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===The terminus===
===The terminus===
A given share taxi route usually starts and finishes in fixed central locations, and landmarks may serve as route names or route termini. In some African cities routes are run between formal terminals,<ref name=synd/> where the majority{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} of passengers board.<ref name=synd/> In these places the share taxis wait for a full load of passengers prior to departing, and off-peak wait times may be in excess of an hour.<ref name=synd/> In other places there may be no formal termini, with taxis simply congregating at a central location,<ref name=nypubcarpr/> instead.
A given share taxi route usually starts and finishes in fixed central locations, and landmarks may serve as route names or route termini. In some African cities routes are run between formal termini,<ref name=synd/> where the majority{{citation needed|date=March 2011}} of passengers board.<ref name=synd/> In these places the share taxis wait for a full load of passengers prior to departing, and off-peak wait times may be in excess of an hour.<ref name=synd/>


In other places there may be no formal termini, with taxis simply congregating at a central location,<ref name=nypubcarpr/> instead.
⚫
Even more-formal terminals may be little more than parking lots.<ref>[http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRSUBSAHTRA/Resources/Stuck-in-Traffic.pdf Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (page 24)] Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in cooperation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.</ref>


⚫
Even more-formal terminals may be little more than parking lots.<ref>[http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRSUBSAHTRA/Resources/Stuck-in-Traffic.pdf Stuck in Traffic; Urban Transport in Africa (page 24)] Ajay Kumar & Fanny Barrett. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic in cooperation with the World Bank, January 2008. Draft Final Report.</ref>
When passengers arrive at a taxi park, they are often assailed by people known as touts, coti-men, or taxi scouts, whose job is to persuade travellers to use their specific vehicle or taxi company with efforts that range from praising the comfort of a vehicle, promising quick journeys to grabbing baggage and throwing it atop their car. Nevertheless, most share taxis only leave the taxi park after all possible seats have been sold, whether that be a matter of minutes, hours, or days. Taxis headed to more popular destinations thus generally have lower wait times, although such locales are often serviced by more than one company. Travellers often opt for the car with the more passengers, leading some companies to sit employees in cars to make them seem fuller than they really are. The cars sometimes follow a loose timetable, although leaving when full is a sometimes hallmark of the share taxi.

In some towns and villages, taxis are not affiliated with any particular company and several privately owned cars queue up to travel. Despite the fact that they are all in effect competitors, drivers still wait for other cars to depart before they begin to fill up their own vehicles.


===Along the route===
===Along the route===

Revision as of 00:54, 10 March 2011

State / Territory / Region Name used
 Albania Furgon
 Algeria Taxis collectifs
 Angola Candongueiro
 Argentina Colectivo (old usage)
Combi (current usage)
 Armenia Marshrutka or երթուղային տաքսի ert’uġayin tak’si
 Australia Multi-hire taxi
 Barbados Zed err (After the first two letters of their license plates ZR)
 Benin Kia kia (Yorùbáland)[1]
 Belarus Marshrutka (маршрутка)
 Bolivia Trufi or Combi
 Botswana Kombi (After VW's Kombi)
 Brazil Táx lotação, alternativo
 Bulgaria Marshrutka (маршрутка)
 Canada Jitney

In Quebec, taxis collectifs
or transport collectif par taxi
or taxibus

 Colombia Colectivo, Buseta
 Costa Rica Taxi pirata
 Chile Colectivo
 Côte d'Ivoire Gbaka[2]
 Congo (DRC) Fula fula[1]
 Cuba Almendrón
 Ivory Coast Woro woro
 Cyprus Service taxi
 Dominican Republic Concho, carro público
 Egypt Mashrou' (مشروع)
 El Salvador Coaster, or minibus (Coster)
 Estonia Liinitakso or marsruuttakso
 Ethiopia Minibus taxi
 Gambia Tanka tanka
 Germany Sammeltaxi
 Ghana Tro tro[2]
 Guatemala Camioneta
 Guinea Magbana
 Haiti Tap tap
 Hong Kong Name in English:
Public light bus, minibus or van
Name in Chinese:
公共小型巴士 or 小巴
 Indonesia Angkot, Bemo, Mikrolet (Jakarta), Oplet (Pekanbaru, Padang), Pete pete (Makassar), Sudako (Medan), other names exist
 India Shared taxi, Six-seater auto,

