Nagpuria people: Difference between revisions

Sadan/Nagpuria/Nagpuri
Total population
	c. 4 million
Regions with significant populations
	Chota Nagpur Plateau; (Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha), West Bengal, Assam
Languages
	Nagpuri ; Hindi (Additional)
Religion
	Predominantly:; Hinduism (Folk religion); ; Minorities:; Christianity; Islam;
Related ethnic groups
	; Sadans; other Indo-Aryan peoples; ;
	*The population figures is less than approximate number of speakers of the Nagpuri or Sadri language as many other Dravidian and Austro-asiatic tribal ethnic groups also adopted the language as their first language. The figure may not include ethnic Sadan who speaks other languages as their first language.

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 06:04, 13 November 2022

Nagpuria people or Sadan, are an Indo-Aryan speaking ethnolinguistic group who are the traditional speaker of Nagpuri language and native of western Chota Nagpur Plateau region of Indian state Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Names

The native speakers of the Sadani/Nagpuri language are known as Sadan. In the Nagpuri language, Sadan means settled people or those people who live in houses. In Nagpuri, the house pigeon is called Sad perwa and the forest pigeon is called Ban perwa. Similarly, Sadan people are the people who live in houses as opposed to living in the forest.^[6] The word Sadan was used on the estate of Nagvanshi, king of Chotanagpur.^[7] During the British Period, Colonel Edward Tuite Dalton referred to Sadan as Sudh or Sad or Sudhan in his work Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal in 1872. The Sudh and Sudhan included all castes such as Brahmin, Rajput, Gowala, Kurmi, Kahar, Kyastha etc. Sudh means Pure. According to him, the Hindus used these words, which means pure, to distinguish them from aborigines/tribes who were called Kol.^[8]^[9] The Sudh or Sudhan may have been initially a religious identity of Hindus in Chotanagpur as the concept of purity (Suddhata) and impurity (Aśuddhatā) is in Hinduism.^[10] During British Period, all hindus were referred to as Sudh or Sudhan in Chotanagpur.^[11] The concept of Sadan emerged during the reign of Nagvanshis and the language of the region got the name of Nagpuri.^[12]^[13]

The speakers of the Khortha, Panchpargania and Kurmali languages are also known as Sadan. According to Peter Shanti Naurangi (1956), the word Sadan probably derives from Nishada, referring to an ethnic group of North India.^[3] According to Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, the original form of these languages must have developed in different Nagjati.^[14]

In literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri.^[15] The speaker of Nagpuri language are locally known as Nagpuria or Nagpuria samaj.^[4]^[5]^[16] They are also known as Nagpuri or Napuri samaj.^[17]^[18]^[19] The Nagpuri community is a heterogeneous cultural group with an amalgamation of various castes with diverse occupations, origins, history, customs and values who share common language, music tradition, oral and written literature.^[20]

History

It is assumed that the Sadan people first brought the Indo-Aryan languages to the Chotanagpur plateau.^[15] There is not any fixed date of arrival of Sadan in Chota Nagpur. Probably Sadan arrived in Chota Nagpur sometime after Aryan came to South Asia. According to the Anthropologist, Sadans are of Aryan origin, except for language, their culture, such as festivals and cuisine, are similar to tribal people due to residing with the tribals.^[21] According to scholar, small numbers of Austro-Asiatic language speaker adopted Indo-Aryan languages and culture.^[20]

Proto historic era

Stone tools, microliths were discovered from the Chota Nagpur plateau region which are from the Mesolithic period. Flake tools, arrowheads, celts have been found which are from the Neolithic period.^[22] During the 2nd millennium BC, the use of Cooper tools had spread in the Chotanagpur plateau region and these find-complexes known as Copper Hoard culture associated with Ochre Coloured Pottery culture.^[23] According to many historians Copper hoard people were early Indo-Aryan speaker, who came to South Asia earlier than Vedic Aryan and spread farther to East.^[24]^[25]

Various copper hoard artifacts were discovered in Chotanagpur, such as copper ornaments, celts, axes, axe ingots, vessels, toys, anklets, bracelets, chains, magical figures of man and woman which are from the transition period from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic period. Also, bronze artifacts such as cups, ear rings, anklets and bracelets were discovered. These things were discovered in places such as Namkum, Bero in Ranchi. The copper axe ignots were discovered from Kamdara, Basia now in Gumla district, Hami near Mahuadanr in Palamu district (Now Latehar) in 1915.^[26]^[27] The axe ignot of Hami near Mahuadanr was similar to Celts of Ghangharia of Madhya Pradesh.^[28] The use of iron tools, pottery spread in the region during 1400 to 800 BCE according to carbon dating of iron slag, sickle and wheel made pottery which was found in Barudih of Singhbhum district.^[29] The Iron celt was dated to 1200 BCE.^[30]

During the Vedic period, several janapadas emerged in northern India. Parts of western India were dominated by tribes who had a slightly different culture, considered non-Vedic by the mainstream Vedic culture prevailing in the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms. Similarly, there were some tribes in the eastern regions of India considered to be in this category. There were many kingdoms existing in the north, such as Madra, Salva, and in the east, such as Kikata, Nishadas, who did not follow the Vedic religion. Around c. 1200–1000 BCE, the Vedic Aryans spread eastward to the fertile western Ganges Plain and adopted iron tools which allowed for clearing of forest and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. ^[31]^[32]^[33] During this time, the central Ganges Plain dominated by a related but non-vedic Indo-Aryan culture.

During the age of Mahabharata, Krishna, Bhima and Arjuna came to fight with Jarasandha in Rajgir. They mentioned five hills of Rajgir. They mentioned Sasthika and Maninaga inhabiting millions of hills. It may be inferred, due to mention of the Naga Maninaga and Sasthika that during the age of Mahabharata, the region was known as the land of Nagas.^[26]

Ancient period

In ancient period, there was rise of cities and large states called mahajanapadas. This period witnessed the śramaṇa movements including Jainism and Buddhism.^[34]

According to Bronkhorst, the sramana culture arose in greater Magadha, which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, Kshatriyas were placed higher than Brahmins, and it rejected Vedic authority and rituals.^[35]^[36] These Sramana religions did not worship the Vedic deities, practiced some form of asceticism and meditation (jhana) and tended to construct round burial mounds (called stupas in Buddhism).^[37]

During 4th Century BCE region was ruled by Nanda Empire. In Mauryan period, this region ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). The ancient sites of Saridkel in present Khunti district exhibited burnt bricks houses, copper hooks, rods, Kushan copper coins, gold earrings, iron arrow heads, ploughshares, ruin of stone Shiva temple etc. The gold coin was of Huvishka.^[38] This suggest Kushan influence in the region.^[27] The Brahmi inscription also found in Saridkel which is from 3rd century BCE.^[39] Excavation at sites Kunjala exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics.^[40] Excavation at Urn burial site of Khuntitola exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics, copper and iron tools.^[41] Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region, directed the attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.^[42]

Medieval period

During medieval period Nagvanshi and Ramgarh Raj were ruling in the region. Nagvanshi king Gajghat Rai built Mahamaya temple in Vikram samvat 965 (908 CE) in Hapamuni village in Gumla district.^[43] During the 12th century, Nagvanshi king Bhim Karn shifted his capital to Khukhragarh after defeating Raksel of Surguja when they invaded the region. Then Bhim Karn captured territory as far as Surguja and Palamu.

The Brahmanda Purana (c.400 CE - c.1000 CE) gives descriptions of five dwips i.e. land. It includes the Sankha dwip where Sankh river flows from the hill near the kingdom of the Naga King (Nagvanshi), where precious stones are found.^[26]

Modern period

In 1585, during the reign of Nagvanshi king Madhu Karn, the Mughal invaded Khukhragarh, then Nagvanshi rulers became vassal of Mughals. Durjan Sal built Navratangarh after release of Mughal captivity. His successor Ram Shah built Kapilnath Temple in 1643. Raghunath Shah built several temples during his reign. He is first known poet of Nagpuri language.^[44] During this period, Baraik, Rautia and Rajput held Jagirs from Nagvanshi kings and provided military services. Land grants were made to Brahmins for their priestly services.^[45] Brahmins and courtiers migrated from present Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha during this period.^[46]

King of Barkagarh Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo built Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.^[47] Nagvanshi were independent during weak Mughal rule. Maninath Shah (1748-1762) consolidated his authority in Chotanagpur by conquering neighbouring small kingdoms of Bundu, Silli, Barwe, Rahe, Tamar.^[48]

After the Battle of Buxar, the East India Company got rights to collect taxes from Bihar and Bengal territory. Due to conflict with tribes of Singhbhum and Ramgarh Raj, Dripnath Shah became tributaries to East India company. Due to tax imposition by British East India Company various rebellion occurred. During reign of Govind Nath Shah, the rebellion occurred in Nawagarh led by Jagirdar Baidhnath Shah. Later, Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh, two landowners from Gumla joined the rebelion and fought against the British East India company in 1812 against tax imposition on farmers. British hanged them in Kolkata.^[49] Between 1831 and 1833, during reign of Jagannath Shah Deo, the Kol uprising occurred due to disposition of some Mankis in Sonepur Pargana and tribal Munda and Ho insurgent resorted in plundering and burning of houses of Sikh and Thikedars as well as villages of Sadans. This insurgency was suppressed by Thomas Wilkinson.^[50]

In 1854, South West Frontier under East India company renamed as Chota Nagpur Division. In 1857 rebellion, Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai led rebels against British East India Company.^[51] Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikhari, Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in Indian Rebellion of 1857.^[52] After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, United Kingdom directly ruled the territory ruled by the British East India Company.^[53] In 1912, Chota Nagpur Division became part of Bihar and Orissa Province. In 1936, Orissa Province separated from the Bihar and Orissa Province on linguistic basis and the remaining area became Bihar Province.^[54]

After rebelion of 1857, British conducted survey of people of India to know about them and their customs. British soldier, Edward Tuite Dalton, publisher his work Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal in 1872 which was about people of then Bengal Presidency.^[8] Brahmins migrated to Chotanagpur during the reign of Nagvanshi from different parts of the country and were implementing their Brahmanism ideology.^[46] According to British civil servant, Alfred Comyn Lyall, due to the eating habits of pork, beef and drinking liquor of many communities, who didn't follow restrictions on foods such as Bhuiya, Chik, Turi, Ghasi, Kharwar, Bhogta, Ganjhu, the Brahmins were unwilling to recognise them as Hindus and branded them as untouchable and were not performing rituals in their wedding ceremony.^[55]

But Brahmin in Chotanagpur migrated very lately.^[46] People were doing weddings ceremonies themselves.^[56] Several practices of marriage ceremonies such as applying Vermillion were present in Indus valley civilization around 5000 years ago.^[57] The practices of Hinduism goes back to Indus valley civilization. The religion of the Indus valley civilization involved animal sacrifices and ritual bathing.^[58] There is also evidence of preparation of liquor in the Indus valley civilization.^[59] The culture of the Nagpuri people indicates that they followed many aspects of Indus valley civilization. According to the scholar, the culture of the Indus valley civilization was different from Vedic Culture and Vedic Aryans migrated from Central Asia to Punjab around 1500 BCE.^[60]^[61] According to the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (1989), Sadan or Nagpuria people are early Aryan people (Early Indo-Aryan language speakers) and differ from other Aryan people as Sadan strictly didn't follow Brahmincal practices.^[62] According to Asko Parpola (2020), early Indo-Iranian language speaker, the Copper Hoard people migrated to South Asia around 1900 BCE and made contact with people of Indus valley civilization.^[25] The Copper Hoard objects also discovered in Chotanagpur plateau which are from Second millennium BCE.^[24] May be the Copper Hoard people had spread their Indo-Iranian language from which the Nagpuri language had evolved.

