learn about a range of topics including environmental systems, sustainability, archeology, plant types, and survival, in addition to participating in trust building exercises, meditation, and athletic games like capture the flag, low ropes, high ropes, cycling trips, bee keeping, river study, and trappers & traders. One of Norval's priorities is to instill a sense of environmentalism into the students, permitting no left over food waste, and emphasizing strict recycling. Despite having over 40 persons per week on the property, the staff proclaims that only two bags of garbage are created every two weeks.

In recent years, the school has come under criticism for keeping the entirity of the increasingly taxed Norval property, while so little of it is actually used; this argument gaining increased creedance in light of the consistent yearly tuition hikes, and mounting legal costs. The school has repeatedly stated that it has no intention of selling the property, citing not only rapidly increasing land value, but also an intention to hold it in order to prevent indsutrial development of the property, which contains a variety of wildlife including spotted deer and hares.

Other Ontario schools use the property and its facilities during the weeks when UCC students are not in residence.

Scholarships

• McLeese Family Scholarship - founded in 1992 to assist international students in attending UCC and taking advantage of debating opportunities. Received a $1.8 million donation from Willis McLeese in 2003.

International Baccalaureate

In 1996, UCC adopted the International Baccalaureate (IB) program, administered by the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) in Cardiff. The school has flourished under this program - the quantity of graduates studying abroad has increased greatly. As well, UCC offers the Ontario Standard Curriculum Diploma in addition to the IB diploma, which aids students in Canadian University acceptances greatly. UCC boys average a point total of 36 in the final examinations, and 2 bonus points. The majority of boys take Mathematical Methods, as well, UCC pioneered and wrote the syllabus of the IB's newest, and still developing course, World Cultures. As an IB World School, UCC is in charge of internally administering both CAS, Theory of Knowledge and the Extended Essay

School events

Every year the school plans and runs several on or off-site events, some of which are open only to students in certain years, while others to the entire student population, alumni, and their respective friends and family. These events serve a variety of purposes, designed to promote school spirit, for enjoyment, fund raising or for philanthropic causes. Many of these events are organized by the Upper Canada College Association, with the help of parent and student volunteers.

• Association Day is analogous to UCC's homecoming. Held since 1979, "A-Day," as it is informally known, constitutes the school's largest annual event, taking place over the last weekend of September, and culminating on the Saturday with a large festival, including children's games, inflatable castles, club displays, a barbeque, competitive matches for all fall sports teams, live bands, and tours of the school for the approximately 1000 guests and alumni who attend. Association Day is typically paired with a charity, generally Habitat for Humanity or Horizons Learning Programmes, with halftime presentations and fundraisers. The daytime event is concluded with a First Football game on the Oval, watched by most of the A-Day attendees. Following this is the Association Dinner, attended by Old Boys, and honouring those celebrating their five year incremental (i.e. 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, etc.) class reunions. In 1979 and 1993, HRH Prince Philip was in attendance.

• The Founder's Dinner commemorates the school's founding in 1829 by Lieutenant-Governor General Sir John Colborne, and has been held for more than a century. Typically taking place on the third weekend in January, to coincide closely with Colborne's birthday, the formal dinner is held for approximately 700 guests on the Thursday night before a four day weekend, given to the students to commemorate the occasion. The dinner itself consists of addresses from the Head of the Upper School, the Chair of the Board of Governors and the Principal, as well as a keynote speech, which has been given by UCC alumnae such as Peter Newman and Bill Graham. Since 2003 a single Old Boy is recognized as a "Fellow of the College" for embodying the characteristics that the school prides itself upon instilling in its present students. Former "Fellows of the College" include the former Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario Hal Jackman, and Jim Cuddy of Blue Rodeo fame. The John D. Stevenson Award for Volunteerism is also presented.

• The Stewards' Dance is UCC's fall semi-formal, and is typically fashioned around costume party themes such as "Great Couples in History." The dance takes place in late October, and is administrated by the Board of Steward's for all students in grades 10 and above.

• Ice Blue is an annual black tie fundraiser, held every January in UCC's Lett Gym. Open to both family and friends of current or former students, Ice Blue is the school's pre-eminent source of donations, and culminates in a silent auction of donated goods and services, such as the autographed skates worn by Mario Lemieux in the 2002 Olympics, Cathay Pacific plane tickets to Asia, and weekend getaways. A raffle is also held for guests, offering prizes such as a Cadillac Escalade, Tiffany & Co. diamond ring, or Hewlett Packard computer system.