Eight-seater auto, Phat a phat, Polaamboo

 Iran Taxi
(conventional taxicabs are called taxi services)
 Israel Monit Sherut
מוֹנִית שֵׂרוּת
 Italy Taxi collettivo
 Kazakhstan Marshrutka (маршрутное такси,

or маршрутка)

 Kenya Matatu[2]
 Lebanon Service (سرفيس)
 Latvia Maršruta taksometrs
 Lithuania Maršrutinis taksi
 North Macedonia Kombe (Комбе)
 Malaysia Pempena Executive Taxi
 Mali Sotrama[2]
 Mexico Auto de Ruta (Ruletero), Colectivo, Rutero, Pesero or Combi,

(pesero and combi, usually a small bus)

 Moldova Maxi taxi (formal), Rutiera (informal)
 Morocco Grand Taxi, Petit Taxi
 Mozambique Chapa (pronounced sha-pa)
 Nepal Micro
 Nicaragua Taxi Colectivo (for taxis), microbus (for minivans)
 Netherlands Deeltaxi, Treintaxi
 New Zealand Shuttle van
 Nigeria Bolekaja (Lagos),[1] danfo (Lagos),[2] kia kia (Yorùbáland),[1] molue (for midibuses)[2]
 Pakistan Local Van or Vagon
 Peru Combi
 Philippines Jeepney or V–Hire (Vehicle for Hire)
 Poland Bus, busik, minibus, mikrobus, nyska
 Puerto Rico Carros públicos, guagua, pisa y corre
 Romania Maxi taxi
 Russia Marshrutka (маршрутное такси,

or маршрутка)

 Rwanda Taxi or Twegerane (from the Kinyarwanda verb 'kwegerana' meaning to sit close to each other so as to make some space to sit).
 Senegal Car Rapide (for midibuses)[2]
 Sierra Leone Poda poda
 Slovakia Strely (In Martin, Martinské strely)
 Singapore Minibus
 Somalia Caasi, xaajiqamsiin
 South Africa Combi, Zola or Teksi
 Syria Service (سرفيس)
 Tanzania Dala dala[2]
 Thailand Songthaew (สองแถว)
 Togo Kia kia (Yorùbáland)[1]
 Trinidad and Tobago Maxi taxi
 Tunisia Louage
 Turkey Dolmuş
 Uganda Kamunye, Matatu or Taxi
 Ukraine Marshrutka (маршрутне таксі,

or маршрутка)

 United Kingdom Demand Responsive Transport, DRT
 United States Circulator, jitney, dollar van, shuttle service, shared ride limousine, guagua
 Uzbekistan Marshrutka (маршрутка)
 Venezuela Carrito por puesto
 Yemen Dabaab
 Zimbabwe Commuter Omnibus or Tshova
Many West and Central
African countries,
& Madagascar 		Bush taxi (French: Taxi brousse)
Some Latin American
countries 		Públicos, colectivos, carritos, gauguas

A share taxi is a mode of transport that falls between taxis and conventional buses. These informal vehicles for hire are found throughout the world and usually take people on a fixed or semi-fixed route without timetables leaving when all seats are filled, instead. Some have the added convenience of stopping anywhere to pick up or drop off passengers.

Often found in developing countries[3] under a variety of different, local names, the vehicles used as share taxis range from standard four-seater cars up to minibuses.[4] Many are privately owned and have an anarchic operating style, lacking central control or organisation. Some are under the sway of local organised crime groups.[5][6]

Depending on the state they are found in, some developed countries, such as the US and Canada, warn their citizens not to use share taxis.

The UITP term "informal transport" includes the share taxi activity.

Operation

Share taxis are always operated in a way that allows them to be defined as such.

The terminus

A given share taxi route usually starts and finishes in fixed central locations, and landmarks may serve as route names or route termini. In some African cities routes are run between formal termini,[7] where the majority[citation needed] of passengers board.[7] In these places the share taxis wait for a full load of passengers prior to departing, and off-peak wait times may be in excess of an hour.[7]

In other places there may be no formal termini, with taxis simply congregating at a central location,[8] instead.

Even more-formal terminals may be little more than parking lots.[9]

Along the route

Where they exist, share taxis provide service on set routes within and sometimes between towns. Large buses may be better-suited to inter-city travel, instead.

After a share taxi has obtained fares at its terminus, it proceeds along a route. Drivers will stop anywhere to allow riders to disembark, and may sometimes do the same when prospective passengers want to ride.