Post Independence

In 1947, India became independent from British rule. The Bihar Province became Bihar state. There was a demand by the Christian tribals to create a separate state since separation of Orissa Province. In early period of demand, the discussion against Dikku (non-tribals) was a common theme of meetings. The discrimination against non-tribals in the name of tribal unity led to distrust between tribals and Sadans. Most writers of movements put too much emphasis on tribal aspects of Jharkhand, which led to the tribal-Sadan divide.^[63] Jharkhand Party, led by Jaipal Singh Munda submitted a memoir to the State reorganization commission in 1955 to form a separate state for tribes in south Bihar but it got rejected due to lack of the common language in the region, tribes being in the minority, hindi was the predominant language of the region and adverse effect on economy of Bihar.^[63]^[64] Later, in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state, regional languages and culture were given emphasis. Later, Sadan politicans, lawyers, writers as well as other non-tribals were also involved in creating a separate state, such as Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Binod Bihari Mahato, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, Bhuneshwar Anuj, Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo . The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of Ram Dayal Munda, B. P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra formed and sent a memoir to form the separate Jharkhand state to the central government in 1989. The Centre government recommend forming Jharkhand Autonomous Council in 1989.^[65] In 1988, the BJP also wanted to create Vanachal state in the region and promised to create a separate state in the election of 1998. Then after winning the election in the region it decided to form new state.^[66]

In November 2000, the new states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand separated from Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, respectively. According to President of Sadan organization, Mulvasi Sadan Morcha Rajendra Prasad, Sadan people have no reservations so they are marginalized in their own state and government of Jharkhand has decepted Sadan.^[67]

Communities

Various Sadan communities or Jati in Chota Nagpur Plateau traditionally speak the Nagpuri language, including the Ahir, Bhuiya, Binjhia, Bhogta, Brahmin, Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Jhora/Kewat, Kudmi/Kurmi, Kumhar, Lohra/Lohar, Mahli, Nagvanshi, Rautia, Sonar, Teli and Turi among others.^[68]^[69]

According to scholars, Chik Baraik are considered the early Indo-Aryan language speaking settlers.^[70] The Brahmins, who are also considered Sadan, migrated into the Greater Magadha region after the later Vedic Period, according to Scholar.^[37]^[69] According to the Nagvanshavali, Sakaldwipiya Brahmins were the priests of Nagvanshi and the tradition is still continuing.^[71] According to them, they have been staying in the region for a long time.^[72]

All communities in Chotanagpur are known as Jati, whether caste or tribe.^[20] The words, caste and tribe were started to use during British rule. The British enlisted Caste and tribe and enacted laws related to tribe and caste such as law of inheritance and land transfer.^[73]^[74] While some Sadan communities were listed as caste, some were as tribe. Still, while some Sadan communities are on the list of Other Backward Class and Scheduled Caste, some service caste such as Chik Baraik (Weaver), Lohra (Blacksmith) and Mahli (Bamboo workers) are listed as a Scheduled Tribe.^[75]^[76] This is due to the fact that in 1936, during the British Period, many communities were included in Scheduled Caste and Backward tribe list. During British Period those who were dipressed class were included in the list of Scheduled Caste and those who were following tribal religion or not following Brahminism were included in Backward tribes for political representation.^[77] Thus, in 1936, many Sadan communities such as Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Lohar, Mahli, Turi were included in the backward tribe list in Chotanagpur of Bihar Province. While in Patna, Palamu, Hazaribagh division, Bengal, some were included in Scheduled Caste. Later, some were delisted from the tribe list while some remained on the Scheduled Tribe list.^[78]^[77] Although Some Sadan are in the list of Scheduled Tribe but they are traditionally a service caste.^[75]

Lineages

There are several lineages among Nagpuri speaking social groups that are known as Vansh. Marriage occurs between different Vansh and is forbidden within the same Vansh. Some common Vansh among different nagpuri speaking social groups such as Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Kharwar, Lohra, Mahli, Rautia, Turi are Baghel (tiger), Bar (ficus Indica), Besra (sparrow hawk), Dhan (rice), Induar (eel), Kachhua (turtle), Kansi (Kans grass), Loharbans (iron worker), Nag (Cobra) and Sonwani (gold water).^[79]^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

The other word used for lineage is Gotra, which was a word initially used by the Brahmins.^[84] It was later adopted by other communities.^[85] Nagvanshi have Kashyap gotra.^[86] Kashyap gotra was adopted by many people during the 1st millennium CE as it was bestowed upon followers of non-vedic tradition and who had forgotten their gotra.^[87]

Culture

Nagpuri culture includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.^[88]^[89]

Language and literature

Sadan people traditionally speak Nagpuri language also known as Sadani or Sadri.^[3] It is officially known as Nagpuri language in Jharkhand.^[4] The Nagpuri language is primarily spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. Nagpuri belongs to the Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages.^[90] According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, it evolved from Jharkhand Prakrit.^[13]^[91] The evidence of writing in Nagpuri is found from the 17th century.^[92] The Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and the King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh, were poets.^[93] Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, Ghasi Ram Mahli and Das Mahli were prominent poets.^[94] Some prominent writers of the modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Bhuneshwar Anuj, Girdhari Ram Gonjhu and Shakuntala Mishra.^[95]

Folk music and dance

Some Nagpuri folk dances are jhumair, mardani jhumar, janani jhumar, domkach, angnai, fagua, jadur, matha, natua and paiki etc.^[89]^[96]^[97]^[91] Paiki is a martial folk dance performed at weddings and functions.^[98] The musical instruments used in folk music and dance include dhol, mandar, bansi, nagara, dhak, shehnai and khartal.^[96]^[99]^[100]

Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.^[101] It is connected to Nagpuri tradition.^[102]

Cuisine

The staple food of the people of the region is rice. Some traditional dishes in the region are Chhilka Roti, Arsa roti, Malpua, Dhooska, Til laddu, Dudhauri etc.^[103]^[104]^[105] Some traditional leafy vegetables or Saag are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, Putkal and Sarla saag.^[106] Khukdi, Putu and Rugda are edible mushroom in Jharkhand.^[107]

Clothes

Traditional clothes of Sadan are Dhoti, Sari, Kurta and Chadar. But in modern times, shirts, pants, coats are also used.^[69] The traditional Lal paad clothes have ritual value in marriage ceremonies.^[108] People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.^[70]

Festivals

Some traditional festival of Sadan are Ashadhi Puja, Karam, Teej, Jitiya, Nawakhani, Sohrai/Diwali, Surjahi Puja, Makar Sankranti, Fagua, Bad Pahari and Sarhul. Majority of traditional festival are based on agricultural activities and seasonal celebration.^[69]^[109] Some festivals which were later adopted are Navratri and Chhath. Navratri festival was adopted by Nagvanshis in the 18th century.^[110] Chhath is also not a traditional festival of Sadan but adopted later by some.^[111]^[112]

Religion

The deities reverence in Nagpuri tradition are Suraj (Sun), Chand (Moon), Bad Pahari (hill deity), Gaurea (pastoral deity) and Gaon khut (founder of village/village deity) etc. The head of family worship these deities at home during festivals such as during Ashadhi, Nawakhani, Sohrai, Surjahi Puja and Holi/Fagun by fasting and offering sacrifices. Sun and ancestors are venerated in most festivals.^[113]^[114] At the village festival such as Karam, Sarhul, the rituals are performed by the village priest "Pahan" and his assistant "Pujar".^[98]^[115] The offering to Sun, village deity and ancestors by village priest Pahan takes place for good harvest and the safety of the village in Sarna, the sacred grove.^[98] The Nagpuri religious tradition is based on local folk tradition and is a non-vedic tradition. It is a pre-vedic tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the Vedas.^[116]^[117] According to Brahmincal literature, the region of Magadha was outside the pale of the Vedic religion i.e there were no Brahmins in the region.^[37] The influence of Vedic religion/Brahminism reached in the Chotanagpur region during the reign of Nagvanshi and Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited Brahmin from different parts of the country for priestly duty.^[46]^[118] But rituals in home and village carried out by head of family and village priest Pahan respectively.^[115]

In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as Naga people as they differ from other Aryan group and did't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.^[62]

Marriage tradition

Some rituals in nagpuri weddings are Damgani (giving bride price), panbandhi, matikoran (worship of gramadevata), madwa and dalhardi, nahchhur, amba biha, panikotan, baraat, pairghani, sindoor dan, harin marek (hunting deer), chuman (giving gifts), etc. There are different songs for different marriage rituals. Domkach folk dance performed during marriage. The wedding is conducted by Thakur/Nai (barber) and the village priest called Pahan in Matikoran.^[56]

Traditional administrative System

In Chotoanagpur, there was a traditional administrative system for governing villages known as Parha. In Parha system, there were the posts of Mahto (village chief), Pahan (village priest), Pujar (assistant of Pahan) or Pani Bharwa (water carrier) Bhandari (treasurer), Chowkidar (watchman), Diwan (minister) and Raja (king: head of many villages). During the reign of Nagvanshi, the owners of land were known as Bhuinhar. Bhuinhar refers to the first people who cleared forest, built farmland and houses in a village. Sadans were in the posts of Diwan, Thakur, Pandey, Karta (executive), Lal, Mahato, Pahan and Raja.^[69]

Notable people

Bhuneshwar Anuj, Journalist and Scholar
Bulu Chik Baraik, Politician
Jay Prakash Singh Bhogta, M.L.A from Chatra
Satyanand Bhogta, Labour minister of Jharkhand
Ram Tahal Choudhary, former Member of Parliament
Dinesh Deva, actor and dancer
Ganesh Ganjhu, M.L.A from Simaria
Girdhari Ram Gonjhu, Litterateur and Scholar
Deepika Kumari, International Archer
Sangita Kumari, hockey player
Deepak Lohar, Actor
Govind Sharan Lohra, folk singer
Ghasi Ram Mahli, Poet
Shakuntala Mishra, professor and writer
Mukund Nayak, folk artist
Nandlal Nayak, Music composer
Nikki Pradhan, Field hockey player
Pushpa Pradhan, Field hockey player
Vimla Pradhan, Former Social welfare and tourism minister of Jharkhand
Pandey Ganpat Rai, freedom fighter in 1857
Praful Kumar Rai, writer and singer
Aditya Sahu, MP of Rajya sabha
Dhiraj Prasad Sahu, MP of Rajya sabha
Shiv Prasad Sahu, former Member of Parliament
Bakhtar Say, freedom fighter
Raghunath Shah, Nagvanshi king and poet
Ani Nath Shahdeo, King of Barkagarh
Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo, Prince and former M.L.A from Hatia
Jagannath Shah Deo, Nagvanshi king in 19th century
Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo, Last Nagvanshi king
Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo, Jurist and Political activist
Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Lawyer, writer, poet and political activist
Lal Vijay Shahdeo, director
Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo, Nagvanshi king
Vishwanath Shahdeo, Freedom fighter in 1857 rebellion
Mundal Singh, freedom fighter
Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, writer