• The Battalion Ball is a yearly dance held off-campus, at venues like the Royal York Hotel, the Design Exchange, or Arcadian Court. The event's origins lie in 1887, when it was called the "At Home," and was a UCC community-wide event, similar to a modern homecoming. The revival of the UCC Rifle Corps in 1891 resulted in students attending the At Home, in their cadet uniforms, and by 1897 a dance was held that evening, known as the Rifle Corps Dance. It continued in this format into the 1920s, with decorations and an orchestra; just prior to the midnight meal a rendition of God Save the King would also be performed. The event was titled the Battalion Ball in 1931, and two years later the UCC Rifle Corps became known as the UCC Cadet Battalion. By 1971, the colloquial nickname "The Batt" was devised, and in 1975 the dance was held off the UCC campus for the first time in its history, at the King Edward Hotel. After 1976, when the Cadet Corps was disbanded, school uniforms replaced the military attire, rock bands played, and the Batt became more of an end-of-the-school-year prom. Today attire is traditionally tuxedo for boys, and evening gown or cocktail dress for girls, and music is provided by DJs.

• Hockey Night has been held by College since the 1950s as an evening where the First Hockey team would play a feature game against one of UCC's rival schools in competition for the Foster Hewitt Victory Trophy. The game was held at Maple Leaf Gardens thanks to the generosity of the arena's builder, Conn Smythe, and it's (as well as the then Toronto Maple Leafs) owner, Harold Ballard, both themselves Old Boys. After the closing of the Gardens in 2000, the event was moved to the Air Canada Centre and then the Ricoh Coliseum. Over the decades other games were added to the roster, including a game involving the school's Junior Varsity team, the final game of the house hockey tournament, and a game between Havergal College and Bishop Strachan School. By the early 1990s, pleasure skating, and Prep School games had been added to the evening's schedule.

• The Leaving Class Dinner is an annual evening held to recognize the members of the Leaving Class and the College's faculty, where those about to graduate are presented with Old Boy ties and welcomed as the newest members of the Upper Canada College Association. The dinner is usually held the evening prior to Leaving Class ceremonies.

• The Joe Cressy Memorial Golf Tournament was begun in 1933 by Old Boy Joe Cressy (Class of 1929) as "The Old Boy's Tournament". Following Cressy's death in 1999 the tournament was renamed in his honour, and is now open to all members of the Association, Old Boys, parents, students, faculty, and staff.

• The Terry Fox Run is one of Upper Canada College's most successful events. The school is an official site for the run, acting as the starting, ending point, and event part of the course, which ventures throughout Toronto's Belt-Line. UCC's Terry Fox Run is also the largest site, and has also raised the most money in the world since 2000.

• Grandparents' and Special Friends' Day is traditionally held in early June for grandparents of all boys at the Prep School as an afternoon of activities with their grandsons. More than 300 grandparents or special friends typically attend this event.

• Orientation Day takes place on the day before the official start of each academic year. It is organized by the Board of Steward's and pertains to all new students to the Upper School, and their grade 11 mentors. The day itself consists of a variety of trust-building and co-operative games between the mentees and mentors of each House - with Prefects' Points being awarded accordingly.

School programs

• The World Affairs Conference is Canada's oldest student run conference, and one of North America's most successful. It is held annually, attended by over 700 international students; providing a forum for students to hear opinions of leaders in the global community and discuss current and pressing world issues amongst themselves. Past speakers have included Ralph Nader, Stephen Lewis, Michael Ignatieff, Susan Faludi, Gerald Kaplan, and Gwynne Dyer, all of whom have spoken on a variety of topics including Human Rights, Gender Issues, Justice, Globalization, and Health Ethics.

• The UCC Green School is an environmental organization composed of student, teachers and faculty from all over the school. Focused on protecting the future, the Green School has had much success and continues to do good in the community. The Green School has won many awards for their work, especially in the domain of water.

• Horizons is a UCC run program with which local underprivledged children are tutored twice a week by current UCC students, and has recently been expanded so as to include athletic games and training. The program also runs through the summer. UCC graduates studying at McGill University launched a spin-off program in Quebec, between the College Jean-Eudes and inner-city Montreal schools. In 2003 the program was honoured by the Toronto District School Board for "outstanding contributions as a partner by providing innovative program enhancements for at-risk students," and the program in Quebec won first prize in the category of "Mutual Aid, Peace, and Justice" in the Gala Forces Avenir. In 2006 the programme was awarded the Urban Leadership Award by the Canadian Urban Institute, which itself is dedicated to the enhancement of urban life.

