N. T. Rama Rao: Difference between revisions
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28. Introduced subsidized clothing scheme for women with household incomes less than Rs500/month and procured the needed clothing from APCO (Andhra Pradesh Co-Operative society for traditional weavers).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dr.B.Saranga|first=Pani|coauthors=Srinivasulu K|title=State Regimes and Power Sector Policies in Andhra Pradesh|journal=Governance and Policy Spaces Project, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad|year=2004|volume=Political Articulation and Policy Discourse in the 2004 Election in Andhra Pradesh,|pages=2|url=http://www.esocialsciences.com/data/eSSResearchPapers/eSSWPArticle2008730144733.rtf}}</ref> |
28. Introduced subsidized clothing scheme for women with household incomes less than Rs500/month and procured the needed clothing from APCO (Andhra Pradesh Co-Operative society for traditional weavers).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dr.B.Saranga|first=Pani|coauthors=Srinivasulu K|title=State Regimes and Power Sector Policies in Andhra Pradesh|journal=Governance and Policy Spaces Project, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad|year=2004|volume=Political Articulation and Policy Discourse in the 2004 Election in Andhra Pradesh,|pages=2|url=http://www.esocialsciences.com/data/eSSResearchPapers/eSSWPArticle2008730144733.rtf}}</ref> |
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29. NTR founded the SRI PADMAVATI MAHILA VISVAVIDYALAYAM in tirupati with the charter of expanding primary education for women in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prospectus for the University admission|url=http://www.spmvv.ac.in/Applications/Prospectus%202011-12.pdf|work=Description of the history and reasons for the establishment of the university|publisher=Sri Padmavati Mahila Vishwa Vidyalayam|accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref> |
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30. NTR initiated the construction and upgradation of airports in Tirupati, Vishakapatanam, Vijayawada and Warangal. He intiated the investment study for three ports in Nellore, Machilipatnam and Kakinada. He funded the constrution of rural road network, the total miles of road laid (22,000 miles) is more than half of all the state roads in existence till date.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sanjay Kumar|first=Singh|title=State Road transportation undertakings from 1983-84-1996-97: A multilateral analysis of total productivity|journal=Indian Journal of Transportation Management|date=06-12-2000|year=2000|month=6|volume=25|series=5|pages=363-388|url=http://home.iitk.ac.in/~sanjay/tfp.pdf|accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref> |
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31. NTR's upgradation of the road network and air connectivity to Tirupati and his key role in the National Front Government helped him push the funding of Radar Research Center of Tirupati with the mandate to provide outer atmospheric forecasting to significantly accelerate the weather forecasting capabilities of Andhra. The three objectives were a) Support Srihari kota into accelariting the launching of education satellites for rural education, b) Enhance water resource planning capability to reduce wastage of river water while providing reliable agricultural water supply c) Enhance rural primary education with long distance learning programs using edusat and televisions is primary schools across rural andhra.<ref>{{cite web|title=NATIONAL MST Radar Facility(NMRF)|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/comcom/develop73.htm|work=ISRO - Independent projects|publisher=ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)|accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref> |
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== Personal life == |
== Personal life == |
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Revision as of 16:22, 31 May 2011
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao | |
|---|---|
| 10th Chief Minister, Andhra Pradesh | |
| Preceded by | Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy |
| Succeeded by | Chandrababu Naidu |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 28, 1923 Nimmakuru, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Died | January 18, 1996 (aged 72) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Cause of death | Heart Attack |
| Political party | Telugu Desam Party |
| Spouse(s) | Basava Tarakam (deceased) and Lakshmi Parvathi |