References

^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ "Sadri". Ethnologue.
^ ^a ^b ^c Savita Kiran, John Peterson. "Sadani / Sadri". academia.edu. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी". livehindustan. 11 July 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b T Vijayendra (10 January 2021). "Recalling Jharkhand Movement". frontierweekly. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ Manish Ranjan (2022). JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789354883002. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ Ram Dayal Munda, S Bosu Mullick (2003). "Jharkhand movement" (PDF). p. vii. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b Edward Tuite Dalton (1872). "Descriptive Ethnology Of Bengal". Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 536. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ Bipin Bihari Sinha (1942). Society in Tribal India. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 2. ISBN 9780865901087.
^ Valsiner, Jaan and Kevin J. Connolly. Handbook of Developmental Psychology. London: Sage, 2003. pg 433
^ Ranjit Prasad Singh (2010). Personality Of Tribal And Non-Tribal School Children. Discovery Publishing House. p. 17. ISBN 978-8171414178.
^ Journal of Historical Research, Volume 43. Department of History, Ranchi University. 2003. p. 89.
^ ^a ^b "JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand". research gate. July 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ Ranjan, Manish (19 January 2021). JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER-I & PAPER-II. ISBN 978-9390906321. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b Paudyal, Netra P.; Peterson, John (1 September 2020). "How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 275–306. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2028. ISSN 2196-078X.
^ "ठेठ नागपुरी गीत-नृत्य के पुरोधा गोविंद शरण लोहरा". prabhatkhabar. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ "नागपुरी काव्य संग्रह 'बोइल उठलक माटी' का लोकार्पण" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "नागपुरी समाज केंद्रीय समिति का पुनर्गठन" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ Barz, Gregory F.; Cooley, Timothy J. (9 September 2008). Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology. ISBN 9780199886708.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jagannath Pati (2004). Media and Tribal Development. Concept Publishing Company. p. 105-109. ISBN 9788180690686. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
^ Vinay Sinha. Jharkhand Digdarshan. p. 183. ISBN 9352032217. Retrieved 10 August 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ periods, India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic (4 November 2016). India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123023458. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Paul Yule, Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation", Man and Environment 26.2, 2002, 117–120 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/510/.
^ ^a ^b Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 125. ISBN 9781884964985. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ambrish Gautam (2017). "Chota Nagpur - An Untold History: A Socio-Historical Analysis". academia.edu. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b Subhashis Das (2013). "THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE OF JHARKHAND". academia.edu. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^ Paul A Yule (1989). "The copper hoards of the Indian Subcontinent. Preliminaries for an interpretation". Jahrbuch des Römisch. p. 206-229. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 225. ISBN 9788131711200. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta (2007). Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War. Pearson Education India. p. 268. ISBN 978-8131708514.
^ Stein 2010, p. 50.
^ Witzel 1995, p. 3-5.
^ Samuel 2010, p. 49-52.
^ Flood 1996, p. 82.
^ Bronkhorst 2007.
^ Long 2013, p. chapter II.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bronkorst, J; Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India (2007), p. 3
^ "The journal of the Bihar research society". Bihar and Orissa Research Society. 1915. p. 232. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ Lalit Aditya (October 2018). "Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study". Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Asura Site Kunjala". asiranchicircle. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Asura Site Khuntitola". asiranchicircle. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Concept Publishing Company. p. 258.
^ "आस्था का प्रतीक बना है हापामुनी का महामाया मंदिर". jagran. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
^ Sarat Chandra Roy. "Munda and their country". Retrieved 22 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ "400 stalls to offer rich fare at Rath Mela". timesofindia. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
^ Ansari, Tahir Hussain (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. ISBN 9781000651522. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
^ "Raghubar honours Simdega patriots". timesofindia. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
^ "Nagpuri Shist Sahitya". Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "cm pays tribute thakur vishwanath sahdeo birth anniversary". avenuemail. 13 August 2017.
^ "JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari". webindia123. 8 January 2016.
^ Kaul, Chandrika. "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". Retrieved 22 November 2018.
^ O'malley, L. S. S. (1924). Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788172681210.
^ Ambrish Gautam (2016). "The Hinduization of Tribals of Jharkhand: An Outline since Beginning". researchgate.net. p. 2-3. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Culture and Tradition of Chik Baraik Community". chikbaraik.org.
^ "Custom or Science? The Tradition of wearing Sindoor in Hinduism". newsgram. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ "History of Hinduism". bbc. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ "It's high time!". deccanherald. 16 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ "Was Indus civilisation really a part of Vedic culture?". thefederal. 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ "The IIT Kharagpur Calendar Is the Right's Attempt To Appropriate the Indus Valley Civilisation". 19 December 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b Lalan Tiwari (1995). Issues in Indian Politics. Mittal Publications. p. 124. ISBN 978-8170996187. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 116-117. ISBN 9788170226918.
^ Aaku Srivastava (2022). Sensex Of Regional Parties. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 251. ISBN 978-9355212368.
^ Vinay Kumar Srivastava (2020). India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities. SAGE Publishing India. p. 212. ISBN 978-9353886608.
^ "वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम". jagran. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ "झारखंड में मूलवासी-सदान हाशिए पर : राजेंद्र". bhaskar. 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
^ "1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon's of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow". slideplayer.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Manish Ranjan (2022). JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789354883002.
^ ^a ^b Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (1997). Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change. ISBN 9788170226420.
^ Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr (2020). JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan). Prabhat Prakashan. p. 12. ISBN 9789390101160.
^ "रांची : मगबंधु का नवीनतम अंक नागपुरी साहित्य-संस्कृति पर होगा केंद्रित". prabhatkhabar. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
^ "What Europeans contributed to the caste system in India". scroll. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
^ "A Relook at the Term 'Tribe'". JSTOR. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b Jewitt, Sarah (31 July 2019). Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand. ISBN 978-1351729895. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
^ "चीक बड़ाईक". Jharkhandculture. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Government of India 1935 (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1936" (PDF). 30 April 1936. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
^ Nirmal Sengupta (14 May 1988). "Reappraising Tribal Movements: II: Legitimisation and Spread". Economic and Political Weekly. 23 (20): 1003–1005. JSTOR 4378487. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
^ H.H. RISLEY (1891). "Chik, Chik-Baraik". indpaedia. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
^ James George Frazer (2000). Totemism and Exogamy. Psychology Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0700713387.
^ "Kharwar Tribe Detailed Study". okworldguru. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
^ MANISH RANJAN (2022). Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 18. ISBN 978-9354883002.
^ "Ghasi/Ghasiya". indpaedia. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
^ "What are 'gotras' all about & how Rahul Gandhi gets 'Dattatreya gotra'". theprint. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ "Gotra – Indian caste system". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
^ K. S. Singh (1992). People of India: India's communities,Volume 6 of People of India, Anthropological Survey of India. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 9788185579092.
^ "Of caste & cultural imposition". powerpolitics. 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
^ "चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b Sharan, Arya (1 June 2017). "Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop". The Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
^ Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. ISBN 9788126012213.
^ ^a ^b Ranjan, Manish (2021). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351867982.
^ Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183
^ "giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.
^ "नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक". prabhatkhabar. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
^ Ranjan, Manish (January 2016). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351866848.
^ ^a ^b "Out of the Dark". democratic world. 7 June 2014.
^ "Happy Holi 2021 : अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक" (in Hindi). prabhat khabar. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें". bhaskar. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
^ "Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs". timesofindia. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
^ "talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca". daily Pioneer. 7 November 2018.
^ "पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try". Timesofindia. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ "घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार". amarujala. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ "Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha". telegraphindia. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ "Ecopreneur of the month". Bhoomika. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^ "'Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand". etvbharat. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
^ "लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला". sahapedia. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ Arihant Experts (2019). Know Your State Jharkhand. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 316. ISBN 9789324190888.
^ "पालकोट में 255 वर्षो से हो रहा नवरात्र का आयोजन". jagran. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "प्राकृतिक शक्ति सूर्य:झारखंड की अपनी परंपरा में छठ जैसा पर्व नहीं है, यहां सूरज की पूजा का त्योहार है सूरजाही". bhaskar. 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
^ Sahu, Bharti (10 November 2021). "झारखंड के रांची में छठ पूजा का खास महत्व, जानिए". jantaserishta.com (in Hindi). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Dr Manish Ranjan (2021). JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 50. ISBN 978-9390906321.
^ Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010). Chik Baraik. ISBN 9788178351216. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ ^a ^b "नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय". livehindustan. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
^ June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion, (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 ISBN 0-19-517021-0
^ Ranjan, Manish (19 August 2002). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351867982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
^ "Hapamuni". gumla.nic.in. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

External links

[1] "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

[2] "Sadri". Ethnologue.

[Sadani_/_Sadri-3] Savita Kiran, John Peterson. "Sadani / Sadri". academia.edu. Retrieved 5 October 2022.

[livehindustan2021-4] "नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी". livehindustan. 11 July 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.

[frontierweekly-5] T Vijayendra (10 January 2021). "Recalling Jharkhand Movement". frontierweekly. Retrieved 29 October 2022.

[6] Manish Ranjan (2022). JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789354883002. Retrieved 30 September 2022.

[7] Ram Dayal Munda, S Bosu Mullick (2003). "Jharkhand movement" (PDF). p. vii. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

[Journal_of_Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal-8] Edward Tuite Dalton (1872). "Descriptive Ethnology Of Bengal". Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 536. Retrieved 25 October 2022.

[9] Bipin Bihari Sinha (1942). Society in Tribal India. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 2. ISBN 9780865901087.

[10] Valsiner, Jaan and Kevin J. Connolly. Handbook of Developmental Psychology. London: Sage, 2003. pg 433

[11] Ranjit Prasad Singh (2010). Personality Of Tribal And Non-Tribal School Children. Discovery Publishing House. p. 17. ISBN 978-8171414178.

[Department_of_History-12] Journal of Historical Research, Volume 43. Department of History, Ranchi University. 2003. p. 89.

[research_gate_2020-13] "JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand". research gate. July 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[14] Ranjan, Manish (19 January 2021). JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER-I & PAPER-II. ISBN 978-9390906321. Retrieved 4 April 2022.

[Journal_of_South_Asian_Languages_and_Linguistics-15] Paudyal, Netra P.; Peterson, John (1 September 2020). "How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 275–306. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2028. ISSN 2196-078X.

[prabhatkhabar-16] "ठेठ नागपुरी गीत-नृत्य के पुरोधा गोविंद शरण लोहरा". prabhatkhabar. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

[17] "नागपुरी काव्य संग्रह 'बोइल उठलक माटी' का लोकार्पण" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[18] "नागपुरी समाज केंद्रीय समिति का पुनर्गठन" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[19] Barz, Gregory F.; Cooley, Timothy J. (9 September 2008). Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology. ISBN 9780199886708.

[Concept_Publishing_Company-20] Jagannath Pati (2004). Media and Tribal Development. Concept Publishing Company. p. 105-109. ISBN 9788180690686. Retrieved 15 October 2022.

[21] Vinay Sinha. Jharkhand Digdarshan. p. 183. ISBN 9352032217. Retrieved 10 August 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

[22] riods, India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic (4 November 2016). India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123023458. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.

[23] Paul Yule, Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation", Man and Environment 26.2, 2002, 117–120 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/510/.

[Taylor_&_Francis-24] Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 125. ISBN 9781884964985. Retrieved 7 April 2022.

[Studia_Orientalia_Electronica-25] Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.

[academia.edu2017-26] Ambrish Gautam (2017). "Chota Nagpur - An Untold History: A Socio-Historical Analysis". academia.edu. Retrieved 10 October 2022.

[academia.edu2013-27] Subhashis Das (2013). "THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE OF JHARKHAND". academia.edu. Retrieved 10 October 2022.

[28] Paul A Yule (1989). "The copper hoards of the Indian Subcontinent. Preliminaries for an interpretation". Jahrbuch des Römisch. p. 206-229. Retrieved 13 November 2022.

[29] Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 225. ISBN 9788131711200. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.

[30] Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta (2007). Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War. Pearson Education India. p. 268. ISBN 978-8131708514.

[FOOTNOTEStein201050-31] Stein 2010, p. 50.

[FOOTNOTEWitzel19953-5-32] Witzel 1995, p. 3-5.

[FOOTNOTESamuel201049-52-33] Samuel 2010, p. 49-52.