• UCC's Wernham West Centre for Learning is the most comprehensive and endowed secondary school learning facility in Canada. its primary focus is to facilitate improved learning skills and abilitities, as well as accommodate for students with particular learning disabilities.

• UCC is a founding member of the provincial government's Ontario Model Parliament (OMP) program. Upper Canada College and St. Clements School students make up a majority of the Executive Committee that organizes and runs the Model Parliament. The three-day Simulation takes place in the Chamber at Queen's Park. The first OMP event took place in 1986.

• The College runs its own united program with Habitat for Humanity. Twice a year, the school administers a fund raiser with which one full housing unit can be built in the downtown Toronto area. As well, over 50 students annually commit over 60 hours to the building of this unit.

School publications

While the UCC Press no longer publishes professional novels or texts, UCC still provides a very extensive quantity of publications, all of which are written, directed and printed by students.

• College Times, UCC's yearbook, is the oldest school publication in existence, having been printed without fail since September, 1857. Past editors include Robertson Davies, and Stephen Leacock.

• Old Times is the school's alumni magazine, which reports on the lives of Old Boys, and highlights recent and upcoming events.

• Connection is an electronic newsletter distributed to parents and students, written and published by the Communications department at UCC.

• The Blazer was the college humour newspaper, it ceased publication in 2003. It coined many terms and "inside jokes" used by old boys around the school. The number of issues per year began to decline after 2001, because the editors had difficulty recruiting committed satirists. In 2003, the paper was only published twice during the year, despite its popularity with the students. Since the 2003 edition, the Blazer has been met with steady censorship from the school's administration. This resulted in the subsequent unofficial editions being completely student run and printed. However, in the 2006-2007 school year, The Blazer resumed publication, and is expected to print three issues - one per term - once again under the strict censorship of the UCC administration.

• The Blue Page is UCC's student-run opinion paper. It is published each Friday, and contains articles written by and for both students and faculty, and pertains to both internal and external affairs. As the name suggests, it is printed on blue paper, with the exception of special editions (such as orange Halloween editions).

• Convergence, founded in 2000, is the school's weekly student newspaper, which reports solely on school issues, as opposed to international, national or municipal affairs. Since its inception, Convergence has emerged as one of the leading student-run publications in Canada, receiving awards from the Toronto Star and the Globe and Mail - most notably the award for "Best Student-Run Highschool Newspaper", which it has won several times. It has also received numerous donations from the National Post

• The Green Report is a student-run monthly publication that focuses on the environmental issues of the world and the school, taking its roots in the renowned UCC Green School. Founded in 2005 by UCC student John Henderson, the Green Report has featured many topics of discussion, including the Carbon Neutral Tournament, UCC and Bullfrog Power, and Car Corner. The Green Report is printed on 100% recycled post-consumer paper, and represents the start of a new environmental mindset at UCC. It is released every second Wednesday.

Athletics

UCC maintains teams for the following sports:

• Badminton
• Baseball
• Basketball
• Cricket
• Cross country running
• Cross country skiing
• Downhill Skiing
• Football
• Fencing

• Field Hockey
• Golf
• Ice hockey
• Inline hockey
• Lacrosse
• Mountain biking
• Rowing
• Rugby
• Sailing

• Soccer
• Softball
• Skiing - Downhill and cross-country
• Squash
• Swimming
• Track and Field
• Tennis
• Ultimate Frisbee
• Volleyball

UCC teams compete in the CISAA and OFSAA.

The arts

File:UCC-1.jpg

Students rehearse for a production of West Side Story

The college has one of the best-endowed and broadest arts programs in the country, which emphasises the development of acting talent as well as technical effects. Notable productions have included The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, The Alchemist, several variations of Hamlet, as well as musicals such as The Boy Friend and West Side Story. The school awards the Robertson Davies Award for outstanding achievement onstage.

UCC's theatre program is one of the most well-supported and groundbreaking of any high school theatre in North America. In 2004, the College hosted its first night of entirely student-run one-act plays. Entitled "Lonely Together", this project was organized by a group of IB2 students and some girls from affiliate school Bishop Strachan. It featured provocative material, including prodigious references to drugs and sex, the onstage smoking of cigarettes by minors, and UCC's first ever publicly performed homosexual kiss.