Don't expect your share taxi to drop you off at your destination, as they don't deviate from their route. Simply ask to disembark as close as possible to where you want to go.

Operational distinctions

While all share taxis share certain characteristics--and many regional versions exhibit peculiarities--some basic operational distinctions can be delineated.

Vehicle ownership

Most share taxis are operated under one of two regimes.

Company

Some share taxis are operated by a company,[citation needed] and in Dakar company-owned fleets of public transports called car rapides numbering in the hundreds exist.[10]

Individual

While company share taxis exist, in Africa individual owners are the norm. Rarely owning more than two vehicles at a time they will rent out a minibus to operators.[11] These drivers keep all profits but incur operating costs in addition to rent including fuel,[11] which can account for a substantial portion of the money outlaid on running an African share taxi.

Syndicates

In some African cities, share taxi minibuses may be overseen by syndicates or route associations.[7] These groups often function in the absence of a regulatory environment and may collect dues or fees from drivers, manage terminals, set routes, and fix fares.[7] Such terminal management may include ensuring each vehicle leaves with a full load of passengers.[7]

Regulation

In Africa, regulation is mainly something that pertains to the vehicle itself[12] not its operator[12] or its mode of operation.[citation needed]

In Kenya regulation does extend to operators[13][14] and mode of operation (such as routes used)[citation needed] as well as the vehicle[15]

Types of vehicle

Share taxi is a unique mode of transport independent of vehicle type. Minibuses,[16] midibuses, covered pickup trucks, station wagons, and lorries see use as share taxis.

Traditional systems around the world

While carrying different names and distinguished by regional peculiarities, the share taxi is an everyday feature of life in many places throughout the world.

Black taxi (Northern Ireland)

In some towns in Northern Ireland, notably certain districts in Ballymena, Belfast, Derry and Newry, share taxi services operate using Hackney carriages. These services developed during The Troubles as public bus services were often interrupted due to street rioting. Taxi collectives are closely linked with political groups - those operating in Catholic areas with Sinn Féin, those in Protestant areas with loyalist paramilitaries and their political wings.

Typically, fares approximate to those of Translink operated bus services on the same route. Service frequencies are typically higher than on bus services, especially at peak times, although limited capacities mean that passengers living close to the termini may find it difficult to find a black taxi with seats available in the rush hour.

Bush taxi (West and Central Africa)

A Toyota Corolla estate bush taxi.

There are three main types of bush taxi (French taxi brousse, Mandinka tanka tanka): the station wagon, the minibus, and the lorry. Many are previously owned vehicles imported from Europe or Japan, while others are assembled from parts in regional centres such as Nigeria or Kenya. The original seating of the vehicles is usually stripped out in order to allocate more and longer benches and thus more passenger space. In addition, more people generally sit on each bench than would be the case in more-developed countries. They are often in poor condition, though wealthier countries tend to have better-maintained vehicles.

In the past, most station-wagon bush taxis were modified 1980s-model Peugeot 504s. In some countries they are known as "five-seaters" or "seven-seaters" (French sept-place), but in fact, they may seat nine passengers or more in three rows of seats. Today, however, other models, such as the Peugeot 505 or the Toyota Corolla have supplanted the 504 in some countries and are gaining ground in others.

The bush taxi, a type of public light bus frequently used in West-Africa

Typically two passengers are seated on the front seat next to the driver, and four passengers in each of the two back rows. Sometimes, in particular on less-frequented routes, bush taxis are even more crowded and passengers might even sit on the roof or the boot. Bush taxis in wealthier countries tend to be less crowded. For example, in Nigeria bush taxis (of both the station wagon or minibus type) are called three-across if only three passenger sit in each row. If four passengers sit in each row the bush taxi is accordingly then called a four-across.

The minibus (French minicar) is quickly becoming the most common type of bush taxi in West and Central Africa, especially for longer trips. Minibuses are van-like vehicles that may seat between 12 and 20 passengers. Due to the vehicles' larger size, drivers often also employ a helper who rides in the back portion of the vehicle and tells them when to stop to let people off or helps load and unload baggage. Minibuses tend to travel at a slower pace, and they take longer to fill up and to pass through police checkpoints. These vehicles generally charge more than standard buses but less than Peugeot-type bush taxis. Frequently used brands/models in West-Africa are the Renault Goelette, the Saviem Super Goelette 2, and the Isuzu Kitamura minibus. Note that the Goelette may also be found frequently in Vietnam and Madagascar as a share taxi.[17]

The lorry bush taxi (French bâché) is also sometimes encountered. It is a typical lorry (or truck) with benches along the sides of the bed for passengers. There is often a cover for the bed as well. Routes serviced by lorries often require travel over worse roads and to more remote areas than the other types.