[FOOTNOTEFlood199682-34] Flood 1996, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTEBronkhorst2007-35] Bronkhorst 2007.

[FOOTNOTELong2013chapter_II-36] Long 2013, p. chapter II.

[Bronkorst-37] Bronkorst, J; Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India (2007), p. 3

[38] "The journal of the Bihar research society". Bihar and Orissa Research Society. 1915. p. 232. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[39] Lalit Aditya (October 2018). "Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study". Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[40] "Asura Site Kunjala". asiranchicircle. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

[41] "Asura Site Khuntitola". asiranchicircle. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

[42] Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Concept Publishing Company. p. 258.

[43] "आस्था का प्रतीक बना है हापामुनी का महामाया मंदिर". jagran. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[44] "Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2022.

[45] Sarat Chandra Roy. "Munda and their country". Retrieved 22 October 2022.

[Mittal_Publications-46] Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[47] "400 stalls to offer rich fare at Rath Mela". timesofindia. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

[48] Ansari, Tahir Hussain (20 June 2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. ISBN 9781000651522. Retrieved 23 September 2022.

[timesofindia-49] "Raghubar honours Simdega patriots". timesofindia. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2019.

[Nagpuri_Shist_Sahitya-50] "Nagpuri Shist Sahitya". Retrieved 24 September 2022.

[51] "cm pays tribute thakur vishwanath sahdeo birth anniversary". avenuemail. 13 August 2017.

[52] "JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari". webindia123. 8 January 2016.

[53] Kaul, Chandrika. "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". Retrieved 22 November 2018.

[54] O'malley, L. S. S. (1924). Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788172681210.

[researchgate2016-55] Ambrish Gautam (2016). "The Hinduization of Tribals of Jharkhand: An Outline since Beginning". researchgate.net. p. 2-3. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[chikbaraik.org-56] "Culture and Tradition of Chik Baraik Community". chikbaraik.org.

[57] "Custom or Science? The Tradition of wearing Sindoor in Hinduism". newsgram. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[58] "History of Hinduism". bbc. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[59] "It's high time!". deccanherald. 16 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[60] "Was Indus civilisation really a part of Vedic culture?". thefederal. 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[61] "The IIT Kharagpur Calendar Is the Right's Attempt To Appropriate the Indus Valley Civilisation". 19 December 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

[Mittal_Publications1995-62] Lalan Tiwari (1995). Issues in Indian Politics. Mittal Publications. p. 124. ISBN 978-8170996187. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[Concept_Publishing_Company1998-63] Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 116-117. ISBN 9788170226918.

[64] Aaku Srivastava (2022). Sensex Of Regional Parties. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 251. ISBN 978-9355212368.

[65] Vinay Kumar Srivastava (2020). India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities. SAGE Publishing India. p. 212. ISBN 978-9353886608.

[66] "वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम". jagran. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[67] "झारखंड में मूलवासी-सदान हाशिए पर : राजेंद्र". bhaskar. 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2022.

[slideplayer-68] "1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon's of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow". slideplayer.

[Prabhat_Prakashan_2022-69] Manish Ranjan (2022). JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789354883002.

[Contemporary_Society-70] Pfeffer, Georg; Behera, Deepak Kumar (1997). Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change. ISBN 9788170226420.

[JHARKHAND_SAMAGRA-71] Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr (2020). JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan). Prabhat Prakashan. p. 12. ISBN 9789390101160.

[72] "रांची : मगबंधु का नवीनतम अंक नागपुरी साहित्य-संस्कृति पर होगा केंद्रित". prabhatkhabar. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[73] "What Europeans contributed to the caste system in India". scroll. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2022.

[74] "A Relook at the Term 'Tribe'". JSTOR. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2022.

[Sarah_Jewitt-75] Jewitt, Sarah (31 July 2019). Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand. ISBN 978-1351729895. Retrieved 4 April 2022.

[Jharkhandculture-76] "चीक बड़ाईक". Jharkhandculture. Retrieved 13 August 2022.

[Government_of_India_1935-77] "Government of India 1935 (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1936" (PDF). 30 April 1936. Retrieved 13 October 2022.

[78] Nirmal Sengupta (14 May 1988). "Reappraising Tribal Movements: II: Legitimisation and Spread". Economic and Political Weekly. 23 (20): 1003–1005. JSTOR 4378487. Retrieved 13 October 2022.

[79] H.H. RISLEY (1891). "Chik, Chik-Baraik". indpaedia. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 10 November 2022.

[80] James George Frazer (2000). Totemism and Exogamy. Psychology Press. p. 392. ISBN 978-0700713387.

[81] "Kharwar Tribe Detailed Study". okworldguru. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.

[82] MANISH RANJAN (2022). Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 18. ISBN 978-9354883002.

[83] "Ghasi/Ghasiya". indpaedia. Retrieved 10 November 2022.

[84] "What are 'gotras' all about & how Rahul Gandhi gets 'Dattatreya gotra'". theprint. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2022.

[85] "Gotra – Indian caste system". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2022.

[86] K. S. Singh (1992). People of India: India's communities,Volume 6 of People of India, Anthropological Survey of India. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN 9788185579092.

[87] "Of caste & cultural imposition". powerpolitics. 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2022.

[88] "चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित" (in Hindi). livehindustan. 18 July 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[Colours_of_culture-89] Sharan, Arya (1 June 2017). "Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop". The Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 9 October 2018.

[90] Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. ISBN 9788126012213.

[Samanya_Gyan_2021-91] Ranjan, Manish (2021). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351867982.

[92] Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183

[93] "giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry". telegraphindia. 5 November 2012.

[94] "नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक". prabhatkhabar. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

[95] Ranjan, Manish (January 2016). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351866848.

[democratic_world-96] "Out of the Dark". democratic world. 7 June 2014.

[97] "Happy Holi 2021 : अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक" (in Hindi). prabhat khabar. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

[bhaskar-98] "बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें". bhaskar. Retrieved 5 December 2019.

[99] "Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs". timesofindia. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2022.

[dailypioneer.com-100] "talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca". daily Pioneer. 7 November 2018.

[101] "पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 14 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[102] "ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा" (in Hindi). prabhatkhabar. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

[103] "Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try". Timesofindia. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.

[104] "घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार". amarujala. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2022.

[105] "Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha". telegraphindia. Retrieved 21 September 2021.

[106] "Ecopreneur of the month". Bhoomika. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

[107] "'Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand". etvbharat. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2022.

[sahapedia-108] "लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला". sahapedia. 19 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2022.

[Arihant_Publications2019-109] Arihant Experts (2019). Know Your State Jharkhand. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 316. ISBN 9789324190888.

[110] "पालकोट में 255 वर्षो से हो रहा नवरात्र का आयोजन". jagran. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

[bhaskar2020-111] "प्राकृतिक शक्ति सूर्य:झारखंड की अपनी परंपरा में छठ जैसा पर्व नहीं है, यहां सूरज की पूजा का त्योहार है सूरजाही". bhaskar. 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022.

[112] Sahu, Bharti (10 November 2021). "झारखंड के रांची में छठ पूजा का खास महत्व, जानिए". jantaserishta.com (in Hindi). Retrieved 11 October 2022.

[113] Dr Manish Ranjan (2021). JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 50. ISBN 978-9390906321.

[Chik_Baraik-114] Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010). Chik Baraik. ISBN 9788178351216. Retrieved 27 August 2019.

[livehindustan-115] "नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय". livehindustan. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2022.

[junemcdaniel6-116] June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion, (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 ISBN 0-19-517021-0

[Jharkhand_Samanya_Gyan_2002-117] Ranjan, Manish (19 August 2002). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. ISBN 9789351867982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.

