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Revision as of 00:00, 5 March 2012

For other uses, see My Sweet Lord (disambiguation).

"My Sweet Lord"
Song
A-side"Isn't It a Pity" (US)
(double A-side)
B-side"What Is Life" (UK)

"My Sweet Lord" is a song by former Beatles lead guitarist George Harrison, recorded and released in 1970 on his multi-platinum triple album All Things Must Pass. The song was written in praise of the Hindu god Krishna,[1] while at the same time serving as a call to abandon religious sectarianism, with its deliberate blending of Christian "alleluia"s with chants of "hare Krishna" and Vedic prayer.[2] "My Sweet Lord" is ranked 460th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

The song was also at the centre of a plagiarism suit due to its similarity to the Ronnie Mack song "He's So Fine", originally recorded by The Chiffons in December 1962.

Writing and recording

"My Sweet Lord" was written in December 1969, when Harrison, Billy Preston and Eric Clapton were all in Copenhagen, Denmark,[3][4] while guesting on Delaney & Bonnie's European tour.[5] With The Beatles still together officially, Harrison had no plans to make a solo album of his own, so he gave the song to Preston to record, for the latter's Apple release Encouraging Words. This recording took place at Olympic Studios in London, in January 1970;[6] Preston was the principal musician, while Harrison co-produced the session and invited The Edwin Hawkins Singers to participate.[7] This version of the song was a minor hit in Europe when released as a single there,[8] but otherwise, the Encouraging Words album made little impression commercially.[9]

Five months after the Olympic session, with The Beatles having now broken up, Harrison's "My Sweet Lord" was one of 30 or more tracks recorded for his All Things Must Pass set. With Phil Spector co-producing, Preston again played on the track, along with Clapton, Ringo Starr, Klaus Voormann, Jim Gordon and others.[10] In Harrison's hands, the song is notable for its wall of strummed acoustic guitars; Harrison's harmonised slide guitars[11] (soon to be his trademark); a subtle two-semitone shift in key after the tension-building bridge, marking the song's release from its extended introduction; and the multi-tracked backing vocals, credited to "The George O'Hara-Smith Singers".[12] This later, pop version of the song was markedly different from the original gospel arrangement, in musical and structural terms[13] − not to mention the fact that in Preston's reading, the choir had chanted the "hare krishna" refrain just twice throughout the whole song.[14] As Spector would recall in an interview for Martin Scorsese's documentary on George Harrison, he (Spector) liked the results so much, he insisted that "My Sweet Lord" be the lead single from the album.

Single release

Having decided in October 1970 that he didn't want a single released after all − so as not to "detract from the impact of the All Things Must Pass triple album"[15] − Harrison eventually relented and allowed "My Sweet Lord" to be issued in the United States on 23 November.[16] Public demand via constant radio play in Britain[17] led to a belated UK release on 15 January 1971.[18] In Britain, the single (catalogue number R 5884) had "What Is Life" on the B-side; in America (as Apple 2995), it was a double A-side with "Isn't It a Pity", with both sides featuring a full Apple label.

Harrison's version of "My Sweet Lord" became an international number 1 hit during the early months of 1971 − the first single by an ex-Beatle to reach the top.[19][20] Decades later, Elton John would recall first hearing the song in a taxi and name it as the last of the era's great singles: "I thought, 'Oh my God,' and I got chills. You know when a record starts on the radio, and it's great, and you think, 'Oh, what is this, what is this, what is this?' The only other record I ever felt that way about [afterwards] was 'Brown Sugar' ..."[21]

The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over 1 million copies.[22] It reached number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on 26 December 1970,[23] remaining on top for four weeks, three of which coincided with All Things Must Pass's seven-week reign atop the Billboard albums chart.[24][25] Due to the song's popularity, Billy Preston's version now charted also, rising to number 90 by the end of February.[26]

In Britain, Harrison's single entered the charts at number 7, before hitting the summit on 30 January and staying there for five weeks. "My Sweet Lord" performed similarly well around the world,[27] particularly in France and Germany, where it held the top spot for nine and ten weeks, respectively.

The song would return to the number 1 position again in the UK, and in Canada also, when reissued in January 2002, two months after Harrison's death from cancer.