Carro Público

Carros Públicos (literally "Public Cars") are share taxis in the Dominican Republic[18] and Puerto Rico.[19]

Dominican Republic

In the Dominican Republic these privately-owned vehicles[20] run fixed routes[18][20] with no designated stops, and the ride is shared with other passengers.[18]

Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada advises against traveling in Dominican Republic carros públicos because doing so makes passengers targets for robbery, and because the taxis are known to, "disregard traffic laws, often resulting in serious accidents involving injuries and sometimes death."[21] The US Department of State also warns that using them is hazardous, as passengers are often pick pocketed or sometimes robbed by the drivers themselves.[20]

Puerto Rico

In Puerto Rico, carros públicos ply set routes with several passengers sharing the ride[22] and others picked up throughout the journey.[19]

The industry is regulated by the Puerto Rico Public Service Commission.[8]

While these cars do travel inter-city, they may not be available for longer, cross-island travel.[8] Stations may exist in cities, and Puerto Rican carros públicos may congregate in specific places around town.[8]

Colectivo

See Main article: Colectivo

Colectivos operated as share taxis from the 1930s until the 1990s in Buenos Aires, Argentina when they were integrated into the public transportation system. They still operate throughout the country.

Dala dala (Tanzania)

Main article: Dala-dala
A dala dala in the city of Dar es Salaam

Minivans (minibuses may be a more-correct term here) are used as vehicles for hire and referred to as dala dala in Tanzania.[23] While dala dala may run fixed routes picking up passengers at central locations, they will also stop along the route to drop someone off or allow a prospective passenger to board.[23] Before minibuses became widely used, the typical dala dala was a pick-up truck with benches placed in the truck bed.[24]

These often-crowded[23] public transports have their routes allocated by a Tanzania transport regulator, SUMATRA.[25]

Usually operated by both a driver and a conductor,[23] the latter is called a mpigadebe. Literally meaning "a person who hits a debe" (a 4 gallon tin container used for transporting gasoline or water), the name is in reference to the fact that conductors are often hitting the roof and side of the van to attract customers and notify the driver when to leave the station.

Dolmuş (Turkey, Turkish-controlled Cyprus)

Karsan-built Peugeot J9 Premier dolmuş in Bodrum, Turkey

In Turkey and Turkish controlled, Northern Cyprus dolmuş (pronounced "dolmush"[26]) are share taxis that run on set routes within[26][27] and between[26] cities. Each of these cars or minibuses displays their particular route on signboards behind the windscreen.[26]

Some cities may only allow dolmuş to pick-up and disembark passengers at designated stops, and terminals also exist.[26] The word derives from Turkish for "full" or "stuffed",[28] as these share taxis depart from the terminal only when a sufficient amount of passengers have boarded.[26]

Westerners may be surprised by the speed of dolmuş travel.[29]

These share taxis are also found in Turkish-controlled, Northern Cyprus under the same name.[28] Traveling intra and inter-city,[28] the privately owned minibuses or aging Mercedes stretch limos are overseen by a governance institution; routes are leased and vehicles, licensed.[28] Passengers board anywhere along the route (you may have to get the driver to stop if he doesn't honk at you) as well as at termini and official stations.[28] Dolmuş in Turkish-controlled, Northern Cyprus display their routes but don't follow timetables.[28] Instead, they simply appear frequently.[28]

Ruletero (Guatemala)

In Guatemala, ruleteros, minibus share taxis, pick up and discharge passengers along major streets.[30]

Jeepney (Philippines)

A typical jeepney
Main article: Jeepney

The most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines as of 2007,[31] jeepneys were originally made out of US military jeeps left over from World War II[32] and are known for their color and flamboyant decoration.[31]

In contrast to their African share taxi brethren, jeepneys are often conversion vehicles, as Filipinos are not content to extemporaneously place a picture of a deity, mortal or no, on a bondo-splattered minibus and then pack it with passengers. They have not changed much since their post-war creation[33] even in the face of an increased access to pre-made vehicles, such as minibuses.

