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'''''Palmer Report''''' is an American hyperpartisan<ref name="hyperpartisan"/> [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]<ref name="liberal"/> political [[blog]], founded in 2016 by '''Bill Palmer'''.<ref name=":4" /> It is known for making unsubstantiated or false claims,{{refn|name="known-for-unsubstantiated-or-false-claims"|<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=August 22, 2017 |title=Trump backers' alarming reliance on hoax and conspiracy theory websites, in 1 chart |language=en-US |work=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/08/22/trump-backers-disturbing-reliance-on-hoax-and-conspiracy-theory-websites-in-1-chart/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105084340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/08/22/trump-backers-disturbing-reliance-on-hoax-and-conspiracy-theory-websites-in-1-chart/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Joseph |date=May 11, 2017 |title=Why Is A Top Harvard Law Professor Sharing Anti-Trump Conspiracy Theories? |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/larry-tribe-why |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |language=en |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306155956/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/larry-tribe-why}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Barrett |first=Paul |date=March 2019 |title=Tackling Domestic Disinformation: What the Social Media Companies Need to Do |url=https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/documents/NYU20Domestic20Disinformation_Digital20Version.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=[[NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights]] |page=9 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327163626/https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/documents/NYU20Domestic20Disinformation_Digital20Version.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lynch |first=Connor |date=2017-06-24 |title=Can we lose the liberal jingoism? Loose talk about "treason" is only harming the resistance |url=https://www.salon.com/2017/06/24/can-we-lose-the-liberal-jingoism-loose-talk-about-treason-is-only-harming-the-resistance/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]] |language=en |archive-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315211845/https://www.salon.com/2017/06/24/can-we-lose-the-liberal-jingoism-loose-talk-about-treason-is-only-harming-the-resistance/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Connor |first1=Cailin |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029889265 |title=The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread |last2=Weatherall |first2=James Owen |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-300-23401-5 |location=New Haven, CT |pages=151–152 |chapter=The Social Network |oclc=1029889265}}</ref>}} publishing [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]]<ref name="conspiratorial-website" /><ref name="known-for-publishing-conspiracy-theories" /> and disseminating [[fake news]],{{refn|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osmundsen|first=Mathias|last2=Bor|first2=Alexander|last3=Vahlstrup|first3=Peter Bjerregaard|last4=Bechmann|first4=Anja|last5=Petersen|first5=Michael Bang|date=May 7, 2021|title=Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055421000290/type/journal_article|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|language=en|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=115|issue=3|pages=999–1015|doi=10.1017/S0003055421000290|issn=0003-0554}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ognyanova|first=Katherine|last2=Lazer|first2=David|last3=Robertson|first3=Ronald E.|last4=Wilson|first4=Christo|date=2020-06-02|title=Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power|url=https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Misinformation-in-action-Ognyanova-et-al-2020.pdf|journal=Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review|language=en-US|publisher=[[Shorenstein Center]]|volume=1|issue=4|doi=10.37016/mr-2020-024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grinberg|first=Nir|last2=Joseph|first2=Kenneth|last3=Friedland|first3=Lisa|last4=Swire-Thompson|first4=Briony|last5=Lazer|first5=David|date=2019-01-25|title=Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2019/01/23/363.6425.374.DC1/aau2706_Grinberg_SM.pdf|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|language=en|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]|volume=363|issue=6425|pages=374–378|doi=10.1126/science.aau2706|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allcott|first=Hunt|last2=Gentzkow|first2=Matthew|last3=Yu|first3=Chuan|date=2019-04-01|title=Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/2053168019848554/suppl_file/appendix.pdf|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|volume=6|issue=2|pages=2053168019848554|doi=10.1177/2053168019848554|issn=2053-1680}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferrari|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQVODwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Trumped Up and Dumbed Down in the U.S.A|date=2018-02-12|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Archway Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4808-5768-1|language=en}}</ref>}} especially on matters relating to [[Donald Trump]] and Russia.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="new-paranoia" /><ref name=":10" /> [[Fact-checkers]] have debunked numerous ''Palmer Report'' stories, and organizations including the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' and the [[German Marshall Fund]] have listed the site among biased websites or false content producers.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