[118] "Hapamuni". gumla.nic.in. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{pp|small=yes}}
+{{Short description|Ethnolinguistic group of west Chotanagpur plateau}}
+{{distinguish|text = people from [[Nagpur]], a city in [[Maharashtra]]}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
 {{infobox ethnic group
-| group = Nagpuria/Sadān
+| group            = Sadan/Nagpuria/Nagpuri
-| image =
+| image            =
-| flag  =
+| flag             =
-| caption =
+| caption          =
-| population = '''{{Circa|4|5 million}}''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
+| population       = '''{{Circa|4 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sck|title=Sadri|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
-| popplace = [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]]
+| popplace         = [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]<br>([[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]]), [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]]
-| langs = [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]]
+| langs            = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] <br /> [[Hindi]] {{small| (Additional)}}
-| religions = '''Predominantly:'''<br>{{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]][[Hinduism]]|[[Folk religion]]}}<br> '''Minorities:'''<br>{{hlist|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]]|[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]|  [[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]]}}<br>
+| religions        = '''Predominantly:'''<br>{{hlist|[[Hinduism]] ([[Folk religion#Folk Hinduism|Folk religion]])}}<br>
+'''Minorities:'''<br>{{hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]}}
-| related = [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]
+| related          = <br>{{hlist|[[Sadan peoples|Sadans]]|other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]]}}<br>
+| native_name      =
+| native_name_lang =
+| footnotes        = *The population figures is less than approximate number of speakers of the Nagpuri or Sadri language as many other Dravidian and Austro-asiatic tribal ethnic groups also adopted the language as their first language. The figure may not include ethnic Sadan who speaks other languages as their first language.
 }}
-'''Nagpuria''' or '''Sadān''' are an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan-speaking]] [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethno-linguistic group]] who speak Sadani or [[Nagpuri language]] and reside in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region of Indian state  [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]],  [[Odisha]].<ref name="Sadani / Sadri">{{cite web|url=http://www.southasiabibliography.de/uploads/Sadri.htm|title=Sadani / Sadri|website=Southasiabibliography.de|accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref>
+'''Nagpuria people''' or '''Sadan''', are an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] speaking [[ethnolinguistic group]] who are the traditional speaker of [[Nagpuri language]] and native of western [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region  of Indian state  [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]].<ref name="Sadani / Sadri">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/7294382|title=Sadani / Sadri|publisher=academia.edu|author=Savita Kiran, John Peterson|access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="livehindustan2021"/><ref name="frontierweekly"/>
-== Etymology ==
+==Names==
+The native speakers of the Sadani/Nagpuri language are known as ''Sadan''. In the Nagpuri language, ''Sadan'' means settled people or  those people who live in houses. In Nagpuri, the house pigeon is called ''Sad perwa'' and the forest pigeon is called ''Ban perwa''. Similarly, Sadan people are the people who live in houses as opposed to living in the forest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>  The word ''Sadan'' was used on the estate of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]], king of Chotanagpur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/0120_jharkhand_movement.pdf|title=Jharkhand movement|page=vii|author=Ram Dayal Munda, S Bosu Mullick|date=2003|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> During the British Period, Colonel [[Edward Tuite Dalton]] referred to Sadan as ''Sudh'' or ''Sad'' or ''Sudhan''  in his work ''Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal'' in 1872. The ''Sudh'' and ''Sudhan'' included all castes such as Brahmin, Rajput, Gowala, Kurmi, Kahar, Kyastha etc. Sudh means Pure. According to him, the Hindus used these words, which means pure, to distinguish them from aborigines/tribes who were called [[Kol people|Kol]].<ref name="Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.533984/2015.533984.descriptive-ethnology_djvu.txt|title=Descriptive Ethnology Of Bengal|author=Edward Tuite Dalton|publisher=Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1872|page=536|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=084tAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Sudhan|title=Society in Tribal India|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|author=Bipin Bihari Sinha|year=1942|page=2|isbn=9780865901087}}</ref> The Sudh or Sudhan may have been initially a religious identity of Hindus in Chotanagpur as the concept of purity (Suddhata) and impurity ([[Aśuddhatā]]) is in Hinduism.<ref>Valsiner, Jaan and Kevin J. Connolly. ''Handbook of Developmental Psychology''.  London: Sage, 2003. pg 433</ref> During British Period, all hindus were referred to as Sudh or Sudhan in Chotanagpur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7f94KE8bi3gC&pg=PA17|title=Personality Of Tribal And Non-Tribal School Children|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|author=Ranjit Prasad Singh|page=17|year=2010|isbn=978-8171414178}}</ref> The concept of Sadan emerged during the reign of Nagvanshis and the language of the region got the name of Nagpuri.<ref name="Department of History">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBBDAAAAYAAJ&q=sadan+nagpuri|title=Journal of Historical Research, Volume 43|publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University|page=89|year=2003}}</ref><ref name="research gate 2020"/>
-"Sadan" (sadān), refers to the non-tribal, Indo-Aryan speaking ethnic groups of Jharkhand. Probably the term "Sadan" derive from  [[Nishada Kingdom|nisaada]], referring to an ethnic group of Northeast India.
-<ref name="Sadani / Sadri"/>
+The speakers of the [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Panchpargania]] and [[Kurmali language]]s are also known as Sadan. According to Peter Shanti Naurangi (1956), the word ''Sadan'' probably  derives from [[Nishada]], referring to an ethnic group of North India.<ref name="Sadani / Sadri"/> According to [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], the original form of these languages must have developed in different [[Nāga|Nagjati]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA17|isbn=978-9390906321|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER-I & PAPER-II|last=Ranjan|first=Manish|date=19 January 2021|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>
-== Communities ==
-Various communities speak the Nagpuri language, including the [[Rautia]],<ref>People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 945 to 947 Seagull Books</ref> and [[Chero]].<ref name="bihar">People of India Bihar Volume XVI  Part One edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 229 to 231 Seagull Books</ref>
+In literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics">{{Cite journal|last1=Paudyal|first1=Netra P.|last2=Peterson|first2=John|date=2020-09-01|title=How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=275–306|doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2028|issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The speaker of Nagpuri language are locally known as ''Nagpuria'' or ''Nagpuria samaj''.<ref name="livehindustan2021">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-displeasure-over-giving-two-separate-codes-to-nagpuri-language-4211377.html|title=नागपुरी भाषा को दो अलग कोड देने पर नाराजगी|website=livehindustan|date=11 July 2021|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="frontierweekly">{{Cite web|url=https://www.frontierweekly.com/articles/vol-53/53-32/53-32-Recalling%20Jharkhand%20Movement.html|title=Recalling Jharkhand Movement|publisher=frontierweekly|author=T Vijayendra|date=10 January 2021|access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="prabhatkhabar">{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/vishesh-aalekh/1331105|title=ठेठ नागपुरी गीत-नृत्य के पुरोधा गोविंद शरण लोहरा|website=prabhatkhabar|date=20 September 2019|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> They are also known as ''Nagpuri'' or ''Napuri samaj''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-nagapuri-poetry-collection-bull-raiser-launch-1788883.html|title=नागपुरी काव्य संग्रह 'बोइल उठलक माटी' का लोकार्पण|publisher=livehindustan|date=7 February 2018|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-nagpuri-society-central-committee-reconsituted-2020169.html|title=नागपुरी समाज केंद्रीय समिति का पुनर्गठन|publisher=livehindustan|date=18 June 2018|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gyh-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT206|title=Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology|isbn=9780199886708|last1=Barz|first1=Gregory F.|last2=Cooley|first2=Timothy J.|date=9 September 2008}}</ref> The Nagpuri community is a heterogeneous cultural group with an amalgamation of various castes with diverse occupations, origins, history, customs and values who share common language, music tradition, oral and written literature.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/>
 == History ==
-=== Prehistoric era ===
-Stone tools, [[Microlith]]s have discovered from  [[Chota Nagpur plateau]] region which are from [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&lpg=PT14&dq=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&source=bl&ots=93KP8UQ1u-&sig=LnV7SZDLf4CLU7X6fyxM_3rxigM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuhKaGxaXdAhXEZCsKHcXXAOw4ChDoATABegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&f=false|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic|last=periods|date=4 November 2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|accessdate=8 September 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> In  [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]], Mesolithic Painting of group dance is similar to the Nagpuri folk dance and musical instrument is similar to Mander/[[Madal]].  There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, [[Hazaribagh district]] which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000 BC).<ref>{{cite news |title=Cave paintings lie in neglect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 March 2008}}</ref>  There is a group of megaliths found close to Barkagaon that is about 25&nbsp;km from [[Hazaribagh]] at Punkri Barwadih, which has been proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE.<ref>https://indroyc.com/2017/12/04/punkri-barwadih-megaliths/</ref> During Neolithic Period, agriculture started in South Asia. Several neolithic settlements found in sites such as [[Jhusi]], [[Lahuradewa]], [[Bhirrana]], [[Mehergarh]] and [[Chirand]].
+It is assumed that the Sadan people first brought the Indo-Aryan languages to the Chotanagpur plateau.<ref name="Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics"/> There is not any fixed date of arrival of Sadan in Chota Nagpur. Probably Sadan arrived in Chota Nagpur sometime after [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan]] came to South Asia. According to the Anthropologist, Sadans are of Aryan origin, except for language, their culture, such as festivals and cuisine, are similar to tribal people due to residing with the tribals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP1ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183|title=Jharkhand Digdarshan|page=183|author=Vinay Sinha|isbn=9352032217|website=books.google|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref> According to scholar, small numbers of [[Austro-Asiatic language]] speaker adopted Indo-Aryan languages and culture.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK4Zt-OJ5LkC&pg=PA106|title=Media and Tribal Development|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|author=Jagannath Pati|year=2004|page=105-109|isbn=9788180690686|access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>
-=== Iron age(c. 1800 – c. 200 BCE) ===
+=== Proto historic era ===
-{{main|Iron Age India}} Several [[Slag|Iron slags]], [[microlith]], [[Potsherds]] have discovered from [[Singhbhum district]] which are from 1400 BCE according to Carbon dating.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|date=8 September 2018|publisher=Pearson Education India|accessdate=8 September 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>
+Stone tools, [[microlith]]s were discovered from the Chota Nagpur plateau region which are from the [[Mesolithic]] period. Flake tools, arrowheads, celts have been found which are from the [[Neolithic]] period.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14|title=India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods|first=India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic|last=periods|date=4 November 2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123023458|access-date=8 September 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> During the 2nd millennium BC, the use of Cooper tools had spread in the Chotanagpur plateau region and these find-complexes known as [[Copper Hoard culture]] associated with [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]].<ref>[[Paul Alan Yule|Paul Yule]], Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation", ''Man and Environment'' 26.2, 2002, 117–120 http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2009/510/.</ref> According to many historians Copper hoard people were early Indo-Aryan speaker, who came to South Asia earlier than [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic tribes|Vedic Aryan]] and spread farther to East.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book | last1 =Mallory | first1 =J. P. | last2 =Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |date=1997|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture  |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781884964985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=copper+hoard+culture&pg=PA126 |page=125|access-date=7 April 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Studia Orientalia Electronica">{{Cite journal|last=Parpola|first=Asko|title=Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages|date=2020|url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/98032/56890|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica|volume=8|pages=176|doi=10.23993/store.98032|via=|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE).svg|thumb|[[Copper Hoard Culture|Cooper hoard]] objects have been discovered in Chotanagpur region which are from 2nd millennium BCE during [[Indus Valley civilisation]], Late Phase (1900-1300 BCE)]]
-In mauryan period, this region ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the [[Maurya empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE).
