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'''White Latin Americans''' are the [[white people|white]] population of [[Latin America]]. They are descendants of colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants. The settlers were mostly [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. After independence, immigrants arrived mostly from [[Italy]]. The next largest sources were [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[France]], the [[British Isles]], and [[Lebanon]], followed by various other [[Europe]]an and [[Middle East]]ern countries. The immigrants came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. Some twelve million people arrived in [[South America]] alone in this period, although many returned or re-migrated to other countries, including the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. The largest group in the region, white Latin Americans number approximately 200 million, or more than one-third of the total population of nearly 550 million.
'''White Latin Americans''' are the [[white people|white]] population of [[Latin America]]. They are descendants of colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants. The settlers were mostly [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. After independence, immigrants arrived mostly from [[Italy]]. The next largest sources were [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[France]], the [[British Isles]], and [[Lebanon]], followed by various other [[Europe]]an and [[Middle East]]ern countries. The immigrants came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. Some twelve million people arrived in [[South America]] alone in this period, although many returned or re-migrated to other countries, including the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. White Latin Americans number approximately 200 million, or more than one-third of the total population of nearly 550 million.


== Heritage ==
== Heritage ==
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For the region as a whole, the number of [[Latin American revolutions|post-independence]] immigrants far surpassed that of settlers during the colonial period.<ref name=britsa/> [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] were the most affected and were "inundated" with European immigrants, so that in the early 20th century [[Buenos Aires]] had a larger proportion of European-born population than did [[New York City]]. Argentina received more than half of the 11-12 million immigrants to South America in this time.<ref name="britsa">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=South America: Postindependence overseas immigrants | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-41807/South-America | work =Encyclopædia Britannica | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-26 | language = }}</ref> In [[Brazil]], with the largest population in the region, the effect was consequently not as great, but the number of immigrants was large, at more than 4 million.
For the region as a whole, the number of [[Latin American revolutions|post-independence]] immigrants far surpassed that of settlers during the colonial period.<ref name=britsa/> [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] were the most affected and were "inundated" with European immigrants, so that in the early 20th century [[Buenos Aires]] had a larger proportion of European-born population than did [[New York City]]. Argentina received more than half of the 11-12 million immigrants to South America in this time.<ref name="britsa">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=South America: Postindependence overseas immigrants | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-41807/South-America | work =Encyclopædia Britannica | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-26 | language = }}</ref> In [[Brazil]], with the largest population in the region, the effect was consequently not as great, but the number of immigrants was large, at more than 4 million.