Following the release of Harrison's version of "My Sweet Lord", musical similarities between it and Ronnie Mack's "He's So Fine" were remarked on almost immediately − Rolling Stone's album review of January 1971 even referred to "My Sweet Lord" as an "obvious re-write of the Chiffons' 'He's So Fine'".[28] By March,[29] proceedings were under way for what became a prolonged copyright infringement suit, known as Bright Tunes Music v. Harrisongs Music, lasting over ten years. In September 1976, a US district court decision found that Harrison had "subconsciously" copied the earlier tune.[30]

Both of the songs have a three-syllable title refrain ("My sweet Lord", "He's so fine") followed by a 5-3-2 descent of the major scale in the tonic key (E major for "My Sweet Lord" and G major for "He's So Fine"). Respective tempos are similar: 121 and 145 beats per minute.[31] In the respective B sections ("I really want to see you" and "I dunno how I'm gonna do it"), there is a similar ascent through 5-6-8, but The Chiffons distinctively retain the G tonic for four bars and, on the repeat of the motif, uniquely go to an A-note 9th embellishment over the first syllable of "gonna". Harrison, on the other hand, introduces the more complex harmony of a relative minor (C#m), as well as the oft-repeated, fundamental and distinctly original slide guitar motif.[32]

In 1978, before the court decided on damages in the case, Harrison's former manager Allen Klein, who had represented him earlier in the proceedings, purchased the copyright to "He's So Fine" from Bright Tunes.[33] In 1981, the court decided the damages amounted to $1,599,987, but that due to Klein's duplicity in the case, Harrison would only have to pay Klein $587,000 for the rights to "He's So Fine" − the amount Klein had paid Bright Tunes for the song.[34]

While promoting his Thirty Three & 1/3 album in February 1977, Harrison told BBC Radio 1's Annie Nightingale that the judge had privately mentioned to Harrison's attorney that he liked "both of the songs".[35] This was something of a faux pas, as Harrison explained: "My lawyer said to him, 'What do you mean, both of the songs? You said, in your decision, that it's the same song.' And he said, 'Oops! Sorry. What I mean is, I like the song with the two sets of lyrics!'"[36]

During the height of the legal proceedings, The Chiffons recorded a version of "My Sweet Lord" to capitalise on the publicity generated by the lawsuit.[37] Country singer Jody Miller recorded a country chart top-five cover of "He's So Fine", which plays on the two songs' similarities by featuring the same guitar breaks as those played on the Harrison recording.[38]

Around the time that the ruling was handed down in 1976, Harrison wrote and recorded a song inspired by the court case − the upbeat "This Song"[39] − which includes the line "This tune has nothing 'Bright' about it ..." The 1960s soul hits "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)" and "Rescue Me", as well as his own composition "You", are all name-checked in the lyrics also, as if to demonstrate the point that, as he later put it, "99% of the popular music that can be heard is reminiscent of something or other."[40][41]

Harrison stated in his autobiography that he was inspired to write "My Sweet Lord" after hearing The Edwin Hawkins Singers' version of "Oh Happy Day", an eighteenth-century English hymn.[42] In a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine, John Lennon expressed his doubts about the notion of "subconscious" plagiarism: "He must have known, you know. He's smarter than that. It's irrelevant, actually − only on a monetary level does it matter. He could have changed a couple of bars in that song and nobody could ever have touched him, but he just let it go and paid the price. Maybe he thought God would just sort of let him off."[43] Ringo Starr's reaction was rather more charitable: "There's no doubt that the tune is similar but how many songs have been written with other melodies in mind? George's version is much heavier than The Chiffons − he might have done it with the original in the back of his mind, but he's just very unlucky that someone wanted to make it a test case in court."[44]

Speaking to his friend Derek Taylor in 1979, Harrison said of the episode, weighing up the positive power of mantra against the unfortunate legal outcome: "I don't feel guilty or bad about it, in fact it ['My Sweet Lord'] saved many a heroin addict's life. I know the motive behind writing the song in the first place and its effect far exceeded the legal hassle.[45]

Hindu prayers

Early in the song, the background singers repeat the Hebrew word of praise, "hallelujah", common in the Christian and Jewish religions. Later, the background singers chant two Vaisnava Hindu prayers, including:

Hare Krishna / Hare Krishna / Krishna Krishna / Hare Hare / Hare Rama / Hare Rama

This prayer consists of part of the principal mantra of devotees of the Gaudiya Vaisnavite faith, popularised in the Western world by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), colloquially known as 'the Hare Krishnas'. Harrison was a devotee of this religious path.[46][47]

The mantra in full is:

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna, Krishna, Krishna, Hare, Hare, Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama, Rama, Hare, Hare.
Gurur Brahmā, gurur Viṣṇur, gurur devo Maheśvaraḥ
[meaning: The teacher is Brahmā, the teacher is Viṣṇu, the teacher is the Lord Maheśvara]
Gurus sākṣāt paraṃ Brahma, tasmai śrī gurave namaḥ
[Verily the teacher is the supreme Brahman, to that respected teacher I bow down]

This prayer is chanted by Hindu devotees prior to beginning any action, after hymns to Ganesha and Sarasvati. It is dedicated to the spiritual teacher of the devotee which is equated with the Hindu Trimurti Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva (Maheshvara), and with the Supreme Cosmic Spirit or Absolute Reality (Brahman). The prayer is the first verse of the Guru stotram, a fourteen-verse hymn dedicated to the spiritual teacher.[48]

During his 1974 live performances of "My Sweet Lord", Harrison tried to engage his audience into the practice of "chanting the holy names of the Lord" (kirtan):

Breaking into the thundering rhythm guitar intro to “My Sweet Lord,” Harrison would soon begin to invite the cheering, largely stoned crowd to “chant the holy name of the Lord.” Few responded. Switching messiahs midstream, he would then rocket into the famous Krishna Hallelujah chorus and begin singing, “Om Christ, Om Christ, Om Christ” over and over, adding, “I know a lot of you out there think that’s swearing, but it’s not! If we all chant together purely for one minute, we’ll blow the roof off this place.”[49]

Various Christian fundamentalist anti-rock activists have objected to the chanting of 'Hare Krishna" in the song as anti-Christian or satanic, while some born-again Christians appear to have adopted the song as an anthem.[50]

Re-releases and alternative versions

Since its initial release on All Things Must Pass, the studio version of "My Sweet Lord" has appeared on the 1976 compilation The Best of George Harrison and 2009's career-spanning Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison. Live versions, from August 1971 and December 1991, are available on The Concert for Bangla Desh and Live in Japan. The original UK single (backed with "What Is Life") was reissued on Christmas Eve 1976 in Britain[51] − a "provocative" move by EMI,[52] given the publicity the lawsuit had attracted that year for the song, and that Harrison had recently released his first single ('This Song") on a rival label, Warner-distributed Dark Horse Records.

A year before this, on 26 December 1975, Harrison guested on BBC2's comedy show Rutland Weekend Televisionl,[53][54] apparently about to perform "My Sweet Lord". Having spent much of the show interrupting the sketches − eager as he was to be given the role of a pirate (and dressed accordingly), but getting turned down each time by regulars Eric Idle and Neil Innes − Harrison reappears at the end in more normal attire; strumming the instantly recognizable introduction to "My Sweet Lord" on an acoustic guitar, backed by a band. Instead of continuing with his signature tune, though, he finally takes his chance to play "Pirate Bob" by breaking into a rousing sea shanty − much to the horror of Idle's "greasy" compere.[55] The clearly befuddled band eventually follows Harrison's lead, after which a group of dancers come out and the closing credits roll. (This performance is known as "The Pirate Song", co-written by Harrison and Idle.[56])

In 2001, on the remastered All Things Must Pass two-CD set, a new version of the song was included as a bonus track. "My Sweet Lord (2000)" featured Harrison sharing vocals with Sam Brown, backed by mostly new instrumentation.[57] This version also appeared on the 2002 posthumous release of the "My Sweet Lord" single − a three-song charity CD comprising the original 1970−71 hit, the acoustic run-through of "Let it Down" (with recent overdubs, another 2001 bonus track), and Harrison's reworking of the title song. For some months after his death in November 2001, a portion of "My Sweet Lord (2000)" was played, on a constant loop, on Harrison's official website, over screen images of lotus petals scattering and then re-forming.

Personnel

The following musicians performed on Harrison's original version of "My Sweet Lord":[58][59]