+Various copper hoard artifacts were discovered in Chotanagpur, such as copper ornaments, celts, axes, axe ingots, [[Bowl|vessels]], toys, anklets, bracelets, chains, magical figures of man and woman which are from the transition period from the Neolithic to the [[Chalcolithic period]]. Also, bronze artifacts such as cups, ear rings, anklets and bracelets were discovered. These things were discovered in places such as [[Namkum]], [[Bero, India|Bero]] in  [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]. The copper axe ignots were discovered from [[Kamdara]], [[Basia, Gumla|Basia]] now in [[Gumla district]], Hami near [[Mahuadanr]] in [[Palamu district]] (Now [[Latehar district|Latehar]]) in 1915.<ref name="academia.edu2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/34642397|title=Chota Nagpur - An Untold History: A Socio-Historical Analysis|author=Ambrish Gautam|publisher=academia.edu|date=2017|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/16494732|title=THE NEOLITHIC AND CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE OF JHARKHAND|author=Subhashis Das|publisher=academia.edu|date=2013|access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> The axe ignot of Hami near Mahuadanr was similar to Celts of Ghangharia of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/730314/The_Copper_Hoards_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent._Preliminaries_for_an_Interpretation|title=The copper hoards of the Indian Subcontinent. Preliminaries for an interpretation|author=Paul A Yule|publisher=Jahrbuch des Römisch|year=1989|page=206-229|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>
-=== British rule ===
+The use of iron tools, pottery spread in the region during  1400 to 800 BCE according to carbon dating of iron slag, sickle and wheel made pottery which was found in Barudih of [[Singhbhum district]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=225|isbn=9788131711200|access-date=8 September 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> The Iron celt was dated to 1200 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJuM4FylchwC&pg=PA268|title=Science, Technology, Imperialism, and War|publisher=Pearson Education India|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta|page=268|year=2007|isbn=978-8131708514}}</ref>
-The [[Chero]] and [[Kharwar]] rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack repulsed.<ref>[http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm] {{dead link|date=September 2018}}</ref> [[Birsa Munda]] revolt, broke out in 1895–1900.
+During the [[Vedic period]], several [[janapada]]s emerged in northern India. Parts of western India were dominated by tribes who had a slightly different culture, considered non-Vedic by the mainstream Vedic culture prevailing in the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] and [[Panchala]] kingdoms. Similarly, there were some tribes in the eastern regions of India considered to be in this category. There were many   kingdoms existing in the north, such as [[Madra Kingdom|Madra]], [[Salva (India)|Salva]], and in the east, such as [[Kikata Kingdom|Kikata]],  [[Nishadas]], who did not follow the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]]. Around {{circa|1200}}–1000 BCE, the Vedic Aryans spread eastward to the fertile western [[Ganges]] Plain and adopted [[Iron Age|iron tools]] which allowed for clearing of forest and the adoption of a more settled, agricultural way of life. {{sfn|Stein|2010|p=50}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=3-5}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=49-52}} During this time, the central Ganges Plain dominated by a related but non-vedic Indo-Aryan culture.
-=== Post-independence ===
-After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the [[Dominion of India]]. [[Changbhakar]], [[Jashpur]], [[Koriya]], [[Surguja]] and [[Udaipur]] later became part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state, but [[Gangpur]] and [[Bonai]] part of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] state, and [[Kharsawan]] and [[Saraikela]] part of [[Bihar]] state.<ref>Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: ''Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States,'' 1936</ref>
+During the age of [[Mahabharata]], [[Krishna]], [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]] came to fight with [[Jarasandha]] in [[Rajgir]]. They mentioned five hills of Rajgir. They mentioned Sasthika and Maninaga inhabiting  millions of  hills. It may be inferred, due to mention of the Naga ''Maninaga'' and ''Sasthika'' that during the age of Mahabharata, the  region was known as the land of [[Nāga|Naga]]s.<ref name="academia.edu2017"/>
+=== Ancient period ===
+In ancient period, there was rise of cities and large states called  [[mahajanapada]]s. This period witnessed the [[śramaṇa]] movements including [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=82}}
+[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE)]]
+According to Bronkhorst, the sramana culture arose in [[greater Magadha]], which was Indo-European, but not Vedic. In this culture, [[Kshatriya]]s were placed higher than [[Brahmin]]s, and it rejected [[Vedic priesthood|Vedic]] authority and rituals.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007}}{{sfn|Long|2013|p=chapter II}} These Sramana religions did not worship the [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic deities]], practiced some form of [[asceticism]] and [[meditation]] ([[jhana]]) and tended to construct round burial mounds (called [[stupas]] in Buddhism).<ref name="Bronkorst">Bronkorst, J; Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India'' (2007), p. 3</ref>
+During 4th Century BCE region was ruled by [[Nanda Empire]].
+In Mauryan period, this region ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the [[Maurya empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE). The ancient sites of [[Saridkel]] in present [[Khunti district]] exhibited burnt bricks houses, copper hooks, rods, Kushan copper coins, gold earrings, iron arrow heads, ploughshares, ruin of stone Shiva temple etc. The gold coin was of [[Huvishka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbiharre01bihauoft/journalofbiharre01bihauoft_djvu.txt|title=The journal of the Bihar research society|publisher=Bihar and Orissa Research Society|year=1915|page=232|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> This suggest [[Kushan]] influence in the region.<ref name="academia.edu2013"/> The Brahmi inscription also found in Saridkel which is from 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360485893|title=Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study|author=Lalit Aditya|date=October 2018|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> Excavation at sites Kunjala exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Kunjala.html|title=Asura Site Kunjala|website=asiranchicircle|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>  Excavation at Urn burial site of Khuntitola exhibited redware pottery with coarse fabrics, copper and iron tools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Khuntitola.html|title=Asura Site Khuntitola|website=asiranchicircle|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> [[Samudragupta]], while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region, directed the attack against the kingdom of [[Dakshina Kosala]] in the Mahanadi valley.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft | page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258] |title = Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions| publisher=Concept Publishing Company |last1 = Sharma|first1 = Tej Ram|year = 1978}}</ref>
+===Medieval period===
+During medieval period [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]] and [[Ramgarh Raj]] were ruling in the region. Nagvanshi king [[Gajghat Rai]] built Mahamaya temple  in Vikram samvat 965 (908 CE) in Hapamuni village in [[Gumla district]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-mahamaya-temple-of-hapamuni-has-become-a-symbol-of-faith-20924867.html|title=आस्था का प्रतीक बना है हापामुनी का महामाया मंदिर|website=jagran|date=21 October 2020|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> During the 12th century, Nagvanshi king [[Bhim Karn]] shifted his capital to [[Khukhragarh]] after defeating [[Raksel dynasty|Raksel]] of [[Surguja district|Surguja]] when they invaded the region. Then Bhim Karn captured territory as far as Surguja and Palamu.
+The [[Brahmanda Purana]] (c.400 CE - c.1000 CE) gives descriptions of five ''dwips'' i.e. land. It includes the ''Sankha dwip'' where [[Sankh River|Sankh river]] flows from the hill near the kingdom of the Naga King ([[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]]), where precious stones are found.<ref name="academia.edu2017"/>
+=== Modern period ===
+In 1585, during the reign of Nagvanshi king [[Madhu Karn Shah|Madhu Karn]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invaded Khukhragarh, then Nagvanshi rulers became vassal of Mughals. [[Durjan Sal]] built [[Navratangarh]] after release of Mughal captivity. His successor [[Ram Shah (king)|Ram Shah]] built [[Kapilnath Temple]] in 1643. [[Raghunath Shah]] built several temples during his reign. He is first known poet of Nagpuri language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> During this period, [[Chik Baraik|Baraik]], [[Rautia]] and [[Rajput]] held [[Jagir]]s from Nagvanshi kings and provided military services. Land grants were made to [[Brahmins]] for their priestly services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.125201/2015.125201.The-Mundas-And-Their-Country_djvu.txt|title=Munda and their country|author=Sarat Chandra Roy|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> Brahmins and courtiers migrated from present Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha during this period.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/>
+[[File:Nawratan gadh.jpg|thumb|[[Navratangarh|Navratangarh fort]]]]
+King of [[Barkagarh estate|Barkagarh]] Thakur [[Ani Nath Shahdeo]] built [[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]] of Ranchi in 1691.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/ranchi/400-stalls-to-offer-rich-fare-at-Rath-Mela/articleshow/48108610.cms|title=400 stalls to offer rich fare at Rath Mela|website=timesofindia|date=17 July 2015|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> Nagvanshi were independent during weak Mughal rule. Maninath Shah (1748-1762) consolidated his authority in Chotanagpur by conquering neighbouring small kingdoms of
+[[Bundu, India|Bundu]], [[Silli block|Silli]], Barwe, Rahe, [[Tamar block|Tamar]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT215|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|isbn=9781000651522|last1=Ansari|first1=Tahir Hussain|date=20 June 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>
+After the [[Battle of Buxar]], the [[East India Company]] got rights to collect taxes from Bihar and Bengal territory. Due to conflict with tribes of Singhbhum and Ramgarh Raj, [[Dripnath Shah]] became tributaries to East India company. Due to tax imposition by British East India Company various rebellion occurred. During reign of [[Govind Nath Shah]], the rebellion occurred in Nawagarh led by Jagirdar Baidhnath Shah. Later, [[Bakhtar Say]] and [[Mundal Singh]], two landowners from [[Gumla district|Gumla]] joined the rebelion and fought against the British East India company in 1812 against tax imposition on farmers. British hanged them in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Raghubar-honours-Simdega-patriots/articleshow/51869527.cms|title=Raghubar honours Simdega patriots|website=timesofindia|date=18 April 2016|access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> Between 1831 and 1833, during reign of [[Jagannath Shah Deo]], the [[Kol uprising]] occurred due to disposition of some Mankis in Sonepur Pargana and tribal Munda and Ho insurgent resorted in plundering and burning of houses of Sikh and Thikedars as well as villages of Sadans. This insurgency was suppressed by Thomas Wilkinson.<ref name="Nagpuri Shist Sahitya">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.322091/2015.322091.Nagpuri-Sisth_djvu.txt|title=Nagpuri Shist Sahitya|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>
+In 1854, South West Frontier under East India company renamed as [[Chota Nagpur Division]]. In [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]], [[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]] and [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]] led rebels against British East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/cm-pays-tribute-thakur-vishwanath-sahdeo-birth-anniversary/111524/|title=cm pays tribute thakur vishwanath sahdeo birth anniversary|website=avenuemail|date=13 August 2017}}</ref> [[Tikait Umrao Singh]],  [[Sheikh Bhikhari]],  Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in Indian Rebellion of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html|title=JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari|website=webindia123|date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
+After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] directly ruled the territory  ruled by the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaul|first=Chandrika|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> In 1912, Chota Nagpur Division became part of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]]. In 1936, [[Orissa Province]] separated from the Bihar and Orissa Province on linguistic basis and the remaining area became [[Bihar Province]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC&q=patna%2520capital%2520bihar%2520orissa%2520province&pg=PA44 |title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna |last=O'malley |first=L. S. S. |date=1924 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788172681210 |language=en}}</ref>
+After rebelion of 1857, British conducted survey of people of India to know about them and their customs. British soldier, [[Edward Tuite Dalton]], publisher his work ''Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal'' in 1872 which was about people of then [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name="Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal"/> Brahmins migrated to Chotanagpur during the reign of Nagvanshi from different parts of the country and were implementing their [[Brahmanism]] ideology.<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA36|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=36|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> According to British civil servant, [[Alfred Comyn Lyall]], due to the eating habits of pork, beef and drinking liquor of many communities, who didn't follow restrictions on foods such as [[Bhuiya]], [[Chik Baraik|Chik]], [[Turi (Caste)|Turi]], [[Ghasi]], [[Kharwar]], Bhogta, Ganjhu, the Brahmins were unwilling to recognise them as Hindus and branded them as untouchable and were not performing rituals in their wedding ceremony.<ref name="researchgate2016">{{Cite news|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301622899_The_Hinduization_of_Tribals_of_Jharkhand_An_Outline_since_Beginning|title=The Hinduization of Tribals of Jharkhand: An Outline since Beginning|publisher=researchgate.net|author=Ambrish Gautam|page=2-3|year=2016|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>