| Children | (sons) Jayakrishna, Saikrishna, Harikrishna, Mohankrishna, Balakrishna, Ramakrishna, Jayasankarkrishna, (daughters) Lokeswari, Purandeshwari, Bhuvaneswari and Uma Maheswari |
| Known for | Cinema, Politics |
Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (Template:Lang-te) (born Nimmakuru, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh; 28 May 1923–18 January 1996), also known as NTR and fondly referred to as Anna garu, was an Indian Film Actor, director, producer, and a politician. He first gained popularity in the early 1950s as "messiah of the masses" and has become one of the most prominent figures in the history of Telugu Cinema.[1] He made his debut as an actor in Mana Desam (1949) a Telugu social film directed by L. V. Prasad. He then continued to work in Telugu cinema, often portraying antagonistic characters and gradually rose to acting in lead roles. He is est known for his portrayals of Hindu deities, especially Lord Krishna and Lord Rama.[2] "NTR" starred in over 320 Telugu films, that made him a mythic figure among the Telugu-speaking people of Andhra Pradesh.[3]
He founded the Telugu Desam Party in 1982 and served 3 tumultuous terms as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh between 1983 and 1994. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1968, recognizing his contribution to Telugu cinema. After his career in movies, Rao became a political activist and a political party leader. He is known as an advocate of Andhra Pradesh's distinct cultural identity, distinguishing it from Madras State with which it was often associated. Besides Telugu, he has also acted in a few Tamil and Kannada films.[4]
Early life
Born in Nimmakuru, a small village in Gudivada taluk on May 28, 1923, NTR had his early education from tutor Valluru Subba Rao, in his native village. His parents, Venkataramamma and Laxmaiah, gave him in adoption to the latter's brother, Ramaiah and his wife Chandramma. He studied up to Classs V in his village as there was no further education there, Ramaiah and his wife took their adopted son to Vijayawada and got him admitted into Class VI in the municipal school. He spent the following seven years in Yanamalakuduru, a small village near Vijayawada by the banks of river Krishna, at the home of D. Buchi Venkata Krishna Chowdary. He passed the matriculation examination in 1940 and joined the SRR and CVR College in Vijayawada. While doing his Intermediate course, he supplemented the family income by supplying milk to hotels in Vijayawada on his bicycle. At the end of the first year, the students decided to stage a play written by 'Kavi Samrat' Viswanadha Satyanarayana, the well-known Telugu poet and writer and the head of the Telugu department of the college. He joined the Andhra-Christian College at Guntur for the Bachelor of Arts course in 1945. From a young age he showed an interest in singing and developed a baritone singing voice as a young man.[5]
Career as an actor
N. T. Rama Rao started his career playing a police inspector in the movie Mana Desam (1949). The role was offered by director L V Prasad. Next he appeared in Palletoori Pilla, directed by B. A. Subba Rao. It marked the first occasion that Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao acted together for the first time.[6] The title role was played by Anjali Devi and the story was loosely based on the English play, Pizaro by Richard Sherton. The film was a commercial hit and ran for more than 100 days in 6 centres. He appeared in over 320 films, although only around 292 films are often accounted for, and he became a legend in Telugu cinema.[5] He often portrayed Hindu mythological god or hero but also made an ideal villain.[5]
He portrayed Lord Krishna in Maya Bazaar, Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham, Daana Veera Soora Karna, Lord Rama in (Lava Kusa), Bheeshma (Bheeshma) & Ravana (Bhookailasa), and Arjuna (Nartanasala). Later he became a screenwriter. Rao received no formal academic training in movie script writing. Yet he authored several screen plays for his own movies as well as for other producer's movies.
He actively campaigned for the construction of a large number of movie theaters in rural locations and was influential in designing and implementing a financial system that funded the production and distribution of movies.[7]
Notable filmography
Awards
National Film Award
- 1961 - National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu - Certificate of Merit - Seetharama Kalyanam - NTR
- 1968 - National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu - Silver Medal - Varakatnam - NTR [10]
Special Honours
- Padmashri Award from Government Of India
- 1978 — Honorary Doctorate from Andhra University.
Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu)
- 1954 — Best Actor for Raju Peda
- 1955 — Best Actor for Missamma
- 1956 — Best Actor for Chiranjeevulu
- 1957 — Best Actor for Panduranga Mahatyam
- 1958 — Best Actor for Bhookailas
- 1961 — Best Actor for Jagadekaveeruni Katha
- 1962 — Best Actor for Raktha Sambandham
- 1966 — Best Actor for Shri Krishna Pandaviyam
- 1968 — Best Actor for Chitti Chellelu
- 1972 — Best Actor for Badi Panthulu
Political career
First term
Rao founded the Telugu Desam Party in 1982 and served as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His reason for founding the Telugu Desam Party was based on a historic need to rid the state of the corrupt and inept Congress rule.[11] When he started his political career he was already a very popular actor in the Telugu film industry.[12] Rama Rao was unanimously elected leader of Telugu Dasam Legislature Party on January 8, 1983 with 10 cabinet ministers and five ministers of State.[13] He became the 10th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and was reelected three times between 1983 and 1994.[5]
To promote the Telugu Desam Party, Rama Rao travelled across the state of Andhra Pradesh, crisscrossing all the districts, in his van dubbed "Chaitanya Ratham" (Chaitanyam literally means bringing to life or movement). With his son Hari Krishna as a driver, Rama Rao notched up over 75,000 kilometres during his 1982 campaign, a distinctive sight with the van's yellow party flags and banners and Rao sitting on top of the vehicle hailing the crowds.[14] Rama Rao campaigned for restoring the dignity of the Telugu people and advocated the forming a closer bond between the government and the common people, going into the elections with the slogan, Telugu vari Atma Gauravam, meaning "Telugu people's self-respect.[15] He reflected socialist views in several of his policies in that he believed that state must take care of the people that are below poverty line and everyone must have their basic necessities fulfilled. He campaigned to secure basic necessities such as home, clothes and food for the people and to provide subsidies on clothes and houses to the needy. He was also an advocate of women's rights and worked on a bill to amend inheritance law to provide equal rights for women to inherit ancestral property, enacted later, in 1986.
Rama Rao's extensive tour in the Chaitanya Ratham vehicle helped to successfully mobilize people and recruit potential leaders and members for his newly founded party. The Congress Party, then in power, panicked at the response and replaced the Chief Minister Bhavanam Venkataram with a more experienced and seasoned leader, Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy. Reddy, who was Chief Minister for just over 3 months, could not secure victory for the Congress Party in the ensuing elections in January 1983.[16] The newly formed Telugu Desam Party won with significant margins in all three regions of the State (Coastal Andhra, Rayala Seema, and Telengana), winning over 200 seats in the 294 seat State Assembly against 56 seats by the Congress Party. Rama Rao himself contested elections from two constituencies, Tirupathi in Chittor District[17] and Gudivada in Krishna district, and won both the seats.[18]
On Independence Day, 15 August 1984, NTR was removed from office by the then governor Ramlal.[16] His finance minister, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, a former Congress man, was made the Chief Minister by the Ramlal. Bhaskar Rao purportedly had the support of majority MLAs (Members of Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh) which was never the case. Rama Rao disputed the claims by Bhaskara Rao and demonstrated his strength by bringing all the MLAs supporting him, which was a majority in the 294 member assembly, to the Raj Bhavan (Governor's Office).[16] Governor Ramlal did not relent and Rama Rao campaigned for restoration of democracy by mobilizing the support of people and various political parties in the country including Janata Party, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), and National Conference. During the one month crisis, the MLAs supporting Rama Rao were secured in a secret place to avoid horse-trading. Due to mobilization of several political parties and the people and due to bad press, Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister and head of Congress Party, unwillingly removed Governor Ramlal and appointed a congress party veteran, Shankar Dayal Sharma, as governor of Andhra Pradesh to pave the way for restoring Rama Rao.[19] Shankar Dayal Sharma removed Bhaskara Rao from power and restored Rama Rao as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in September 1984. He recommended dissolution of the Assembly and called for new elections in the state to ensure the people had a fresh choice to elect their representatives.
In the following month, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated. Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister in her place. In the ensuing national elections to the Lok Sabha, the Congress party won convincingly all over the country except in Andhra Pradesh where Rama Rao's Telugu Desam party secured a landslide victory. Senior Leaders of Congress party including Brahmananda Reddy, a former Chief Minister, and Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy, a former Chief Minister, lost in their constituencies of Narasarao Pet and Kurnool respectively to the Telugu Desam Party. Telugu Desam became the main opposition party in the Lok Sabha.[20]
Second Term
The Telugu Desam Party operations were significantly computerized and a systematic local party structure was built and this resulted in the establishment of a stable second political party that survived his death. Rao introduced the concept of strong states with a strong center in his discussions about state power with Gandhi and ushered in a new era of empowered local governments, within the framework of India.
He suffered a mild stroke and was unable to campaign in the 1989 election, which he lost.