'''''Palmer Report''''' is an American [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]]<ref name="liberal"/> [[fake news]]{{refn|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osmundsen|first=Mathias|last2=Bor|first2=Alexander|last3=Vahlstrup|first3=Peter Bjerregaard|last4=Bechmann|first4=Anja|last5=Petersen|first5=Michael Bang|date=May 7, 2021|title=Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055421000290/type/journal_article|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|language=en|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=115|issue=3|pages=999–1015|doi=10.1017/S0003055421000290|issn=0003-0554}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ognyanova|first=Katherine|last2=Lazer|first2=David|last3=Robertson|first3=Ronald E.|last4=Wilson|first4=Christo|date=2020-06-02|title=Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power|url=https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Misinformation-in-action-Ognyanova-et-al-2020.pdf|journal=Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review|language=en-US|publisher=[[Shorenstein Center]]|volume=1|issue=4|doi=10.37016/mr-2020-024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grinberg|first=Nir|last2=Joseph|first2=Kenneth|last3=Friedland|first3=Lisa|last4=Swire-Thompson|first4=Briony|last5=Lazer|first5=David|date=2019-01-25|title=Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2019/01/23/363.6425.374.DC1/aau2706_Grinberg_SM.pdf|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|language=en|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]|volume=363|issue=6425|pages=374–378|doi=10.1126/science.aau2706|issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allcott|first=Hunt|last2=Gentzkow|first2=Matthew|last3=Yu|first3=Chuan|date=2019-04-01|title=Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/2053168019848554/suppl_file/appendix.pdf|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|volume=6|issue=2|pages=2053168019848554|doi=10.1177/2053168019848554|issn=2053-1680}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferrari|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQVODwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=Trumped Up and Dumbed Down in the U.S.A|date=2018-02-12|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Archway Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4808-5768-1|language=en}}</ref>}} political [[blog]], founded in 2016 by '''Bill Palmer'''.<ref name=":4" /> It is known for making unsubstantiated or false claims,{{refn|name="known-for-unsubstantiated-or-false-claims"|<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=August 22, 2017 |title=Trump backers' alarming reliance on hoax and conspiracy theory websites, in 1 chart |language=en-US |work=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/08/22/trump-backers-disturbing-reliance-on-hoax-and-conspiracy-theory-websites-in-1-chart/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105084340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/08/22/trump-backers-disturbing-reliance-on-hoax-and-conspiracy-theory-websites-in-1-chart/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Joseph |date=May 11, 2017 |title=Why Is A Top Harvard Law Professor Sharing Anti-Trump Conspiracy Theories? |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/larry-tribe-why |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |language=en |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306155956/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/larry-tribe-why}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Barrett |first=Paul |date=March 2019 |title=Tackling Domestic Disinformation: What the Social Media Companies Need to Do |url=https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/documents/NYU20Domestic20Disinformation_Digital20Version.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=[[NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights]] |page=9 |archive-date=March 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327163626/https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/documents/NYU20Domestic20Disinformation_Digital20Version.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lynch |first=Connor |date=2017-06-24 |title=Can we lose the liberal jingoism? Loose talk about "treason" is only harming the resistance |url=https://www.salon.com/2017/06/24/can-we-lose-the-liberal-jingoism-loose-talk-about-treason-is-only-harming-the-resistance/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]] |language=en |archive-date=March 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315211845/https://www.salon.com/2017/06/24/can-we-lose-the-liberal-jingoism-loose-talk-about-treason-is-only-harming-the-resistance/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Connor |first1=Cailin |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029889265 |title=The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread |last2=Weatherall |first2=James Owen |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-300-23401-5 |location=New Haven, CT |pages=151–152 |chapter=The Social Network |oclc=1029889265}}</ref>}} producing hyperpartisan content,<ref name="hyperpartisan" /> and publishing [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]],<ref name="conspiratorial-website" /><ref name="known-for-publishing-conspiracy-theories" /> especially on matters relating to [[Donald Trump]] and Russia.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="new-paranoia" /><ref name=":10" /> [[Fact-checkers]] have debunked numerous ''Palmer Report'' stories, and organizations including the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' and the [[German Marshall Fund]] have listed the site among biased websites or false content producers.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 09:52, 22 August 2021