+But Brahmin in Chotanagpur migrated very lately.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/> People were doing weddings ceremonies themselves.<ref name="chikbaraik.org"/> Several practices of marriage ceremonies such as applying Vermillion were present in Indus valley civilization around 5000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsgram.com/general/2016/07/20/custom-or-science-the-tradition-of-wearing-sindoor-in-hinduism|title=Custom or Science? The Tradition of wearing Sindoor in Hinduism|publisher=newsgram|date=10 July 2016|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> The practices of Hinduism goes back to Indus valley civilization. The religion of the Indus valley civilization involved animal sacrifices and ritual bathing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/history/history_1.shtml|title=History of Hinduism|publisher=bbc|date=24 August 2022|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref> There is also evidence of preparation of liquor in the Indus valley civilization.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/648466/its-high-time.html|title=It's high time!|website=deccanherald|date=16 December 2017|accessdate=12 November 2022}}</ref> The culture of the Nagpuri people indicates that they followed many aspects of Indus valley civilization. According to the scholar, the culture of the [[Indus valley civilization]] was different from [[Vedic Period#Culture|Vedic Culture]] and [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Vedic tribes|Vedic Aryan]]s migrated from Central Asia to Punjab around 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thefederal.com/opinion/was-indus-civilisation-really-a-part-of-vedic-culture/|title=Was Indus civilisation really a part of Vedic culture?|website=thefederal|year=2021|accessdate=12 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/history/iit-kharagpur-vedic-calender-appropriate-indus-valley-civilisation|title=The IIT Kharagpur Calendar Is the Right’s Attempt To Appropriate the Indus Valley Civilisation|date=19 December 2021|accessdate=12 November 2022}}</ref> According to the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (1989), Sadan or Nagpuria people are early Aryan people (Early Indo-Aryan language speakers) and differ from other Aryan people as Sadan strictly didn't follow Brahmincal practices.<ref name="Mittal Publications1995"/> According to [[Asko Parpola]] (2020), early [[Indo-Iranian language]] speaker, the [[Copper Hoard culture|Copper Hoard]] people migrated to South Asia around 1900 BCE and made contact with people of Indus valley civilization.<ref name="Studia Orientalia Electronica"/> The Copper Hoard objects also discovered in Chotanagpur plateau which are from Second millennium BCE.<ref name="Taylor & Francis"/> May be the Copper Hoard people had spread their Indo-Iranian language from which the Nagpuri language had evolved.
+===Post Independence===
+In 1947, India became independent from British rule. The Bihar Province became Bihar state. There was a demand by the Christian tribals to create a separate state since separation of Orissa Province. In early period of demand, the discussion against Dikku (non-tribals) was a common theme of meetings. The discrimination against non-tribals in the name of tribal unity led to distrust between tribals and Sadans. Most writers of movements put too much emphasis on tribal aspects of Jharkhand, which led to the tribal-Sadan divide.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company1998">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA116|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1998|page=116-117}}</ref> [[Jharkhand Party]], led by [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] submitted a memoir to the State reorganization commission in 1955 to form a separate state for tribes in south Bihar but it got rejected due to lack of the common language in the region, tribes being in the minority, hindi was the predominant language of the region and adverse effect on economy of Bihar.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company1998"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368}}</ref> Later, in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state, regional languages and culture were given emphasis. Later, Sadan politicans, lawyers, writers as well as other non-tribals were also involved in creating a separate state, such as [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]], [[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], [[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]] . The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of [[Ram Dayal Munda]], B. P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra formed and sent a memoir to form the separate Jharkhand state to the central government in 1989. The Centre government recommend forming Jharkhand Autonomous Council in 1989.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT212|title=India′s Tribes  Unfolding Realities|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|author=Vinay Kumar Srivastava|page=212|year=2020|isbn=978-9353886608}}</ref> In 1988, the BJP also wanted to create Vanachal state in the region and promised to create a separate state in the election of 1998. Then after winning the election in the region it decided to form new state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html|title=वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम|publisher=jagran|date=17 August 2018|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>
 In November 2000, the new states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]] separated from Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, respectively.
+According to President of Sadan organization, ''[[Mulvasi]] Sadan Morcha'' Rajendra Prasad, Sadan people have no reservations so they are marginalized in their own state and government of Jharkhand has decepted Sadan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/native-sadan-marginalized-in-jharkhand-rajendra-060505-5223471.html|title=झारखंड में मूलवासी-सदान हाशिए पर : राजेंद्र|publisher=bhaskar|date=2019|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
+== Communities ==
+Various Sadan communities or [[Jāti|Jati]] in Chota Nagpur Plateau traditionally speak the Nagpuri language, including the [[Ahir]], [[Bhuiya]], [[Binjhia Tribe|Binjhia]], [[Kharwar|Bhogta]], [[Brahmin]], [[Chik Baraik]], [[Ghasi]], Jhora/[[Kewat]],  [[Kudmi Mahato|Kudmi]]/[[Kurmi]], [[Kumhar]], [[Lohra (tribe)|Lohra]]/[[Lohar]], [[Mahli]], [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]], [[Rautia]], [[Sunar|Sonar]], [[Teli]] and [[Turi (Caste)|Turi]] among others.<ref name="slideplayer">{{cite web|url=https://slideplayer.com/slide/4455653/|title=1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon's of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow.|website=slideplayer}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1|title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021|author= Manish Ranjan|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|date=2022|isbn=9789354883002}}</ref>
+According to scholars, [[Chik Baraik]] are considered the early Indo-Aryan language speaking settlers.<ref name="Contemporary Society">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZOvYPBrxl0C&pg=PA247|title=Contemporary Society: Developmental issues, transition, and change|isbn=9788170226420|last1=Pfeffer|first1=Georg|last2=Behera|first2=Deepak Kumar|year=1997}}</ref> The [[Brahmin]]s, who are also considered Sadan, migrated into the [[Greater Magadha]] region after the [[Vedic Period#Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE)|later Vedic Period]], according to Scholar.<ref name="Bronkorst"/><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/> According to the Nagvanshavali, [[Sakaldwipiya Brahmin]]s were the priests of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] and the tradition is still continuing.<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA">{{cite book|author=Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr|title=JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2020|isbn=9789390101160|pages=12}}</ref> According to them, they have been staying in the region for a long time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/1360248|title=रांची : मगबंधु का नवीनतम अंक नागपुरी साहित्य-संस्कृति पर होगा केंद्रित|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=13 December 2019|access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref>
+All communities in Chotanagpur are known as Jati, whether caste or tribe.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/> The words, [[caste]] and [[tribe]] were started to use during British rule. The British enlisted Caste and tribe and enacted laws related to tribe and caste such as law of inheritance and land transfer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/882736/caste-system-in-india-has-its-roots-in-europe-and-the-link-goes-beyond-than-just-the-word|title=What Europeans contributed to the caste system in India|publisher=scroll|date=27 June 2018|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44004420|title=A Relook at the Term 'Tribe'|publisher=JSTOR|date=20 February 2016|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> While some Sadan communities were listed as caste, some were as tribe. Still, while some Sadan communities are on the list of [[Other Backward Class]] and [[Scheduled Caste]], some service caste such as Chik Baraik (Weaver), Lohra (Blacksmith) and Mahli (Bamboo workers) are listed as a [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref name="Sarah Jewitt"/><ref name="Jharkhandculture">{{Cite web|url=http://jharkhandculture.com/hi/node/65|title=चीक बड़ाईक|website=Jharkhandculture|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> This is due to the fact that in 1936, during the British Period, many communities were included in Scheduled Caste and Backward tribe list. During British Period those who were dipressed class were included in the list of Scheduled Caste and those who were following tribal religion or not following [[Brahminism]] were included in Backward tribes for [[Reserved political positions in India|political representation]].<ref name="Government of India 1935">{{cite web|url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/GOI-SC-ORDER-1936.pdf|title=Government of India 1935 (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1936|date=30 April 1936|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> Thus, in 1936, many Sadan communities such as Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Lohar, Mahli, Turi were included in the backward tribe list in Chotanagpur of [[Bihar Province]]. While in [[Patna division|Patna]], [[Palamu division|Palamu]], [[North Chotanagpur division|Hazaribagh division]], [[Bengal]], some were included in Scheduled Caste. Later, some were delisted from the tribe list while some remained on the Scheduled Tribe list.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378487|title=Reappraising Tribal Movements: II: Legitimisation and Spread|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|author=Nirmal Sengupta|date=14 May 1988|volume=23 |issue=20 |pages=1003–1005 |jstor=4378487 |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Government of India 1935"/> Although Some Sadan are in the list of Scheduled Tribe but they are traditionally a service caste.<ref name="Sarah Jewitt">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand|isbn=978-1351729895|access-date=4 April 2022|last1=Jewitt|first1=Sarah|date=31 July 2019}}</ref>
+===Lineages===
+There are several lineages among Nagpuri  speaking social groups that are known as ''Vansh''. Marriage occurs between different Vansh and is forbidden within the same Vansh. Some common Vansh among different nagpuri speaking social groups such as Chik Baraik, Ghasi, Kharwar, Lohra, Mahli, Rautia, Turi are Baghel (tiger), Bar (ficus Indica), Besra (sparrow hawk), Dhan (rice), Induar (eel), Kachhua (turtle), Kansi (Kans grass), Loharbans (iron worker), Nag (Cobra) and Sonwani (gold water).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Chik,_Chik-Baraik|title=Chik, Chik-Baraik|author=H.H. RISLEY|website=indpaedia|date=1891|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khemzjElrc0C&pg=PA392|title=Totemism and Exogamy|publisher=Psychology Press|author=James George Frazer|year=2000|page=392|isbn=978-0700713387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://okworldguru.com/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF-kharwar-tribe/|title=Kharwar Tribe Detailed Study|publisher=okworldguru|date=1 January 2022|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA3-PA18|title=Jharkhand General Knowledge 2022|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=MANISH RANJAN|page=18|year=2022|isbn=978-9354883002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Ghasi/Ghasiya|title=Ghasi/Ghasiya|website=indpaedia|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref>
+The other word used for lineage is ''[[Gotra]]'', which was a word initially used by the Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/features/what-are-gotras-all-about-how-rahul-gandhi-gets-dattatreya-gotra/155940/|title=What are ‘gotras’ all about & how Rahul Gandhi gets ‘Dattatreya gotra’|publisher=theprint|date=28 November 2018|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> It was later adopted by other communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239834/gotra|title=Gotra – Indian caste system|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] have ''[[Kashyapa|Kashyap]]'' gotra.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|title=People of India: India's communities,Volume 6 of People of India, Anthropological Survey of India|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=9788185579092|year=1992}}</ref> Kashyap gotra was adopted by many people during the 1st millennium CE as it was bestowed upon followers of non-vedic tradition and who had forgotten their gotra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powerpolitics.in/Issues/July2019/page63.php|title=Of caste & cultural imposition|publisher=powerpolitics|year=2019|access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref>
 == Culture ==
+{{Main|Nagpuri culture}}
-The Nagpuri people have their own styles of dance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/colours-of-culture-blossom-at-nagpuri-dance-workshop.html |work=The Daily Pioneer |title=Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop date=1 June 2017 |first=Arya |last=Sharan |accessdate=9 October 2018}}</ref>
+Nagpuri culture includes literature, festivals, folk song and dance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-committee-constituted-for-the-protection-and-promotion-of-nagpuri-language-and-culture-in-chainpur-6804917.amp.html|title=चैनपुर में नागपुरी भाषा-संस्कृति के संरक्षण व संवर्द्धन को लेकर कमेटी गठित|publisher=livehindustan|date=18 July 2022|access-date=25 September 2022|language=hindi}}</ref><ref name="Colours of culture"/>
+===Language and literature===
+{{Main|Nagpuri language|Nagpuri literature}}
+Sadan people traditionally speak Nagpuri language also known as Sadani or Sadri.<ref name="Sadani / Sadri"/> It is officially known as Nagpuri language in Jharkhand.<ref name="livehindustan2021"/> The Nagpuri language is primarily spoken in the western and central Chota Nagpur plateau region. Nagpuri belongs to the [[Bihari languages|Bihari]] group of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4387|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|isbn=9788126012213|last1=Lal|first1=Mohan|year=1992}}</ref> According to Yogendra Nath Tiwari, it evolved from Jharkhand [[Prakrit]].<ref name="research gate 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342833425|title=JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand|publisher=research gate|date=July 2020|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|year=2021}}</ref>  The evidence of writing in Nagpuri is found from the 17th century.<ref>[[Paul Brass|Brass Paul R.]], ''The Politics of India Since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 183</ref> The [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] king [[Raghunath Shah]] and the King of [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]], [[Dalel Singh (king)|Dalel Singh]], were poets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=giant new chapter for nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}</ref>  Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram Pathak, [[Ghasi Ram Mahli]] and Das Mahli were prominent poets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/nagpuri-cinema/nagpuri-artist-singer-mahavir-nayak-nagpuri-raga-ragini-preserving/1325460.html|title=नागपुरी राग-रागिनियों को संरक्षित कर रहे महावीर नायक|website=prabhatkhabar|date=4 September 2019|access-date=17 September 2019}}</ref> Some prominent writers of the modern period are [[Praful Kumar Rai]], [[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari]],   [[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]], [[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], [[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]] and [[Shakuntala Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016}}</ref>