Since the European conquest, the evolution of Latin America's population is embedded in a long and widespread history of intermixing, so that many self-identified White Latin Americans have a degree of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] and/or [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n and/or [[Asian people|Asian]] ancestry. In this respect, "whiteness" is constructed similarly in Latin America as in other places. Indeed, it's no use trying to base whiteness, or any other racial category, on "racially-pure" people anywhere on earth: all whites, like all humans, are racially mixed, say the anthropologists. For example, many self-identified non-Hispanic [[White American]]s and [[White Australian]]s have ancestors from groups indigenous to their respective countries, or from African slaves in the U.S. or indentured [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]] labourers in the case of Australia. According to recent genetic discoveries, up to one third of non-Hispanic White Americans have African [[DNA]] via mixed-race ancestors who [[passing (race)|passed]] the colour barrier as [[White people|white]], and up to one fourth of the self-identified White Australian population acknowledges distant Chinese ancestry.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Thus it should perhaps go without saying that white Latin Americans, like [[white people]] everywhere, are only predominantly white, not "pure" whites, as the latter are not known to exist anywhere in the world.
Since the European conquest, the evolution of Latin America's population is embedded in a long and widespread history of intermixing, so that many self-identified White Latin Americans have a degree of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] and/or [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n and/or [[Asian people|Asian]] ancestry. In this respect, "whiteness" is constructed similarly in Latin America as in other places. For example, many self-identified non-Hispanic [[White American]]s and [[White Australian]]s have ancestors from groups indigenous to their respective countries, or from African slaves in the U.S. or indentured [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]] labourers in the case of Australia. According to recent genetic discoveries, up to one third of non-Hispanic White Americans have African [[DNA]] via mixed-race ancestors who [[passing (race)|passed]] the colour barrier as [[White people|white]], and up to one fourth of the self-identified White Australian population acknowledges distant Chinese ancestry.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
The concept of "whiteness" does differ in some ways from country to country within the region and in comparison with North America and Europe. For instance, people whose ancestry is Middle Eastern consider themselves "white" in Latin America (and in the U.S. and elsewhere), although in Europe Middle Easterners are not all categorized as such. Equally, a person with one eighth of African ancestry and seven eighths European ancestry would usually be considered black in the U.S. and white in Latin America.
The concept of "whiteness" does differ in some ways from country to country within the region and in comparison with North America and Europe. For instance, people whose ancestry is Middle Eastern consider themselves "white" in Latin America (and in the U.S. and elsewhere), although in Europe Middle Easterners are not all categorized as such. Equally, a person with one eighth of African ancestry and seven eighths European ancestry would usually be considered black in the U.S. and white in Latin America.
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==Mexico==
==Mexico==
{{MEX}}{{main|White Mexican}}
{{MEX}}{{main|White Mexican}}
White Mexicans make up 9%<ref name="CIA"/> or 15%<ref name=britannica/> of Mexico's population or around 16.3 million people. The majority of White Mexicans are of Spanish descent. However, many other immigrants arrived during the [[Second Mexican Empire]] (mostly French) and during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mostly from Italy, the [[United Kingdom]], Ireland and Germany. White Americans, [[Yugoslavia]]ns, Armenians, [[Greeks]], Germans, Poles, [[Romania]]ns, [[Russians]] and Ashkenazic Jews, along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the [[Spanish Civil War]] also immigrated.
White Mexicans make up 15%<ref name="CIA"/> or 15%<ref name=britannica/> of Mexico's population or around 16.3 million people. The majority of White Mexicans are of Spanish descent. However, many other immigrants arrived during the [[Second Mexican Empire]] (mostly French) and during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mostly from Italy, the [[United Kingdom]], Ireland and Germany. White Americans, [[Yugoslavia]]ns, Armenians, [[Greeks]], Germans, Poles, [[Romania]]ns, [[Russians]] and Ashkenazic Jews, along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the [[Spanish Civil War]] also immigrated.
{{section-stub}}
{{section-stub}}


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{{CUB}}{{main|White Cuban}}
{{CUB}}{{main|White Cuban}}


White Cubans make up 65%<ref name=CUB/> of Cuba's total population, with the majority being of diverse [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent, mainly from the settlers but also from the more recent influx of exiles from [[Spain under Franco|Franco's Spain]].
White Cubans make up 37%<ref name=CUB/> of Cuba's total population, with the majority being of diverse [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent, mainly from the settlers but also from the more recent influx of exiles from [[Spain under Franco|Franco's Spain]].
Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain; many of these and their descendentsleft after the Castro government took power.
Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain; many of these and their descendentsleft after the Castro government took power.


Revision as of 09:34, 6 December 2007

This article deals with the white population of Latin America. For the white Hispanic population of the United States, please see White Hispanic
White Latin American
Che GuevaraRicky MartinXuxa
ThalíaShakiraGisele Bundchen
Notable White Latin Americans
Che Guevara · Ricky Martín · Xuxa
 · Thalía · Shakira · Gisele Bündchen
Total population
White People
192 million - 209 million
~35-38% of Latin American population
Portuguese Speakers
Regions with significant populations
 Brazil93[1] - 102 million[2]
 Argentina39 million[3]
 Mexico9.8 million[3] or 16.3 million[4]
 Colombia8.9 million[3]
 Cuba7.3 million[5]
 Venezuela5.2 million[6]
 Chile4.9 million[7]
 Peru4.3 million[3]
 Costa Ricaup to 3.9 million[8]
 Puerto Rico3.2 million[3]
 Uruguay3 million[3]
 Dominican Republic~1.5 million[3]
 Bolivia~1.4 million[3]
 Nicaragua~1 million[3]
All other areas6,100,000 – 7,500,000
Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, and others
Religion
Predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic; large Protestant minority); minorities practicing Judaism,
Islam, or no religion