This article is about the American political blog. For the UN Report on Israel's naval blockade of Gaza, see Geoffrey Palmer (politician) § UN Inquiry.

Palmer Report
Homepage on July 4, 2021
Type of site
Political blog
Available inEnglish
Predecessor(s)Daily News Bin
OwnerBill Palmer
URLwww.palmerreport.com Edit this at Wikidata
RegistrationNone
Launched2016 (2016)[1]
Current statusActive

Palmer Report is an American liberal[2] fake news[8] political blog, founded in 2016 by Bill Palmer.[9] It is known for making unsubstantiated or false claims,[14] producing hyperpartisan content,[15] and publishing conspiracy theories,[16][17] especially on matters relating to Donald Trump and Russia.[18][19][20][21] Fact-checkers have debunked numerous Palmer Report stories, and organizations including the Columbia Journalism Review and the German Marshall Fund have listed the site among biased websites or false content producers.[22][23]

History

Bill Palmer worked as an elementary school teacher before beginning a series of online publications. His earlier endeavors primarily discussed music and technology. In 2013, he launched a publication titled The Stabley Times under a pseudonym. Like his previous websites, the site covered music and technology, but it also added coverage of political and sports-related topics.[24] Palmer subsequently founded a politics-focused site called Daily News Bin. A hyperpartisan left-wing website,[25][26] Daily News Bin was described by Snopes editor Brooke Binkowski as "a pro-Hillary Clinton 'news site' designed to 'counter misinformation'".[27][9]

A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that the amount of misinformation stemming from Daily News Bin was comparable to that of InfoWars or The Gateway Pundit during the 2016 United States presidential election.[10][28] The study also identified Daily News Bin as part of a set of "newer highly partisan sites farther left on the spectrum."[29] Daily News Bin routinely published unsourced claims about the election,[30] including falsehoods on Bernie Sanders[31] and on voting machines in Wisconsin.[32] Additionally, Daily News Bin falsely claimed that the Podesta emails were fabricated,[33][34] and falsely claimed that a video of a public event funded by Goldman Sachs was one of Clinton's paid speeches to Goldman Sachs.[35] Daily News Bin was included in Le Monde's database of unreliable news sites.[36][37]

Content

The Palmer Report is a hyperpartisan[15] liberal[2] website that is known for making unsubstantiated or false claims[14] and publishing conspiracy theories,[16][17] especially on matters relating to Donald Trump and Russia.[18][19][20][21] Articles from the Palmer Report were shared almost exclusively by Hillary Clinton supporters during the 2016 presidential election.[46]

After Trump was announced as the winner of the election, the Palmer Report published two articles claiming that the election was "rigged"[47] and falsely claimed 5,000 Trump votes in Wisconsin were disqualified.[48] During a recount in Waukesha County, a fake news story from the Palmer Report spread online, alleging that election officials were double-counting votes for Trump. The source of the story was an unverified Facebook post. Election officials dismissed the story, and the Wisconsin Elections Commission found no evidence for the allegations.[49] Statistician Andrew Gelman compared the Palmer Report's claims of election rigging to claims made in the National Enquirer, and wrote that "the basis for these accusations is more perceived unfairness than actual statistics".[47][50]

In January 2017, the Palmer Report claimed that Trump posed for a fake speechwriting photograph at an auction house receptionist's desk and included an Instagram photo of the receptionist. Snopes found that the photo in question had been taken at Mar-a-Lago and posted in December 2015 and that the receptionist was not an auction house employee.[51]

During the 2017 Syria missile strikes ordered by Trump, the Palmer Report suggested, without evidence, that Trump spared the runways of the Shayrat airfield due to Russian collusion.[52] MSNBC host Lawrence O'Donnell echoed a Palmer Report theory that Syria's chemical weapon attack was orchestrated by the Russian government in order to allow Trump to appear distant from Putin.[20][53]

Previous Palmer Report logo

In April 2017, the Palmer Report falsely claimed that the FBI had intelligence that Russia was blackmailing Republican Representative Jason Chaffetz.[54] The evidence for the claim came from a tweet from Louise Mensch, who, in turn, cited unnamed sources. Snopes found no evidence for this claim.[55][56] The Palmer Report also wrote a story claiming that Trump paid $10 million to Chaffetz, which was later shared by constitutional law professor Laurence Tribe.[9][57][19][58] The article pointed to a "report" from a tweet sent by a user with 257 followers.[9] In response to Tribe sharing the Palmer Report's article, political scientist Brendan Nyhan wrote: "Is this a joke? This is tinfoil hat conspiracy stuff".[59]