UCC also supports a music programme, with education taking place both within classrooms as well as through numerous bands and music groups which practice extra-curricularly; including a wind ensemble, concert band, stage band, string ensemble, jazz ensemble, and singers. These groups, as well as individual students, have won various prizes, including gold at MusicFest Canada, and numerous levels of award from the Kiwanis Music Festival. UCC hosts the fundraising Youth 4 Youth concert, which also features bands and performers from underprivileged areas of Toronto.

College ensembles have toured various parts of the world, including Hungary, Hong Kong, and parts of Ghuanzao, China.

For more notable graduates in the fields of the arts see: UCC Alumni - Film, theatre, media and the arts

Houses

UCC, like several other Commonwealth schools, divides its students into ten houses. The house system was first adopted in 1923. There were only four houses until the late 1930s; there are now ten houses in all. Two of these, Seaton's and Wedd's, are boarding houses while the remaining eight are for day students. The houses compete in an annual intermural competition for the Prefects' Cup.

Main article: Upper Canada College houses

Recent events

Capital building project

UCC has launched a decade-long $90 million capital building campaign - the largest and most ambitious fundraising campaign of any pre-university school in Canada. The plans call for the creation of two new arena complexes, an Olympic-standard 50-metre swimming pool, a new racquet centre (squash, badminton and tennis), a rowing centre, expansion of both the Prep and Upper School academic buildings, a new state-of-the-art turf football field, and an expansion of the Archives.

In January, 2007, the school announced the arena campaign, dubbed "At Centre Ice." UCC plans to raise $17.5-million for a new arena complex, with over $12 million already raised. The facility will contain one NHL and one Olympic-size ice rink.

Scandals

Upper Canada College has had a number of incidents in the decade following 1998 where staff were accused of statutory rape or of possessing child pornography. Only three ended in convictions.

Clark Winton Noble

In 1998, Clark Winton Noble ("Knobby") was convicted of sexual assault stemming from an event that occurred in 1988 against a student at Appleby College where he was teaching. At that time he also admitted to an earlier attack on a UCC student in 1971, when he was a teacher at the school, though he was never convicted of that crime as the charges were withdrawn. The incident occurred off-campus, and the student never notified the school of what went on until Noble had resigned from the College. After learning of what went on, UCC informed Noble's subsequent employer and the Toronto Police.

Doug Brown

In 2003, UCC was embroiled in a very public class action lawsuit brought by eighteen students who sued the school over sexual abuse by Doug Brown, a member of the faculty who taught history, geography and English at the prep school from 1975 until 1993. In October 2004, Doug Brown was found guilty of nine counts of indecent assault, while a housemaster and teacher at UCC. In January 2005, he was sentenced to three years in jail. An appeal is currently in the works. A resolution process was agreed upon to resolve the lawsuit. In a media release, UCC has announced that they "continue to offer [their] support to those who were victims of abuse at the College, and [they] are committed to a fair process for determining the school's responsibility to compensate those who were victimized by Doug Brown."

Ashley Chivers

In 2003, UCC graduate, and later teaching assistant, Ashley Chivers, then 28, who had been working at the school since 1996, was arrested on child pornography charges after police (acting on a tip from California law enforcement) found evidence of criminal images on his home computers. Chivers' duties at UCC included taking pictures at school events, though after a search of the 6,000 illegal images in his possession, Toronto police confirmed no UCC students, past or present, were evident. Chivers was convicted of one count of possessing child pornography, but not creating it, and was given an 18-month conditional sentence in October, 2004.

Herbert Sommerfeld

Former teacher Herbert Sommerfeld surrendered to Toronto police in 2004, after a former student, who himself was then facing charges of sexual abuse of children, alleged that Sommerfeld had sexually abused him when he was a student at the Prep School. After Mr. Justice Charles Vaillancourt of the Ontario Court rejected "vague and inconsistent" testimony by the plaintiff, the teacher was acquitted. However, Sommerfeld's accuser still has a civil suit pending against UCC in which Sommerfeld is named.

Lorne Cook

The same person who accused Sommerfeld of abuse was also one of the original complainants against former UCC teacher Lorne Cook, a teacher at UCC from 1978 to 1994, who was found guilty on October 12 2006, of two counts of sexual assault on UCC students in 1991 and 1993. He was acquitted of one count of indecent assault and one count of sexual interference. The judge told the court that Cook touched his pupils inappropriately as a way to control and abuse the students without their consent, saying Cook has abused his "significant power in a way that violated the sexual integrity" of his pupils, and not for reasons of sexual gratification. In the November 2006 sentencing, he was spared jail time and instead sentenced to house arrest.