Third Term
N.T. Rama Rao returned to power in 1994 winning 250 seats (Telugu Desam won 226; CPI: 19; CPM: 05) for his party and his allies in a 294 seat Assembly. Congress party won only 26 seats. The BJP which contested 280 seats on its own won just three seats. Over his three terms, some of the projects he oversaw include:
His political policy priorities
His political priorities were widely debated with the right accusing him of economic populism, the left accusing him of diverting resources away for government employee benefits, and his supporters arguing that they are worth while investments into development and social net projects.
An un-editorialized well referenced list of his domestic priorities are:
1. Rs2/Kg rice for agricultural laborers with less than Rs. 500 income per month (forty cents per day).[21]
2. Successfully modifying the Hindu-Succession-Act to give equal default property inheritance rights for women.[21]
3. Divestment of non-performing state industry - Allwyn Motors to Mahindra&Mahindra Motors[22]
4. Strong states with a stronger center economic model initiated by NTR approved by the country.[21]
5. Passed Prohibition legislation and dissolved government manufacture of cheap alcohol aimed at the mass market segment.[23]
6. Pay checks of category 3 or lower employees can be cashed only with a spousal signature. (To avoid gambling and drinking away the check before the wife sees any money.)[24]
7. Complete Computerization of TDP organization structure and building an org structure village by village to form a stable second party. Built a stable coalition of parties to give a clear two party choice for the telugu voter.[25]
8. Overhauled the entire state's education syllabus for schools. He instituted statewide entrance examinations for all disciplines of higher education vis-à-vis Engineering and Medicine to name a few called EAMCET (Engineering and Medical Common Entrance Test). Students, based on the merit of their ranks obtained in these tests, could join any state college of their choice.[26]
9. NTR created a new commando force for the state and was very successful in combating naxalism both ideologically and militarily. Communal rioting in Hyderabad had been put to rest for good during his term.[27]
10. NTR put an end to annual communal rioting in Hyderabad during Ganesh Nimmajan.[28]
11. Vizag steel plant which had been struggling since its foundation went online during his term, in no small part, due to his active lobbying with the central government.
12. He recruited worldwide medical talent and improved higher end medical capabilities of the capital city and founded a medical university in Vijayawada.[29]
13. He reformed the administration of Tirupathi and converted it into a modern tourist attraction.(Computerized registration and transparent board to run financial system.)
14. He did away with the feudal munsif (munusobu) and karanam system to empower elected leaders of the local government. The state government introduced entrance exams for vedic subjects and opened up priest positions in temples to non-inherited candidates.[30]
15. He built the largest bus station in Asia, commissioned the largest Buddha statue in the world at the time to highlight the Buddhist heritage and history of Andhra Pradesh.[31]
16. He adorned Tank Bund with the statues of great Telugu personalities creating a sense of heritage.[32]
17. He guaranteed one light bulb per household to give educational opportunities to the lowest economic class of rural Andhra Pradesh.[33]
18. He reformed water distribution system from major reservoirs in the state by giving farmer organizations (raitu sangam) a say in planning.
19. Started low-income housing project and built 500,000 houses in five years to replace thatched houses. The program continued for nine more years under his successor Naidu and added another 1 million homes. The program continues to this day under Reddy's government building another 300,000 houses under Reddy's five year term.[34]
20. NTR abolished the legislative council calling it an un-productive expense to the exchequer, an un-elected un-representative body used to distribute political favors to out-of-work politicians.[35]
21. NTR introduced mid-day-meal program for primary school children from families earning less than Rs. 500/month.[36]
22. NTR initiated the largest investment into irrigation systems in Andhra Pradesh since independence with the Telugu Ganaga Project designed to turn Rayala Seema green and provide drinking water to Madras.[37]
23. NTR reduced the retirement age for government employees to 55 from 58. He used the National Security Act (NSA) to successfully crack down on the general strike called by government employee unions demanding bringing state government employees to central government employee pay levels. He used NGO (Non-Gazetted Officers) core to conduct exams on time across the state when state government teachers union called for a strike and threatened to ruin an entire academic year for the students. He furloughed the entire work force of Housing Construction Corporation a state government organization will fully pay till retirement claiming they did absolutely no work and that closing that organization would save money even if the state gave the employees free salaries. He claimed the secretariat employees got in the way of doing people's business and moved his office to a private ashram out side the city. He eliminated state government clerical positions that served the inherited positions of munsif (munosobu) and karanam.[38]
24. He successfully audited and brought the actual implementation of local body reservations program (for women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) compliant with the law. Even though the law was passed 15 yrs before he came to office, it was never fully implemented. He successfully passed 55% reservations for backward castes in professional educational institutes but was rebuked by the High Court and had to withdraw the legislation.[38]
25. NTR successfully repealed the Andhra Safe Road transport act that nationalized private bus services saying he wanted to encourage small business allowing for private buses to compete with government road transport. He changed the mandate of government transportation to provide road service for under served markets (villages). Every village got road service during his tenure. He was however unable to deliver on his promise to relax the 1976 Urban Land Ceiling act and 1975 Agricultural land ceiling act. He argued that the land ceiling act interfered with small local entrepreneurs but was providing case by case exemptions to the politically connected and multi-national-corporations.