White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. They are descendants of colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants. The settlers were mostly Spanish and Portuguese. After independence, immigrants arrived mostly from Italy. The next largest sources were Spain, Portugal, Germany, Poland, France, the British Isles, and Lebanon, followed by various other European and Middle Eastern countries. The immigrants came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries. Some twelve million people arrived in South America alone in this period, although many returned or re-migrated to other countries, including the United States and Canada. White Latin Americans number approximately 200 million, or more than one-third of the total population of nearly 550 million.

Heritage

The heritage of White Latin Americans comes from two primary European sources:

Other Europeans that have contributed significantly include, but are not limited to:

Some Latin American countries include minorities of Middle Eastern heritages of all religious backgrounds (although most are Christian) in their definitions of white, others do not. Latin Americans of Middle Eastern ancestry includes primarily:

Latin American Population

Cristiana Frixione, Miss Nicaragua 2006; White Nicaraguan of Italian descent.
White Argentines; Argentina has the largest percentage of Whites in Latin America.

The largest white population in Latin America is found in Brazil. Brazil has a population of 190 million, 53.7% (102 million) white. Argentina, with a population of 40 million is 85-97% white, the largest percentage in Latin America. The smallest white population in Latin America is in Honduras, with only 1% white, approximately 75,000 people. Chile, Costa Rica and Guatemala have censuses which identify both whites and mestizos (people of mixed white and Native American ancestry) in one category, so the exact percentage of whites in those countries is undetermined or unknown.

Country % local Population
(millions)
Brazil Brazil 53.7%[1] up to 102
Argentina Argentina 85-97%[9] up to 39
Mexico Mexico 9%[10] or ~15%[11] up to 16.3
Colombia Colombia 20%[12] up to 8.9
Cuba Cuba 65.05%[5] up to 7.2
Venezuela Venezuela 20%[6] up to 5.2
Chile Chile 30%[7] up to 4.8
Peru Peru 15%[13] up to 4.3
Costa Rica Costa Rica up to 94%[8] up to 3.9
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 80.5%[14] up to 3.1
Uruguay Uruguay 88%[15] up to 3
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 16%[16] up to 1.5
Bolivia Bolivia 15%[17] up to 1.3
Nicaragua Nicaragua 17%[18] up to 1

History of whiteness in Latin America

More than one and a half million Portuguese and Spanish settled in their American colonies during the colonial period.[19][20] Small numbers of other Europeans also settled, usually as a reward for military service to Spain or Portugal.

For the region as a whole, the number of post-independence immigrants far surpassed that of settlers during the colonial period.[21] Argentina and Uruguay were the most affected and were "inundated" with European immigrants, so that in the early 20th century Buenos Aires had a larger proportion of European-born population than did New York City. Argentina received more than half of the 11-12 million immigrants to South America in this time.[21] In Brazil, with the largest population in the region, the effect was consequently not as great, but the number of immigrants was large, at more than 4 million.

Since the European conquest, the evolution of Latin America's population is embedded in a long and widespread history of intermixing, so that many self-identified White Latin Americans have a degree of Amerindian and/or sub-Saharan African and/or Asian ancestry. In this respect, "whiteness" is constructed similarly in Latin America as in other places. For example, many self-identified non-Hispanic White Americans and White Australians have ancestors from groups indigenous to their respective countries, or from African slaves in the U.S. or indentured Chinese labourers in the case of Australia. According to recent genetic discoveries, up to one third of non-Hispanic White Americans have African DNA via mixed-race ancestors who passed the colour barrier as white, and up to one fourth of the self-identified White Australian population acknowledges distant Chinese ancestry.[citation needed]

The concept of "whiteness" does differ in some ways from country to country within the region and in comparison with North America and Europe. For instance, people whose ancestry is Middle Eastern consider themselves "white" in Latin America (and in the U.S. and elsewhere), although in Europe Middle Easterners are not all categorized as such. Equally, a person with one eighth of African ancestry and seven eighths European ancestry would usually be considered black in the U.S. and white in Latin America.