+===Folk music and dance===
+Some Nagpuri folk dances are {{transliteration|sck|[[jhumair]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[Mardani Jhumar|mardani jhumar]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|janani jhumar]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[domkach]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|[[Janani Jhumar|angnai]]}}, {{transliteration|sck|fagua}}, {{transliteration|sck|jadur}}, {{transliteration|sck|matha}}, {{transliteration|sck|natua}} {{transliteration|sck|and [[Paiki dance|paiki]]}} etc.<ref name="Colours of culture">{{cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/colours-of-culture-blossom-at-nagpuri-dance-workshop.html |work=The Daily Pioneer |title=Colours of culture blossom at Nagpuri dance workshop |date=1 June 2017 |first=Arya |last=Sharan |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="democratic world">{{Cite web|url=http://democraticworld.in/component/k2/item/603-out-of-the-dark|title=Out of the Dark|website=democratic world|date=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/happy-holi-2021-fag-and-jhumar-dance-are-no-longer-visible-they-are-losing-their-momentum-smj|title=Happy Holi 2021 : अब नहीं दिखती फाग और झूमर नृत्य, खो रही है अपनी धाक|publisher=prabhat khabar|date=29 March 2021|access-date=9 August 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name="Samanya Gyan 2021"/> Paiki is a martial folk dance performed at weddings and functions.<ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html|title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें|website=bhaskar|access-date=5 December 2019}}</ref> The musical instruments used in folk music and dance include [[dhol]], [[Madal|mandar]], [[Bansuri|bansi]], [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]], [[shehnai]] and [[khartal]].<ref name="democratic world"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/ranchi/jharkhand-tunes-in-to-nagpuri-folk-songs/articleshow/40883458.cms|title=Jharkhand tunes in to Nagpuri folk songs|website=timesofindia|date=26 August 2014|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/talk-on-nagpuri-folk-music-at-ignca.html|title=talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca|website=daily Pioneer|date=7 November 2018}}</ref>
+Theth Nagpuri is a genre of typical Nagpuri music which is based on traditional ragas of folk songs such as
+Jhumar, Pawas, Udasi and Fagua.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/amp/story/vishesh-aalekh/1381799|title=पारंपरिक नागपुरी गीतों को सहेजने में जुटे 'भिनसरिया के राजा' महावीर नायक|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=14 February 2020|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref> It is connected to Nagpuri tradition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/jhollywood/1347380|title=ठेठ नागपुरी की पहचान है सरिता देवी कहतीं हैं- ठेठ कभी नहीं मरेगा|publisher=prabhatkhabar|date=7 November 2019|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi}}</ref>
+===Cuisine===
+{{Main|Jharkhandi cuisine}}
+The staple food of the people of the region is rice. Some traditional dishes in the region are [[Chhilka Roti]], Arsa roti, [[Malpua]], [[Dhooska]], Til laddu, Dudhauri etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/mouthwatering-dishes-from-jharkhand-you-must-try/photostory/79000151.cms|title=Mouthwatering Dishes From Jharkhand You Must Try|website=Timesofindia|date=3 November 2020|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/lifestyle/healthy-food/jharkhand-bihar-famous-sweet-dudhauri-making-recipe-how-to-make-dudhauri-sweet-at-home|title=घर में बनाएं झारखंड-बिहार की मशहूर मिठाई दुधौरी, 20 से 25 मिनट में हो जाएगी तैयार|website=amarujala|date=21 July 2020|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/mistress-of-spices-princess-of-the-pitha/cid/1330552|title=Mistress of spices, princess of the pitha|publisher=telegraphindia|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> Some traditional leafy vegetables or [[Saag]] are Khesari, Kohnda, Koinar, Methi, Munga, Poi, Putkal and Sarla saag.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhoomika.com/chefofmonth/test-post/|title=Ecopreneur of the month|website=Bhoomika|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> Khukdi, Putu and Rugda are edible mushroom in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/jharkhand/rugda-and-khukdi-the-vegetarian-mutton-of-jharkhand/na20200702212310726|title='Rugda and Khukdi'- The vegetarian mutton of Jharkhand|publisher=etvbharat|date=2 July 2020|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
+[[File:Chilka Roti.jpg|thumb|Chilka Roti, traditional bread of Chotanagpur]]
+===Clothes===
+Traditional clothes of Sadan are [[Dhoti]], [[Sari]], [[Kurta]] and Chadar. But in modern times, shirts, pants, coats are also used.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/> The traditional ''Lal paad'' clothes  have ritual value in marriage ceremonies.<ref name="sahapedia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/laala-paada-jhaarakhanda-kae-caika-badaaika-adaivaasaiyaon-kai-vasatara-kalaa-0#_edn3|title=लाल पाड़ : झारखंड के चिक बड़ाईक आदिवासियों की वस्त्र कला|website=sahapedia|date=19 June 2019|access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref> People wear them at traditional festivals and functions.<ref name="Contemporary Society"/>
+===Festivals===
+Some traditional festival of Sadan are [[Ashadhi Puja]], [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Teej]], [[Jitiya]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Sohrai]]/[[Diwali]],  [[Surjahi Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Holi|Fagua]], Bad Pahari and [[Sarhul]]. Majority of traditional festival are based on agricultural activities and seasonal celebration.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/><ref name="Arihant Publications2019">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA316|title=Know Your State Jharkhand|author=Arihant Experts|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited|page=316|year=2019|isbn=9789324190888}}</ref> Some  festivals which were later adopted are [[Navratri]] and [[Chhath]]. Navratri festival was adopted by [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshis]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-darsbhuji-temple-worship-is-fulfilled-by-wishes-20911693.html|title=पालकोट में 255 वर्षो से हो रहा नवरात्र का आयोजन|publisher=jagran|date=19 October 2020|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> Chhath is also not a traditional festival of Sadan but adopted later by some.<ref name="bhaskar2020">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/jharkhand/news/in-its-tradition-of-jharkhand-there-is-no-festival-like-chhath-here-is-the-festival-of-sun-worship-127928494.html|title=प्राकृतिक शक्ति सूर्य:झारखंड की अपनी परंपरा में छठ जैसा पर्व नहीं है, यहां सूरज की पूजा का त्योहार है सूरजाही|publisher=bhaskar|date=2020|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Bharti |date=2021-11-10 |title=झारखंड के रांची में छठ पूजा का खास महत्व, जानिए |url=https://jantaserishta.com/life-style/know-the-special-significance-of-chhath-puja-in-ranchi-jharkhand-1072290 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref>
+===Religion===
+The deities reverence in Nagpuri tradition are Suraj (Sun), Chand (Moon), Bad Pahari (hill deity), Gaurea (pastoral deity) and [[Gramadevata|Gaon khut]] (founder of village/village deity) etc. The head of family worship these deities at home during festivals such as during Ashadhi, Nawakhani, Sohrai, Surjahi Puja and Holi/Fagun by fasting and offering sacrifices. Sun and ancestors are venerated in most festivals.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzAoEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PA50|title=JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER|author=Dr Manish Ranjan|date=2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-9390906321|pages=50}}</ref><ref name="Chik Baraik">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&pg=PA67|title=Chik Baraik|isbn=9788178351216|access-date=27 August 2019|last1=Minz|first1=Diwakar|last2=Hansda|first2=Delo Mai|year=2010}}</ref>
+At the village festival such as [[Karam festival|Karam]], [[Sarhul]], the rituals are performed by the village priest "Pahan" and his assistant "Pujar".<ref name="bhaskar"/><ref name="livehindustan">{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/simdega/story-decision-to-organize-nagpuria-program-in-the-meeting-of-the-youth-association-2903864.amp.html|title=नवयुवक संघ की बैठक में नागपुरिया कार्यक्रम आयोजित करने का निर्णय|website=livehindustan|access-date=6 April 2022|date=16 December 2019}}</ref> The offering to Sun, village deity and ancestors by village priest ''Pahan'' takes place for good harvest and the safety of the village in [[Sarna (place)|Sarna]], the [[sacred grove]].<ref name="bhaskar"/> The Nagpuri religious tradition is based on local [[Folk religion#Folk Hinduism|folk tradition]] and is a non-vedic tradition. It is a [[History of Hinduism#Pre-Vedic religions (until c. 1750 BCE)|pre-vedic]] tradition extending back to prehistoric times, or before the writing of the [[Vedas]].<ref name=junemcdaniel6>June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}</ref><ref name="Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFmxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351867982|access-date=22 December 2019|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=19 August 2002}}</ref> According to Brahmincal literature, the region of [[Magadha]] was outside the pale of the Vedic religion i.e there were no Brahmins in the region.<ref name="Bronkorst"/> The influence of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion/Brahminism]] reached in the Chotanagpur region during the reign of [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] and Nagvanshi kings constructed several temples during their reign and invited [[Brahmin]] from different parts of the country for priestly duty.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gumla.nic.in/tourist-place/hapamuni/|title=Hapamuni|website=gumla.nic.in|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> But rituals in home and village carried out by head of family and village priest Pahan respectively.<ref name="livehindustan"/>
+In 1989, the Jharkhand Co-ordination committee (JCC), who was instrumental in the demand for a separate Jharkhand state in front of the central government, also stated in their paper that Sadan may be the earliest Aryan population and could be the subcategoriable as [[Nāga|Naga]] people as they differ from other Aryan group and did't strictly follow Brahmanical religion.<ref name="Mittal Publications1995">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d1nqYqBBf_IC&pg=PA124|title=Issues in Indian Politics|publisher=Mittal Publications|author=Lalan Tiwari|year=1995|page=124|isbn=978-8170996187|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>
+===Marriage tradition===
+Some rituals in nagpuri weddings are Damgani (giving bride price), panbandhi, matikoran (worship of [[gramadevata]]), madwa and dalhardi, nahchhur, amba biha, panikotan, baraat, pairghani, [[sindoor]] dan, harin marek (hunting deer), chuman (giving gifts),  etc. There are different songs for different marriage rituals. [[Domkach]] folk dance performed during marriage. The wedding is conducted by ''Thakur/[[Nai (caste)|Nai]] (barber)'' and the village priest called ''Pahan'' in Matikoran.<ref name="chikbaraik.org">{{Cite web|url=http://chikbaraik.org/culture.html|title=Culture and Tradition of Chik Baraik Community|website=chikbaraik.org}}</ref>
+===Traditional administrative System===
+In Chotoanagpur, there was a traditional administrative system for governing villages known as Parha. In Parha system, there were the posts of [[Mahto]] (village chief), Pahan (village priest), Pujar (assistant of Pahan) or Pani Bharwa (water carrier) [[Bhandari]] (treasurer), Chowkidar (watchman), Diwan (minister) and [[Raja]] (king: head of many villages). During the reign of Nagvanshi, the owners of land were known as Bhuinhar. Bhuinhar refers to the first people who cleared forest, built farmland and houses in a village. Sadans were in the posts of [[Dewan|Diwan]], [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]], [[Pandey]], Karta (executive), Lal, Mahato, Pahan and Raja.<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022"/>
 == Notable people ==
+*[[Bhuneshwar Anuj]], Journalist and Scholar
-*The King [[Medini Ray]] (1662–1674)
-*[[Mukund Nayak]], Folk Artist
+*[[Bulu Chik Baraik]], Politician
+*[[Jay Prakash Singh Bhogta]], M.L.A from Chatra
+*[[Satyanand Bhogta]], Labour minister of Jharkhand
+*[[Ram Tahal Choudhary]], former Member of Parliament
+*[[Dinesh Deva]], actor and dancer
+*[[Ganesh Ganjhu]], M.L.A from Simaria
+*[[Girdhari Ram Gonjhu]], Litterateur and Scholar
+*[[Deepika Kumari]], International Archer
+*[[Sangita Kumari]], hockey player
+*[[Deepak Lohar]], Actor
+*[[Govind Sharan Lohra]], folk singer
+*[[Ghasi Ram Mahli]], Poet
+*[[Shakuntala Mishra]], professor and writer
+*[[Mukund Nayak]], folk artist
+*[[Nandlal Nayak]], Music composer
+*[[Nikki Pradhan]], Field hockey player
+*[[Pushpa Pradhan]], Field hockey player
+*[[Vimla Pradhan]], Former Social welfare and tourism minister of Jharkhand
+*[[Pandey Ganpat Rai]], freedom fighter in 1857
+*[[Praful Kumar Rai]], writer and singer
+*[[Aditya Sahu]], MP of Rajya sabha
+*[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]], MP of Rajya sabha
+*[[Shiv Prasad Sahu]], former Member of Parliament
+*[[Bakhtar Say]], freedom fighter
+*[[Raghunath Shah]], Nagvanshi king and poet
+*[[Ani Nath Shahdeo]], King of Barkagarh
+*[[Gopal Sharan Nath Shahdeo]], Prince and former M.L.A from Hatia
+*[[Jagannath Shah Deo]], Nagvanshi king in 19th century
+*[[Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo]], Last Nagvanshi king
+*[[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]], Jurist and Political activist
+*[[Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo]], Lawyer, writer, poet and political activist
+*[[Lal Vijay Shahdeo]], director
+*[[Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo]], Nagvanshi king
+*[[Vishwanath Shahdeo]], Freedom fighter in 1857 rebellion
+*[[Mundal Singh]], freedom fighter
+*[[Sahani Upendra Pal Singh]], writer
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+==External links==
+{{Commons category|Nagpuria people}}
+{{authority control}}
+[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
+[[Category:Nagpuria people]]
 [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
+[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jharkhand]]
+[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]