Cover versions

  • Andy Williams covered "My Sweet Lord" on his 1971 Love Story album, backed by members of the choir of the Wee Kirk o' the Valley of Reseda, California.
  • Ronnie Aldrich, British easy listening pianist, covered the song, as well as Harrison's "What is Life", on his 1971 album, also entitled Love Story.
  • Peggy Lee recorded "My Sweet Lord" in April 1971 for her album Where Did They Go, arranged by Don Sebesky. It was issued on CD in 2008.[60]
  • Edwin Starr recorded a version in 1971, produced by Motown legend Norman Whitfield; it was released as a single and appeared on his Involved album.
  • Also in 1971, John Holt recorded a reggae version of "My Sweet Lord", without a background chorus (ie, with neither "hallelujahs" nor Krishna references).
  • The Top of the Poppers' 1971 cover can be found on their album The Best of Top of the Pops '71.
  • In 1972, Nina Simone performed an 18-minute gospel reworking of "My Sweet Lord" at Fort Dix before a group of black soldiers (released on Emergency Ward!). She interspersed the song with the David Nelson poem "Today Is a Killer", at the end of which, God is accused of being a killer, giving the otherwise exuberant atmosphere of the performance an apocalyptic ending. No references to Krishna appear in Simone's version.
  • In 1975, Julio Iglesias covered the song on his album El Amor. Iglesias sang it in English even though the song was retitled in Spanish as "Mi Dulce Señor (My Sweet Lord)".[61]
  • Larry Norman covered "My Sweet Lord" on his 1977 album Streams of White Light Into Darkened Corners.
  • For his 1981 Don't Give In album, Leon Patillo recorded a heavily revised version. (Among other things, because this was a Christian release, the entire background "hallelujah" section is replaced with the refrain "Jesus".)
  • Richie Havens covered the song on his 1987 album Sings Beatles and Dylan.
  • Five Thirty covered the song for the anti-poll tax album Alvin Lives (in Leeds), released in 1990.
  • Boy George made his own version of the song in 1992 for NME's Roaring Forty compilation album.
  • Stacey Q covered "My Sweet Lord" on her 1997 album Boomerang.
  • Brainpool recorded and released the song as a single in 1997, as a medley with "He's So Fine".
  • In 1997 Megadeth covered this song with modified lyrics.
  • Crown of Thorns covered this track on their 2002 album Karma.
  • Richard Clayderman recorded a cover of "My Sweet Lord" for his 2002 album Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime.
  • At the Concert for George in November 2002, the song was performed by Billy Preston, with Sam Brown joining on background vocals.
  • Girlyman also covered this song, released on their 2003 album Remember Who I Am.
  • BeBe Winans recorded a version with specifically Christian, additional verses and no Krishna references. It appeared on his 2003 album My Christmas Prayer.
  • Reggae artist Little Roy (Earl Lowe), a Rastafarian, recorded the song for his 2005 album Children Of The Most High, replacing the background chorus with sung references to Rastafari.
  • Les Fradkin's cover was released in 2005, featuring guest appearances from Richie Furay and former Apple recording artist Lon Van Eaton.
  • Nina Hagen recorded a version of "My Sweet Lord" (with Loka Nunda) in 2008.
  • Osibisa covered this track on their 2009 album Osee Yee.
  • Jim James (under the name Yim Yames) covered six of Harrison's songs, including "My Sweet Lord", on his 2009 Tribute To album.
  • Kevin Max covered this song with no references to Krishna, for Christian audiences.
  • Elliott Smith performed "My Sweet Lord" live with Grandaddy.
  • Jose Feliciano has also played this song live.
  • Dolly Parton performed it with a choir on a television special, with only "hallelujah" being chanted.
  • In 2010, a cover version was released by pop group The Baha Men.