As far as Amerindian ancestry in the White Latin American population is concerned, under the casta system of colonial Latin America, a person of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry would legally and automatically regain their limpieza de sangre (lit. "purity of blood") and be classified as criollo with others in that category (a designation denoting "pure" Spaniards born in the Americas), if they were of one-eighth or less Amerindian ancestry. These would be the offspring of a castizo (1/4th Amerindian 3/4th Spanish) with a Spaniard or a criollo (who may himself have been mixed).[22]

In practice, many castizos did themselves also subversively purchase their Whiteness all over Latin America, for a steep price,[23] with relevant "probanzas de limpieza de sangre" records altered, consolidating themselves within the lawfully white population. Additionally, at least in the parts of Latin America under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (from the modern Southwest United States plus Florida, all of modern Mexico then down as far south as the southern border of modern Costa Rica, as well as Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic), officials in the late 16th century did actually decide "to grant limpieza certification to those who had no more than a fourth of native ancestry (called castizos)."[22]

Mexico

 Mexico

Main article: White Mexican

White Mexicans make up 15%[3] or 15%[4] of Mexico's population or around 16.3 million people. The majority of White Mexicans are of Spanish descent. However, many other immigrants arrived during the Second Mexican Empire (mostly French) and during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mostly from Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Germany. White Americans, Yugoslavians, Armenians, Greeks, Germans, Poles, Romanians, Russians and Ashkenazic Jews, along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War also immigrated.

Caribbean

Cuba

 Cuba

Main article: White Cuban

White Cubans make up 37%[5] of Cuba's total population, with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent, mainly from the settlers but also from the more recent influx of exiles from Franco's Spain. Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards arrived from Spain; many of these and their descendentsleft after the Castro government took power.

Dominican Republic

 Dominican Republic

White Dominicans represent 16% of the total population, with the majority being of Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese and French descent. There is also a smaller presence of Middle Easterners, primarily Lebanese. The government of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo made a point of "whitening" the racial composition of the country, rejecting black immigrants from Haiti and the local blacks as foreigners[24]. For example, he welcomed Jewish refugees in 1938[25] and Spanish farmers in the 1950s[26].

Puerto Rico

 Puerto Rico

White Puerto Ricans of European, chiefly Spanish descent, are said to comprise the majority. In the United States Census, 2000 over 3,064,862 or 80.5% of the total Island population identified as White. One reason for Puerto Rico's high percentage of European-descent population is the fact that many of the Puerto Ricans of African descent left the island in waves of migration. During the 1800s, hundreds of Corsican, French, Lebanese, and Portuguese families, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain (mainly from Catalonia, Asturias, Galicia, the Balearic Islands, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands) and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America, arrived in Puerto Rico. Other settlers have included Irish, Scots, Germans, Italians, and thousands others who were granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land.

Central America

Costa Rica

 Costa Rica

The exact percentage of the white Costa Rican population is not known because the Costa Rican census combines mestizos and whites in one category, however, unofficial estimates put the white Costa Rican population at 80%[27]. The Costa Rican census combines both mestizo (of mixed Native American and European decent) and whites in one category, the estimated combined total of both groups is 94%.[8] The white population is primarily of Spanish ancestry[28] with significant numbers of Costa Ricans of Italian, German, Jewish and Polish descent. In contrast to its neighboring countries' populations, less mixing of the Spanish settlers and the indigenous populations occurred. Therefore, a vast majority of Costa Ricans are either of Spanish or to a lesser extent of mixed mestizo heritage.