In May 2017, Senator Ed Markey was forced to backtrack a false claim that a grand jury had been impaneled in New York in relation to the Special Counsel investigation; the source for the claim was the Palmer Report and Mensch's blog, according to one of his aides.[60][61][62][58] In the same month, the Palmer Report reported that Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts had ordered Neil Gorsuch to recuse himself from all Trump-related Russia hearings, with his only source being a "single tweet from an anonymous Twitter account under the name 'Puesto Loco'".[20]

During the 2017 Niger ambush, where four US soldiers were killed by militants from the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara, the Palmer Report speculated that US troops in Niger were involved in a "secret Russian-controlled military operation" approved by Trump.[63] The Palmer Report also pushed a conspiracy theory that the Trump administration's travel ban against Chad was connected to the Niger ambush.[64]

In October 2017, the Palmer Report published a story claiming that Jared Kushner had "secretly" flown to Saudi Arabia "ahead of his possible arrest", citing a Politico article. The cited Politico article debunks the Palmer Report's own story, since it stated that Kushner had actually departed on a diplomatic trip two days prior to the announcement that Robert Mueller's team would begin issuing indictments in relation to the Special Counsel investigation and that Kushner returned to Washington, D.C. to celebrate his wife Ivanka Trump's birthday before anyone had been taken into custody. Snopes rated the Palmer Report's story as false.[60] A few days after the story was published, Palmer acknowledged that Kushner returned home and was not arrested.[11]

In December 2020, the Palmer Report falsely reported that Colin Powell had urged that Michael Flynn be put on "military trial for sedition."[65]

Accuracy and ideology

In an October 2018 Simmons Research survey of 38 news organizations, the Palmer Report was ranked the fourth least trusted news organization by Americans—underneath Breitbart News and the Daily Kos—with Occupy Democrats, InfoWars, and The Daily Caller being lower-ranked.[66] In an October 2020 study by the German Marshall Fund examining misinformation on social media during the 2016 election, the Palmer Report was one of the websites categorized as "false content producers" or "manipulators".[23] The Palmer Report is labeled a biased source in the Columbia Journalism Review's collected index of "fake-news, clickbait, and hate sites".[22]

Bethania Palma, writing for Snopes, stated that the Palmer Report "generally relies on supposition, often extrapolating conclusions from flimsy sourcing, to make rather explosive claims that have fooled many".[60] Snopes' managing editor, Brooke Binkowski, said that the stories were "nominally true" but sensationalized innocuous information.[27] In 2017, Zack Beauchamp of Vox said that the Palmer Report was "devoted nearly exclusively to spreading bizarre assertions".[19] Author Colin Dickey, writing in the The New Republic, said that the Palmer Report "routinely blasts out stories that sound serious but are actually based on a single, unverified source".[20] The Atlantic's McKay Coppins called the Palmer Report "the publication of record for anti-Trump conspiracy nuts who don't care about the credibility of the record".[43] Journalist Glenn Greenwald of The Intercept wrote that the Palmer Report is "a classic Fake News site created by [...] a crazed fanatical follower of Hillary Clinton who got caught purposely disseminating fake news during the election".[50] In 2017, George Zornick, writing for The Nation, described the Palmer Report as "churn[ing] out Russia-related fake news by the pixel load".[67] The Washington Post columnist Dana Milbank identified the Palmer Report as "part of a larger phenomenon that has already taken root online, where in some quarters full-blown cases of Trump Derangement Syndrome have already broken out."[53] Various journalists have publicly discouraged individuals from sharing Palmer Report articles.[24]

Political scientist Alan Wolfe wrote in 2019 that Trump's connection with Russia "has created a wide-open field for leftist conspiracy theorists to make one wild claim after another; nearly all of them...can be conveniently found on a website called the Palmer Report."[18] In a 2019 report from the NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights, the Palmer Report was described as a "left-leaning dubious-content site" where many of the articles "range from the unsubstantiated...to the sophomoric."[11] David G. McAfee's The Curious Person's Guide to Fighting Fake News described the Palmer Report as a website that "provides skewed content featuring sensational headlines and stories with unverified conspiracy theories".[44]

Palmer Report's prediction that Susan Collins was "toast" in the 2020 United States Senate election in Maine — an election she won by nine points — was named one of "The Worst Predictions of 2020" by Politico.[68]