Chart positions

References

  1. ^ Newport, John P. (1998). The New Age movement and the biblical worldview: conflict and dialogue. Eerdmans. p. 70.
  2. ^ Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006), p. 84.
  3. ^ Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003), p. 280.
  4. ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, p. 71.
  5. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone, Harrison, Rolling Stone Press/Simon & Schuster (New York, NY, 2002), p. 180.
  6. ^ Apple Records, "Encouraging Words", http://applerecords.com/#!/albums/Album_EncouragingWords (retrieved 18 February 2012).
  7. ^ Keith Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970−2001, Omnibus Press (London, 2002), p. 203.
  8. ^ Clayson, George Harrison, p. 281.
  9. ^ Bruce Eder, Encouraging Words album review, http://www.allmusic.com/album/encouraging-words-r1952618/review (retireved 19 February 2012).
  10. ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, p. 83.
  11. ^ Olivia Harrison, George Harrison: Living in the Material World, Abrams (New York, NY, 2011), p. 282.
  12. ^ Nicholas Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, McGraw-Hill (New York, NY, 1978), p. 142.
  13. ^ Apple Records, "Encouraging Words", http://applerecords.com/#!/albums/Album_EncouragingWords (retrieved 18 February 2012).
  14. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 203.
  15. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 15.
  16. ^ Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961−1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976), p. 93.
  17. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 22.
  18. ^ Castleman & Podrazik, All Together Now, p. 99.
  19. ^ Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, pp 142−43.
  20. ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, pp 85, 105.
  21. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone, Harrison, p. 233.
  22. ^ riaa.com
  23. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 18.
  24. ^ Castleman & Podrazik, All Together Now, pp 352, 262.
  25. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 21.
  26. ^ Castleman & Podrazik, All Together Now, p. 352.
  27. ^ Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, p. 142.
  28. ^ Ben Gerson, "Reviews: George Harrison All Things Must Pass", Rolling Stone, 21 January 1971, http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/all-things-must-pass-19710121 (retrieved 20 February 2012).
  29. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 30.
  30. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 191.
  31. ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. p624
  32. ^ Dominic Pedler. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. pp621-624
  33. ^ Clayson, George Harrison, pp 353−54.
  34. ^ "Bright Tunes Music v. Harrisongs Music, 420 F. Supp. 177 (SDNY 1976)".
  35. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 203.
  36. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 203.
  37. ^ Clayson, George Harrison, p. 354.
  38. ^ Clayson, George Harrison, p. 354.
  39. ^ Huntley, Elliot J. (2004). Mystical One: George Harrison: After the Breakup of the Beatles. Guernica Editions. ISBN 1-55071-197-0.
  40. ^ George Harrison, I Me Mine, Chronicle Books (San Francisco, CA, 2002), p. 340.
  41. ^ Clayson, George Harrison, p. 356.
  42. ^ George Harrison, I Me Mine, p. 176.
  43. ^ Sheff, David. Playboy January 1981
  44. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 195.
  45. ^ George Harrison, I Me Mine, p. 176.
  46. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone, Harrison, p. 180.
  47. ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, pp 58−59.
  48. ^ Hymns and Prayers to Gods and Goddesses, Advaita Ashrama, 2005, Compiled by Swami Pavitrananda.
  49. ^ Giuliano, Geoffrey (1990). Dark Horse: The private life of George Harrison. New York: Penguin Books.
  50. ^ Sullivan, Mark (October 1987). "'More Popular Than Jesus': The Beatles and the Religious Far Right". Popular Music. 6 (3): 319.
  51. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 199.
  52. ^ Roy Carr & Tony Tyler, The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, Trewin Copplestone Publishing (London, 1978). p. 122.
  53. ^ Badham, The Beatles Diary Volume 2, p. 172.
  54. ^ Clayson, George Harrison, p. 370.
  55. ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, p. 189.
  56. ^ George Harrison, I Me Mine, p. 314.
  57. ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone, Harrison, p. 180.
  58. ^ "George Harrison: My Sweet Lord". The Beatles Bible. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  59. ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, p. 83.
  60. ^ Mercado, Iván Santiago. "Peggy Lee Discography and Videography". JazzDiscography.com.
  61. ^ Adaime, Iván. "Review of El Amor". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  62. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0646119176. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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  66. ^ Günter Ehnert (ed.): Hit Bilanz. Deutsche Chart Singles 1956-1980. Hamburg: Taurus Press 1990, p. 93
  67. ^ "George Harrison - Chart Archives on the Japanese Oricon Top 100". Homepage1.nifty.com. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  68. ^ "norwegiancharts.com George Harrison - My Sweet Lord". VG-lista. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
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  70. ^ "George Harrison - My Sweet Lord - hitparade.ch". Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  71. ^ "Chart Stats George Harrison - My Sweet Lord". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  72. ^ "allmusic ((( All Things Must Pass > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))". allmusic.com. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  73. ^ a b "allmusic ((( George Harrison > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))". allmusic.com. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  74. ^ "dutchcharts.nl - George Harrison - My Sweet Lord". MegaCharts. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  75. ^ "italiancharts.com - George Harrison - My Sweet Lord". Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  76. ^ ジョージ・ハリスン-リリース-ORICON STYLE-ミュージック "Highest position and charting weeks of "My Sweet Lord" by George Harrison". oricon.co.jp. Oricon Style. Retrieved accessdate=28 April 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Missing pipe in: |accessdate= (help)
  77. ^ "norwegiancharts.com - Norwegian charts portal". VG-lista. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  78. ^ "Song artist 223 - George Harrison - Tsort pages". Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  79. ^ "swedishcharts.com - George Harrison - My Sweet Lord". Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  80. ^ "Schweizer Hitparade". Swiss Music Charts. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  81. ^ "Chart Stats George Harrison - My Sweet Lord {2002}". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
Preceded by Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
26 December 1970 (4 weeks) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by UK Singles Chart number-one single
30 January 1971 (5 weeks) 		Succeeded by
Preceded by UK Singles Chart number-one single
20 January 2002 (1 week) 		Succeeded by
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