26. NTR founded a national political coalition called The National Front and was elected its founding president. The National Front came to power in Delhi six months too late for him. His brain child of a highly federal party formed by a coalition of all the locally popular secular regional parties was successful but he died six months before he could see the fruits of his labor.[39]
27. NTR offered subsidized electricity to peasants (farmers earning less than Rs 12000/yr) at Rs50/yr for all the power used by a single pump set.[40]
28. Introduced subsidized clothing scheme for women with household incomes less than Rs500/month and procured the needed clothing from APCO (Andhra Pradesh Co-Operative society for traditional weavers).[41]
29. NTR founded the SRI PADMAVATI MAHILA VISVAVIDYALAYAM in tirupati with the charter of expanding primary education for women in the state.[42]
30. NTR initiated the construction and upgradation of airports in Tirupati, Vishakapatanam, Vijayawada and Warangal. He intiated the investment study for three ports in Nellore, Machilipatnam and Kakinada. He funded the constrution of rural road network, the total miles of road laid (22,000 miles) is more than half of all the state roads in existence till date.[43]
31. NTR's upgradation of the road network and air connectivity to Tirupati and his key role in the National Front Government helped him push the funding of Radar Research Center of Tirupati with the mandate to provide outer atmospheric forecasting to significantly accelerate the weather forecasting capabilities of Andhra. The three objectives were a) Support Srihari kota into accelariting the launching of education satellites for rural education, b) Enhance water resource planning capability to reduce wastage of river water while providing reliable agricultural water supply c) Enhance rural primary education with long distance learning programs using edusat and televisions is primary schools across rural andhra.[44]
Personal life
In May 1942, when he was 20, Rama Rao married Basava Tarakam, the daughter of his maternal uncle. The couple had seven sons and four daughters. Prominent among his children are Bhuvaneswari, wife of Nara Chandrababu Naidu,the former chief minister of AP for 9 years, Daggubati Purandeswari, MP and a Minister of State for Human Resources in Manmohan Singh's cabinet, Nandamuri Balakrishna a prominent actor in the Telugu film industry, and Nandamuri Harikrishna, an actor turned politician and a member of Rajya Sabha (upper house of India's Parliament). She died of cancer in 1985. There is a cancer Hospital established in her memory in Hyderabad. NTR remarried in 1993 at the age of 70. NTR later took a second wife, Lakshmi Parvathi who after being widowed and the succession of TDP by Nara Chandra Babu Naidu founded her own party called the NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi).[45] Prominent among NTR's grandchildren are N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Kalyan Ram and Taraka Ratna, all three are actors in Telugu cinema.
NTR National Award
NTR National Award is a National level Award instituted in the honor of Sri.N.T.Rama Rao by the state of Andhra Pradesh government. The NTR National Award is an annual award to recognize people for their lifetime achievements and contributions to the Indian film industry. It is an award considered in prestige next only to Dadasaheb Phalke Award for film industry personalities in India. The Award carries a cash prize of ₹ 500,000/- and a memento. The award has been given since 1996.
See also
References
- ^ "N.T. Rama Rao (1923 - 1995): A messiah of the masses". The Hindu. Retrieved 2002-12-09.