Operation

The Palmer Report is operated by Bill Palmer, who Business Insider described in 2017 as a "mysterious individual" whose history is largely unknown. The Palmer Report, like many of Palmer's previous publications, has a long list of writers on its website, but as of 2017 many of them had only written a single article for the site, and most of the content appeared to have been written by Palmer himself. Palmer has used several GoFundMe campaigns to raise funds for his publication.[24] Palmer describes himself as a political journalist;[69] media sources have variously described him as a journalist,[19] political analyst,[70] left-wing political blogger,[71] and anti-Trump Twitter user.[72]

References

  1. ^ "About – Palmer Report". February 9, 2014. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  2. ^ a b [43][44][45]
  3. ^ Osmundsen, Mathias; Bor, Alexander; Vahlstrup, Peter Bjerregaard; Bechmann, Anja; Petersen, Michael Bang (May 7, 2021). "Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter". American Political Science Review. 115 (3). Cambridge University Press: 999–1015. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000290. ISSN 0003-0554.
  4. ^ Ognyanova, Katherine; Lazer, David; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo (June 2, 2020). "Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. 1 (4). Shorenstein Center. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-024.
  5. ^ Grinberg, Nir; Joseph, Kenneth; Friedland, Lisa; Swire-Thompson, Briony; Lazer, David (January 25, 2019). "Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election" (PDF). Science. 363 (6425). AAAS: 374–378. doi:10.1126/science.aau2706. ISSN 0036-8075.
  6. ^ Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew; Yu, Chuan (April 1, 2019). "Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media" (PDF). Research & Politics. 6 (2). SAGE Publishing: 2053168019848554. doi:10.1177/2053168019848554. ISSN 2053-1680.
  7. ^ Ferrari, Dave (February 12, 2018). Trumped Up and Dumbed Down in the U.S.A. Archway Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4808-5768-1.
  8. ^ [3][4][5][6][7]
  9. ^ a b c d e Bernstein, Joseph (May 11, 2017). "Why Is A Top Harvard Law Professor Sharing Anti-Trump Conspiracy Theories?". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Blake, Aaron (August 22, 2017). "Trump backers' alarming reliance on hoax and conspiracy theory websites, in 1 chart". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Barrett, Paul (March 2019). "Tackling Domestic Disinformation: What the Social Media Companies Need to Do" (PDF). NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  12. ^ Lynch, Connor (June 24, 2017). "Can we lose the liberal jingoism? Loose talk about "treason" is only harming the resistance". Salon. Archived from the original on March 15, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  13. ^ O'Connor, Cailin; Weatherall, James Owen (2019). "The Social Network". The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-0-300-23401-5. OCLC 1029889265.
  14. ^ a b [10][9][11][12][13]
  15. ^ a b [38][39][40][41][42]
  16. ^ a b Sources describing the Palmer Report as a conspiracist/conspiracy website:
  17. ^ a b Sources supporting that the Palmer Report is known for publishing conspiracy theories:
  18. ^ a b c Wolfe, Alan (August 22, 2019). The Politics of Petulance: America in an Age of Immaturity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-226-67911-2. OCLC 1089910327. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  19. ^ a b c d e Beauchamp, Zack (May 19, 2017). "Democrats are falling for fake news about Russia". Vox. Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  20. ^ a b c d e Dickey, Colin (June 8, 2017). "The New Paranoia". The New Republic. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  21. ^ a b Covucci, David (March 25, 2019). "Trump-Russia conspiracy theorists think they've found secrets in the Mueller report". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  22. ^ a b "CJR index of fake-news, clickbait, and hate sites". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  23. ^ a b Alba, Davey (October 12, 2020). "On Facebook, Misinformation Is More Popular Now Than in 2016". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  24. ^ a b c Engel, Pamela (May 16, 2017). "'People want it to be true': Inside the growing influence of a mysterious anti-Trump website". Business Insider. Retrieved July 19, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  25. ^ Jolly, David; Gamarra, Eduardo; Moreno, Dario; Murphy, Patrick, eds. (October 2020). A Divided Union: Structural Challenges to Bipartisanship in America. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-003-09826-3.
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  27. ^ a b Meyer, Robinson (February 3, 2017). "The Rise of Progressive 'Fake News'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
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