Motto and crest

The College's motto, palmam qui meruit, ferat ("whoever hath deserved it let him bear off the palm"), is derived from the poem by John Jortin titled Ad Ventos - ante A.D. MDCXXVIII ("To the Winds - Before 1727"), and has been interpreted to mean "May the best man win." The motto was later attached to the arms of Lord Nelson. It was first used in relation to UCC in 1833, and was stamped on the inside of books given as prizes - it was written on a ribbon tying together two laurel leaves around the school's name. Around 1850, a crown replaced the school's name; John Ross Robertson stated this was as the insistance of Henry Scadding, who argued in favour of it's use because the school been founded by a Lieutenant-Governor, and was also a Royal Grammar School. The crown used was that of George IV.

In 1889 Scadding produced the design for the insignia which can still be seen over the doors to Laidlaw Hall at the College's Upper School. L.C. Kerslake described this crest in 1956:

"The small wreath, crossed anchor and sword in the centre of the crest are found in Lord Nelson's coat of arms.

"The open book in the upper left corner is symbolic of education which is the primary function of any school. The quadrant-shaped figure in the upper right corner is a section of the standard of St. George and signifies the school's connection with England and Great Britain, the native land of the founder, Lord Seaton.

"Technically speaking, the crown should not be included in the crest, as the school was not instituted by royal charter. However, loyalty to the Crown is one of the fundamental traditions of UCC and is certain to endure as long as the school itself.

"The cornua copiae just above the motto stands for the fullness of school life which is one of the distinctive marks of UCC."

This complex design, which was just the Seal of Upper Canada, authorised in 1820, with the College's motto and palm branches applied, was never widely used. Instead, the simple crown between laurel leaves tied with a ribbon bearing the school motto became the standard crest, though it's appearance changed throughout the decades in reflection of current tastes.

File:Crest-1.jpg 1855

File:Crest-2.jpg 1882

File:Crest-3.jpg 1888

File:Crest-4.jpg 1900-1910

File:Crest-5.jpg 1916-1931

File:UCC Crest.PNG 1931-pres.

Affiliations

It is a common misconception that the Bishop Strachan School (BSS), located three blocks from UCC, is UCC's sister school. It is not. In fact, BSS's historical brother school is Trinity College School in Port Hope, owing to their shared Anglican High Church origins.

UCC students also work on joint projects with students of other nearby girls' schools, including St. Clement's School (SCS), Havergal College, The Bishop Strachan School, and Branksome Hall.

Lower Canada College, a co-educational private school in Montreal, Quebec, is not affiliated with UCC.

The College is a member of the Conference of Independent Schools of Ontario (CIS), the Canadian Association of Independent Schools (CAIS), the Secondary School Admission Test (SAT) Board, The Association of Boarding Schools (TABS) and an associate member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), and the Principal is a member of the Headmasters Conference (HMC) in the UK. Furthermore, UCC plays a leading role in International Boys' School Coalition (IBSC) and the Toronto Boys' School Coalition (TBSC).

Alumni

The College states that 100% of all graduates go on to post-secondary schooling. Though the career paths of the College's alumni are varied, UCC has a reputation for educating many of Canada's powerful, elite and wealthy. As is common in single-sex male schools, UCC's alumni are known as "Old Boys".

UCC Association

The Upper Canada College Old Boys' Association was established in 1891, on the day of the closure of the College's Russell Square campus. The name was changed to the Upper Canada College Association in 1970, when the association expanded its mandate to include parents, faculty, staff and friends of the College.

The Association's purpose is to "preserve and perpetuate the associations and traditions of the College." Managed by an eight person Board of Directors, elected annually by members at the Annual Meeting, the Board meets six times annually to discuss matters facing the College and plan Association events. Four of the 17 members of the College's Board of Governors come from the Association board, including the President of the Association, and serve on the larger body for a three-year period. The Association has an office at the College, and is run by Old Boy Paul Winnell.

The UCC Association Speakers Series and the Common Ties Mentorship Program, established to link successful young Old Boys with students preparing to take on a career in a similar field, are also run by the UCC Association. The group also organizes Old Boy reunions all over the world, through the branches that it operates in fifteen locations outside Toronto. The local branch president organizes events for all members of the Association, which are held either annually or bi-annually in the relevant location. Branch Presidents also act as the Association's representative in each location, helping members re-locating in the area make contact with other Association members and helping find "lost" Association members.