Preferring to only leave when full and only stop for a crowd of potential passengers,[34] riders can disembark at any time,[35] however. And while jeepneys ply fixed routes,[31] these may be subject to change over time.[36] New ones may need approval from a Philippine transport regulator.[37] Jeepney stations do exist.[38]

Jitney (US and Canada)

Main article: Dollar Van

A jitney is a North American English term that originally referred to a vehicle for hire intermediate between a taxi and a bus.[39] They are generally a small-capacity vehicles that follow a rough service route, but can go slightly out of its way to pick up and drop off passengers. In many U.S. cities (e.g. Pittsburgh and Detroit), the term jitney refers to an unlicensed taxi cab.

The name comes from an archaic, colloquial term for a five-cent piece in the US. The common fare for the service when it first came into use was five cents, so the "five-cent cab" or "jitney cab" came to be known for the price charged.

In Rhode Island a jitney license plate is used for all public passenger buses, even for larger ones.

Jitney in Atlantic City, United States in 2008

While jitneys became fairly common in many other countries, such as the Philippines, they first appeared in the US and Canada. The first US jitneys ran in Los Angeles, California in 1914. By 1915, there were 62,000 nationwide. Local regulations, demanded by streetcar companies, killed the jitney in most places. By the end of 1916, only 6,000 jitneys remained.[40] Similarly, in Vancouver, Canada, in the 1920s, jitneys competed directly with the streetcar monopoly operating along the same routes as the streetcars but charging lower fares.[41] Operators were referred to as "jitney men." They were so successful that the city government banned them at the request of the streetcar operators.

Since the 1973 oil crisis (as well as the mid-20th-century decline in transit service), jitneys have reappeared in some areas of the US, particularly in inner city areas once served by streetcars and private buses. An increase in bus fares usually leads to a significant rise in jitney usage. Liberalization of jitneys is often encouraged by libertarian urban economists, such as University of Chicago's Richard Epstein, Rutgers' James Dunn, and USC's Peter Gordon, as a more "market-friendly" alternative to public transportation. Concerns over fares, insurance liabilities, and passenger safety have kept legislative support for jitneys decidedly tepid. Nevertheless, in New York City and northern New Jersey, jitneys (known as "dollar vans" because of their original price or guaguas in Spanish) are regulated and remain popular especially outside of Manhattan.

Miami has the country's most comprehensive jitney network, due to Caribbean influence.

In Atlantic City the ACJA operates a jitney service that travels the main strip of casinos. One of the routes also services the new cluster of casinos west of Atlantic City proper.

Liinitakso (Estonia)

Share taxis in Estonia are mostly found in Tallinn, the capital.[citation needed] Called liinitakso, marsruuttakso, taksobuss, mikroautobuss, or maršrutinis depending on the language spoken,[42] these minibuses run fixed routes and allow passengers to disembark at any time.[42]

Louage (Tunisia)

Share taxis in Tunisia are called louage and follow fixed or semi-fixed routes, departing from stations when full.[43] Usually minibuses or compact cars,[43] although some louage are station wagons,[44] passengers may board and disembark at any point during travel.[43]

They run between towns and within cities.[43]

Marshrutka (Russia and the Republics of the Former Soviet Union)

Four marshrutkas in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Main article: Marshrutka

Marshrutka[3][45] or marshrutnoe taksi[46] are share taxis found in Eastern Europe[3][45] and Russia.[47] Usually vans,[3] they drive along set routes, only depart when all seats are filled,[45][47] and may have higher fares than buses.[3][47] Passengers can board a marshrutka anywhere along its route if there are seats available.[45][47]

As fares are usually paid before the marshrutka leaves,[47][48] which seat you choose can have consequences. Riders nearer the driver are responsible for handing up the other passengers' fares and passing back change.[47][48]

Mashrū` (Egypt)

Egyptian share cabs are generally known as masharī`, (مشريع (singular mashrū` مشروع) meaning literally "project" or "planned"; the name may be a phono-semantic match from marshrutka, particularly given Egypt's Cold War ties to the Soviet Union.

Masharī` are licensed by each governorate as taxicabs, and are generally operated privately by their drivers. Although each governorate attempts to maintain a consistent paint scheme for them, in practice the color of masharī` varies wildly, as the "consistent" schemes have changed from time to time and many drivers have not bothered to repaint their cars.

Rates vary depending on distance traveled, although these rates are generally well-known to those riding the mashrū`. The fares also depend on the city. Riders can typically hail masharī` from any point along the route, often with well-established hand signals indicating the prospective rider's destination, although certain areas tend to be well-known mashrū` stops.