- ^ "Obituary: N. T. Rama Rao". The Independent. Retrieved 1996-01-19.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "N. T. Rama Rao, 72, Is Dead; Star Status Infused His Politics". The New York Times. Retrieved 1996-01-19.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India (1997)
- ^ a b c d McGirk, Tim (1996). "Obituary: N. T. Rama Rao". The Independent. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "History of Telugu Cinema". Indian cinemas. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
- ^ N.T. Rama Rao, All Movie Guide
- ^ http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/starow/sow-ntr.html
- ^ http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/27325.html
- ^ http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1969.html
- ^ "Telugu Desam Party turns 29, NT Rama Rao remembered". DNA India. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
- ^ Shankar, Kalyani (2005). Gods of power: personality cult & Indian democracy. Macmillan India. p. 122. ISBN 1403925100, 97.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - ^ S. Nagendra Ambedkar (1992). Political elite. Printwell, with special arrangement from Rupa Books. ISBN 8170443415.
- ^ "The original ratham". The Hindu. April 17, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ ""Pavan Kalyan does a star turn". The Hindu. April 2, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b c Murty (2001), p.48
- ^ "Leaders pay glowing tributes to party founder N.T.Rama Rao". The Hindu. March 30, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ The new voter: a study of the voting behaviour of the youth in Andhra Pradesh. Booklinks Corp. 1994. p. 26. ISBN 8185194262.
- ^ Murty (2001), p.49
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1984#Results
- ^ a b c "Messiah Of Masses". The Hindu.
- ^ "In-efficient State institutes divested". Business Standard.
- ^ "Prohibition - Dry State Law". OutlookIndia.
- ^ "Government regulations for state employees" (PDF). By Govt of Andhra Pradesh. Govt of Andhra pradesh, public law.
- ^ Neuss, Juergen (1998). "The NTR phenomenon reconsidered" (PDF). INTERNATIONALES ASIENFORUM, Bd. 29 (1998), No. 1-2, pp. 23-45. Arnold Bergstraesser Institut, Freiburg: 1998. Freie Universität Berlin. 29.
- ^ "NTR-Profile". Supertelugu.com.
- ^ "Naxalism - Retreat of Civil Governance". SATP.ORG.
- ^ "Making of Hyderabad Riots". Economic and Political Weekly. 26. Feb 9, 1991.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Dr._Nandamuri_Taraka_Rama_Rao_University_of_Health_Sciences". Wikipedia.
- ^ "Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao". Wikipedia.
- ^ "Hussain_Sagar". WIKIPEDIA.
- ^ "Hussain Sagar". WIKI MApia.
- ^ "Reforms - NTR".
- ^ "Hyderabad Stalwarts". Jai Hyderabad.
- ^ "Looking for upsides of an Upper House". The Indian Express - second last paragraph from bottom. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
- ^ "Cabinet Recommends Sambar ." Times Of India. 28 Sep 2002.
- ^ "Telugu Ganaga gets renamed after its architect-NTR". greatandhra.com. 28 Feb 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ a b Mishra, Bhavana (2000). Politics of opposition and union-state relations. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.,. pp. 275–279. ISBN 81-261-0495-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ "National Front (India)". Wiki article about National Front. Wikipedia. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ The Political Economy of Agricultural Policy Reform in India (PDF). ELECTRICITY SUPPLY TO AGRICULTURE IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND PUNJAB: Regina Birner 1, Surupa Gupta 2, Neeru Sharma 1 and Nethra Palaniswamy 1. 2007. p. 73.
- ^ Dr.B.Saranga, Pani (2004). "State Regimes and Power Sector Policies in Andhra Pradesh". Governance and Policy Spaces Project, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad. Political Articulation and Policy Discourse in the 2004 Election in Andhra Pradesh, : 2.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ "Prospectus for the University admission" (PDF). Description of the history and reasons for the establishment of the university. Sri Padmavati Mahila Vishwa Vidyalayam. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ Sanjay Kumar, Singh (06-12-2000). "State Road transportation undertakings from 1983-84-1996-97: A multilateral analysis of total productivity" (PDF). Indian Journal of Transportation Management. 5. 25: 363–388. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "NATIONAL MST Radar Facility(NMRF)". ISRO - Independent projects. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation). Retrieved 31 May 2011.
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTR_Telugu_Desam_Party_(Lakshmi_Parvathi)
Bibliography
- Murty, K. R. (2001). Parties, elections, and mobilisation. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. pp. 48–63. ISBN 8126109793, 9788126109791.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help)