In the summer of 2006, UCC created a social network hosted on their homepage. The network was designed to reconnect former students, promote mentorship, and augment old boy bonds, as well as create a comprehensive database of alumni. All Old Boy's are eliglble to sign up for this network, as well as current and former faculty. For standard privacy reasons, the network enables members to select exatly what, and whom information is available to.

Notable alumni

The school has produced one Governor General, five Lieutenant-Governors and three Premiers. At least nineteen graduates have been appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, twenty-four have been named Rhodes Scholars, nine are Olympic medallists, and at least five have received the Order of the British Empire. No less than thirty seven have received the Order of Canada since the award's inception in 1967.

Main article: List of Upper Canada College alumni

Examples include:

• Conrad Black - British/Canadian newspaper magnate (expelled from the school)
• Edward Blake - Premier of Ontario and the only federal Liberal leader to have not been the Prime Minister of Canada.
• Henry Duncan Graham (Harry) Crerar - Chief general of the Canadian army during World War II.
• Robertson Davies - Notable author (also a faculty member). Fictionalized UCC as "Colborne College" in his novels, and recipient of the Governor General's Award for The Manticore
• Eaton Family - Founders Eaton's, formerly Canada's largest retailer, and eponym of the Eaton's Centre
• Michael Ignatieff - noted academic, Harvard University professor, Member of Parliament, and runner-up in the 2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election
• Stephen Leacock - writer and economist
• Stephen Lewis - Noted politician, broadcaster and the UN special envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa.
• Ernest McCulloch - accredited with the discovery of the Stem Cell
• Peter C. Newman - journalist, author and biographer
• Ted Rogers - Canada's ninth wealthiest man, Chairman of Rogers Communications, full owner of the Toronto Blue Jays, and eponym of the Rogers Centre
• Lord David Thomson - Canada's wealthiest man, sixth wealthiest in the world, and Chairman of Thomson Corporation
• The late Lord Kenneth Thomson - formerly Canada's wealthiest man and father of David Thomson.
• Galen Weston Canada's second wealthiest man, and Chairman of the George Weston Foods Limited
• Michael Wilson (politician) - Canada's 22nd ambassador to the US, former Minister of Finance, Progressive Conservative member of parliament, and the man who introduced the GST

Renowned faculty

Many leading intellectuals and notable personalities have taught at UCC. They include:

• Sir George Parkin - Principal, leader of the British Imperial League and First Secertary of the Rhodes Scholarship
• Robertson Davies - CC, FRSC, FRSL, Old Boy and English Master
• Stephen Leacock - PhD, FRSC, Head Boy and English Master
• Henry Scadding - Canadian intellectual
• Mary Gauthier - Boys education expert
• Arnold Walter - OC, Austrian musician, founder of the Canadian Opera Company, Director of Music at UofT
• Dr. Premek Hamr - Global expert on Giant Freshwater Crayfish
• Sir Edward Peacock - Head of Prep. School, Receiver General to the Duchy of Cornwall and the Director of the Bank of England
• Dr. Michael Eben - Canadian Football League footballer for the Toronto Argonauts, Governor of Victoria College at University of Toronto
• Dr. George Sheppard - Global expert on The War of 1812
• David Gilmour - Novelist, broadcast journalist, UCC Old Boy
• Cecilia Krieger - 3rd person and first female to receive a mathematics doctorate from a Canadian universtity, inspiration for The Canadian Mathematical Society Krieger-Nelson Prize Lectureship for Distinguished Research by Women in Mathematics

List of principals

• 1829-38: Rev. Joseph H. Harris, MA, DD
• 1839-43: Rev. John McCaul, BA, MA, LLD
• 1843-56: Frederick W. Barron, MA
• 1857-61: Rev. Walter Stennett, MA
• 1861-81: George R. Cockburn, MA
• 1881-85: John Milne Buchan, MA
• 1885-95: George Dickson, MA
• 1895-1902: George R. Parkin, MA, LLD
• 1902-17: Henry W. Auden, MA
• 1917-35: William L. Grant, MA, LLD
• 1935-42: Terence W.L. MacDermot, MA
• 1942-48: Lorne M. McKenzie, BA
• 1948-65: Rev. C.W. Sowby, MA, DD
• 1965-74: Patrick T. Johnson, MA
• 1974-: Richard H. Sadlier, MA
• -2004: J. Douglas Blakey
• 2004-pres.: Dr. James Power, BA, MA, EdD

External links

• Upper Canada College
• Ontario Plaques - Upper Canada College