Like the Eastern European marshrutka, a typical mashrū` is a large van, most often a Toyota HiAce or its Jinbei equivalent, the Haise, and the latter is produced by the Bavarian Auto Manufacturing Group in 6th of October City in Egypt. Smaller vans and larger small buses are also used.

Maršrutinis taksi (Lithuania)

In Lithuania share taxis are called maršrutinis taksi, mikruškė, mikriukas[46] or maršrutinis.[42]

Matatu (Kenya, Uganda)

In Kenya and neighboring nations[49][50][51] matatu are privately-owned[5] minibuses,[15] although pick-up trucks were in the past pressed into service[49] as these East African public transports whose decoration often features portraits of the famous.[14][52] Slogans and sayings also appear,[53] some religious.[52][53] In addition to a driver, matatu may be staffed by a tout,[5] conductor,[54][13][55] or porter.[56]

They may ply set routes,[57] display this route,[54] run from termini,[15][58] run both inter and intra-city,[57][59] and may stop along said route to purchase or collect money from passengers.

As of 1999, matatu could have been the only form of public transport in Nairobi, Kenya,[5] but this may not have been the case in 2006[57] and 2008.[60]

The name is a Swahili colloquialism,[50] and were it convenient,[citation needed] passengers could even pay for their journeys via cell phone.[61]

A very young Barack Obama once stepped inside a matatu,[62] too.

Regulation

In Kenya this industry is regulated,[5] and such minibuses must, by law, be fitted with seatbelts[15] and speed governors.[15][13] Present regulation may not be sufficient deterrent to prevent small infractions[54] as even decoration may be prohibited.[13] Kenyan regulation is so onerous, and a matatu worker can be pulled from the streets simply for sporting too loud a shirt.[14]

Minibus taxi (Ethiopia)

Minibus taxis in Ethiopia are one of the most important modes of transport in big cities like Addis Ababa. They are preferred by the majority of the populace over public buses and more-traditional taxicabs because they are generally cheap, operate on diverse routes, and are available in abundance. All minibus taxis in Ethiopia have a standard blue-and-white coloring scheme, much like the yellow color of New York taxis. Minibus taxis are usually Toyota Hiaces, but other makes, including Volkswagen Kombis have also been observed. They typically can carry 11 passengers. The minibus driver has a crew member called a weyala.

To get a ride, one has to either go to a minibus terminal or hail a minibus that is passing by on the road. In both cases, the weyala will inform potential passengers of the minibus's itinerary simply by shouting out the destination. Minibus taxis don't have fixed stops along their route, but instead the passenger is required to inform the weyala, who in turn informs the driver to stop at a desired location.

Many minibus taxi drivers regularly chew 'chat' (a mild stimulant) to offset fatigue due to their 16-18 hour shifts. This may lead them to be aggressive and irritable on the road.

Minibus taxi (South Africa)

Cape Town minibus taxi rank
See also: Taxi wars in South Africa

Over 60% of South African commuters use shared minibus taxis (16 seater commuter buses). These vehicles are mostly unsafe and not roadworthy, and often dangerously overloaded.

Prior to 1987, the taxi industry in South Africa was highly regulated and controlled. Black taxi operators were declined permits in the Apartheid era and all minibus taxi operations were, by their very nature, illegal.

Post 1987, the industry was rapidly deregulated, leading to an influx of new minibus taxi operators, keen to make money off the high demand for this service. Taxi operators banded together to form local and national associations. Because the industry was largely unregulated and the official regulating bodies corrupt, these associations soon engaged in anti-competitive price fixing and exhibited gangster tactics - including the hiring of hit-men and all-out gang warfare. During the height of the conflict, it was not uncommon for taxi drivers to carry shotguns and AK-47's to simply shoot rival taxi drivers and their passengers on sight.[citation needed]

Currently the South African Government is attempting to formalize and re-regulate the out-of-control minibus taxi industry. Along with new legislation, the government has instituted a 7-year recapitalization scheme to replace the old and unroadworthy vehicles with new 18 and 35-seater minibuses. These new minibus taxis carry the South African flag on the side and are notably more spacious and safe.