Guatemala

 Guatemala

Honduras

 Honduras

Nicaragua

 Nicaragua

Main articles: Nicaraguan and Demographics of Nicaragua
Founding members of the Deutsche Club in Nicaragua.

White Nicaraguans make up 17%, about 1 million, of the Nicaraguan population. The majority of White Nicaraguans are of Spanish, German, Italian, or French ancestry. In the 1800s Nicaragua experienced several waves of immigration, primarily from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, mostly to the departments in the Central and Pacific region. As a result, the Northern cities of Estelí, Jinotega and Matagalpa have significant fourth generation Germans. They established many agricultural businesses such as coffee and sugar cane plantations, and also newspapers, hotels and banks.

Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrians, Armenians, Palestinian Nicaraguans, Jewish Nicaraguans, and Lebanese Nicaraguans with a total population of about 30,000.

Panama

 Panama

South America

Argentina

 Argentina

Main article: White Argentine

White Argentines make up 95% of Argentina's population, or around 39 million people. Whites are found in all areas of the country. White Argentines mainly are descendants of immigrants who came from Europe in the late 19th century. Most of these immigrants came from Spain and Italy.

Brazil

 Brazil

Main article: White Brazilian

Chile

 Chile

The Chilean population is approximately 30% white, with predominantly-white Mestizos further numbered at 65%.[7] These two figures are normally combined, so that Chile's population is classified as 95% white and white-Amerindian, 3% Amerindian, and 2% other.[29] Whites are mostly Spanish in origin (mainly Castilians, Andalusians and Basques). The more notable other groups are Italians, Germans, and Croats.

Colombia

 Colombia

The Colombian population is approximately 20%[3] or 25% white.[citation needed] White Colombians mainly are descendents of Spaniards but also of Italians, Germans, Lithuanians, French, Belgians, Polish, Ukranians, Croatians, and Scandinavians.

Ecuador

 Ecuador

Paraguay

 Paraguay

Uruguay

 Uruguay

White Uruguayans represent approximately 88% of its population and are of prevalently white European descent, mainly Spaniards, followed closely by Italians, then British, Germans, French, Swiss, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Greeks, Scandinavians, and Irish.

Venezuela

 Venezuela

Notable White Latin Americans

Main article: List of White Latin Americans

See also

Column-generating template families

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Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
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Notes and references

http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/CU/people.html

  1. ^ a b "PNAD" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  2. ^ Brazil: Ethnic groups
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Field Listing - Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ a b c "TABLA II.3 POBLACION POR COLOR DE LA PIEL Y GRUPOS DE EDADES, SEGUN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA Y SEXO" (in Spanish). CubaGob.cu. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  6. ^ a b "Venezuela". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-08-25. "...about one-fifth of Venezuelans are of European lineage". {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ a b c "5.2.6. Estructura racial". La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2007-08-26. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ a b c "Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21. white (including mestizo) 94% {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) = 3.9 million whites and mestizos
  9. ^ "Argentina: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  10. ^ "Mexico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  11. ^ "Mexico: Ethnic Groups". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
  12. ^ "Colombia: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  13. ^ "Peru: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  14. ^ "Puerto Rico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  15. ^ "Uruguay: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  16. ^ "D.R.: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  17. ^ "Bolivia: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  18. ^ "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  19. ^ "L'emigració dels europeus cap a Amèrica" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  20. ^ "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes". Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  21. ^ a b "South America: Postindependence overseas immigrants". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-26. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ a b Martínez, María Elena. "The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico". History Cooperative. Retrieved 2007-08-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^ Frank W. Sweet. Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise And Triumph of the One-drop Rule. Backintyme. pp. 215–235. ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
  24. ^ A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture, Ernesto Sagás.
  25. ^ The Dominican Republic's Haven for Jewish Refugees, Lauren Levy, Jerusalem Post, January 6, 1995.
  26. ^ ...no hicieron Las Américas, El País, 11 April 1999.
  27. ^ The Costa Rican people
  28. ^ White Settlement in Costa Rica
  29. ^ CIA - The World Factbook -- Chile
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