Public light bus (Hong Kong)

A public light bus (left) and a double-decker bus (right) in Hong Kong.
Main article: Public light bus

Public light buses (Chinese: 公共小型巴士), also known as minibus or maxicab (Chinese: 小巴), run the length and breadth of Hong Kong, through areas which the standard bus lines cannot or do not reach as frequently, quickly or directly.

Typically offering a faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity, frequency and diverse range of routes, although they are generally slightly more expensive than standard buses, minibuses carry a maximum of 16 seated passengers. Standing passengers are allowed.

There are two types of public light minibus, green and red. Both types have a cream coloured body, the distinguishing feature being the colour of the external roof, and the type of service that the colour denotes: green for continuous service (regardless of number of passengers) and generally salaried drivers; red is more like a shared taxi, with the driver waiting for enough passengers to justify leaving, as his income depends on the revenue.

Service taxi (Cyprus)

In Cyprus there are privately owned share taxis that travel to set destinations and board additional passengers en route.[63]

Shared taxi and shared jeep (India)

Shared taxis–and they are known by that exact name–have been operating in Mumbai, India, since the early 1970s. These are more like a point-to-point service that operates only during the peak hours than other share taxis. During off-peak hours, they ply just like the regular taxis; they can be hailed anywhere on the roads, and passengers are charged by the meter.

But during peak hours several of them will operate as shared taxis, taking a full cab load of passengers to a more or less common destination. The pick-up points for these taxis are fixed, and are marked by a sign saying “shared taxis” and the cabs will line up at this point during peak hours.

They display the general destination they are headed for on their windscreens, and passengers just get in and wait for the cab to fill up. As soon as this happens–which takes less than a few minutes–the cab moves off. Fares are a fixed amount and are far lower than the metered fare to the same destination but higher than a bus or train fare.

Quicker than buses, these taxis are also popular for their greater comfort and the absence of the crush people that typifies rush hour commuter traffic in buses and trains.

Share jeeps are a common form of transportation in the Himalayas and elsewhere.[64]

Sherut (Israel)

Sherut is a Hebrew word meaning "service". Also referring to vans[65][66][67] that serve as share taxis in Israel, these can be picked up from sherut stations.[65] They follow fixed routes[65][66] (sometimes the same routes as public transport buses[65]), leave when full,[65][68] and will only disembark passengers along the route.[65] Sherut operate both inter[66][69] and intra-city.[66]

Called "ser-vees" (service taxi) by Palestinians, in the West Bank vans are replaced by minibuses, aging Mercedes sedans,[66] etc.

Shuttle (US and New Zealand)

A shuttle van service to Dunedin International Airport, operated by Super Shuttle loads a passenger at Dunedin Railway Station in New Zealand

Shuttles operate from most New Zealand airports, and fares are usually on a per person basis with a minimum charge when there is a small number of passengers.[70] Under LTSA Regulations Shuttles are only allowed to have up to eleven passenger seats and the driver must have a 'p' endorsed drivers licence.

In many places in the US shuttle services offer shared rides, particularly on popular routes, e.g. to and from the airport. These offer shared rides with passengers are picked up and dropped off at various destinations. Just like with a cab you get "door to door" service, although the trip is shared and may take longer with other people being picked up or dropped off on the way.

Rates are lower than for cabs, even if the driver does not manage to pick up other riders for that particular trip.

Songthaew (Thailand)

Main article: Songthaew

Literally "two rows"[citation needed] a songthaew or song thaew[71] (Thai สองแถว, Lao: ສອງແຖວ [sɔ̌ːŋtʰíw]) is a passenger vehicle in Thailand[71] and Laos[72] adapted from a pick-up[72] or a larger truck and used as a share taxi. They are also known as baht buses.

Tap tap, publiques (Haiti)

a Haitian tap tap
Main article: Tap tap

Tap taps, gaily painted buses[73][74] or pick-up trucks,[74] and publiques, usually older saloon cars,[75] serve as share taxis in Haiti.

Literally meaning "quick quick",[1] tap taps are privately owned and beautifully decorated.[73] They follow fixed routes;[76] won't leave until filled with passengers;[76][74] and many feature wild colors, portraits of famous people, and intricate, hand-cut wooden window covers.[73] Often they are painted with religious names or slogans.[1] Riders can disembark at any point in the journey.[76][74]

The publiques operate on fixed routes and pick up additional passengers all along the way.[75]

While saying not to use any form of public transport in Haiti, the Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada advises against tap tap travel especially.[77] The US State Department also warns travelers not to use tap taps, "because they are often overloaded, mechanically unsound, and driven unsafely."[78]

Taxis collectifs (Algeria)

In Algeria taxis collectifs ply fixed routes with their destination displayed.[79] Rides are shared with others who are picked up along the way,[80] and initially the taxi won't leave at all until it seats all the passengers it can.[81] While stations, set locations to board and disembark,[citation needed] do exist,[82][83] prospective passengers flag down a taxis collectifs when they want a ride.[79]

Operating inter[84][85] and intra-city,[citation needed] taxis collectifs that travel between towns may be called interwilaya taxis.[86]

Along with all forms of public transport in Algeria, the Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada recommend against using these share taxis.[80] The Irish Department of Foreign Affairs asks that you use taxis recommended by your hotel.[87]

Taxis collectifs (Quebec)

See also: Montreal taxibus and RTL shared taxi

In Quebec share taxis or jitneys are called taxis collectifs[88] (in English "collective taxis"[89]) or transport collectif par taxi[90] (which may be translated in English as "taxibus"[91]) and are operated by subcontractors to the local transit authorities[91][92][93][94] on fixed routes.[citation needed]

In the case of the Montréal the fare is the same as local bus fare, but no cash and transfers are issued or accepted;[95] in case of the STL only bus passes.[92][96] The Réseau de transport de Longueuil accepts regular RTL tickets and all RTL and some tram passes.[97]

Taxi colectivo (South America)

See also: See Pesero and Combi

Often share taxi routes in Mexico are ad hoc arrangements to fill in gaps in regular public transportation, and many operate inter-city as well as local routes. In many rural areas, they are the only public transportation.

In some cases truck/taxi combination vehicles have evolved to transport light goods as well as passengers. Heavily used share taxi routes often evolve into regulated microbus public transit routes, as has occurred in Mexico City and in Lima.

Taxis colectivos are also found in Perú, Chile, and Argentina, where they are most commonly referred to simply as colectivos.

Treintaxi (Netherlands)

Besides the conventional deeltaxi, there are treintaxis in most major Dutch towns. Operated on behalf of the Netherlands Railways,[citation needed] they run to and from railway stations and the ride is shared with additional passengers picked up along the way.[98] Tickets can be purchased at railway ticket offices or from the cabdriver,[98] but to ride the treintaxis you must order one by phone or board at a railway station.[98]

Tro tro (Ghana)

In Ghana and neighboring countries, tro tro are privately-owned[99][100][101] minibus vehicles for hire that travel fixed routes[101] leaving when filled to capacity.[99][100] While there are tro tro stations,[101][102] these share taxis can also be boarded anywhere along the route.[99][100][101]

Used by 70% of Ghanaian commuters, tro tro are the most popular form of transport for work and shopping in the country as of 2010.[103] While an informal means of transportation, in Ghana they are licensed by the government, but the industry is self-regulated.[101] Their popularity may be due to the fact that in cities such as Accra have no public transportation system save for these small minibuses.[60]

Operated by a driver and a conductor, who collects money, shouts out the destination, and is called a "mate",[101][104] many are decorated with slogans and sayings,[104] often religious,[99] and few operate on Sundays.[100]

Modern technology-based services

File:UKHackneyCabTexxi.jpg
A Liverpool Hackney Cab Driver

Paratransit

Modern Paratransit services, also known as demand responsive transport systems in the UK, can provide shared transport services in situations where scheduled services are not viable. Traditionally these services had to be booked a day in advance, but are becoming increasingly responsive using modern communications systems with a central booking system accessed by phone or internet and instant communications with GPS tracked vehicles. Unlike scheduled services the vehicles need not operate on fixed routes of timetables, although they do often have constrained routes.

Commercial shared taxis booking services

Some newer taxi share systems now use internet and mobile phone communications for booking and scheduling purposes, with the actual service provided by normal hackney carriage or Private Hire vehicles. Prospective passengers make bookings and supply destination details using SMS to a central server which aggregates these travel requests and creates packages of trips which are then communicated to drivers.

Commercially operated airport shuttle buses

There are many operators of airport shuttle services between Airports and Hotels around the world that operate on flexible routing and timing to offer a service that is both cheaper than a sole-occupancy taxi and also often more convenient that other forms of public transport. The requirement to carry luggage offers an added incentive to use such services over scheduled transport which will normally require a walk from the drop-off location to the final destination. Services from these operators are starting to spread from airports to railway stations and to other locations.

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