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{{main|Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy}}
{{main|Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy}}


Cartoons of Mohammed, published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, were found offensive to a number of Muslims. The December 2005 meeting of the then Organisation of the Islamic Conference urged member states to opposition. Violent demonstrations were then held throughout the Islamic world, resulting in the deaths of hundreds.{{fact|date=July 2012}}
Cartoons of Mohammed, published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, were found offensive to a number of Muslims. The December 2005 meeting of the OIC condemned publication of the cartoons, resulting in broader coverage of the issue by news media in Muslim countries. Subsequently. violent demonstrations throughout the Islamic world resulted in the several deaths.<ref>{{cite news|title= How a meeting of leaders in Mecca set off the cartoon wars around the world|work=The Independent|date=10 February 2006|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article344482.ece|location=London|first1=Daniel|last1=Howden|first2=David|last2=Hardaker|first3=Stephen|last3=Castle|accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref>


===Human rights===
===Human rights===

Revision as of 20:41, 14 July 2012

"OIC" redirects here. For other uses, see OIC (disambiguation).
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation          
Coat of arms
  Member States
  Observer States
  Blocked States
Administrative centerJeddah, Saudi Arabia
Official languagesArabic, English, French
Membership57 member states
Leaders
• Secretary-General
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
Establishment
• OIC Charter signed
September 25, 1969
Population
• Estimate
1.6 billion (2011)
Website
http://www.oic-oci.org/

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Arabic: منظمة التعاون الاسلامي; French: Organisation de la Coopération Islamique (OCI))[a 1] is an international organisation consisting of 57 member states. The organisation attempts to be the collective voice of the Muslim world (Ummah) and attempts to safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well-being of Muslims.

The OIC has a permanent delegation to the United Nations, and is the largest international organisation outside of the United Nations.[1] The official languages of the OIC are Arabic, English, and French. It changed its name on 28 June 2011 from the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (Arabic: منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي; French: Organisation de la Conférence Islamique) to its current name.[2]

History and goals

Since the 19th century, some Muslims had aspired to ummah to serve their common political, economic, and social interests. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate after World War I left a vacuum for a pan-Islamic institution. Losing the Six-Day War in 1967 provided the incentive needed. Leaders of Muslim nations met in Rabat to establish the OIC on September 25, 1969.[3]

According to its charter, the OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education, particularly in the fields of science and technology.[3]

The flag of the OIC (shown above) has an overall green background (symbolic of Islam). In the centre, there is an upward-facing red crescent enveloped in a white disc. On the disc the words "Allahu Akbar" (Arabic for "God is Great") are written in Arabic calligraphy.

On August 5, 1990, 45 foreign ministers of the OIC adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam to serve as a guidance for the member states in the matters of human rights in as much as they are compatible with the Sharia, or Quranic Law.[4]

On February 24, 2009, the International Zakat Organization, in cooperation with the Organisation of the Islamic Conferences, announced the selection of the BMB Group to head up the management of the Global Zakat and Charity Fund, with its CEO Rayo Withanage becoming the co-chairman of the zakat fund. The fund is expected to contain 2 billion ringgits in 2010, about US$650 million.[5]

Member states

Main article: Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Arab LeagueParliamentary Union of the OIC Member StatesOrganisation of Islamic CooperationArab Maghreb UnionAgadir AgreementCouncil of Arab Economic UnityGulf Cooperation CouncilWest African Economic and Monetary UnionEconomic Cooperation OrganizationOrganization of Turkic StatesLiptako–Gourma AuthorityLiptako–Gourma AuthorityEconomic Cooperation OrganizationAlbaniaMalaysiaAfghanistanLibyaAlgeriaTunisiaMoroccoLebanonEgyptSomaliaAzerbaijanBahrainBangladeshBeninBruneiBurkina FasoCameroonChadComorosDjiboutiGambiaGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaIndonesiaIranIraqIvory CoastJordanKazakhstanKuwaitKyrgyzstanMaldivesMaliMauritaniaMozambiqueNigerNigeriaOmanPakistanQatarSudanPalestineSurinameSyriaTajikistanTogoTurkeyTurkmenistanUgandaUnited Arab EmiratesUzbekistanYemenSierra LeoneGabonSenegalArab Maghreb UnionAgadir AgreementSaudi Arabia
A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational organisations within the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (note that Syria is currently suspended from all organizations affiliated with the OIC due to human rights abuses in the ongoing Syrian civil war).v • d • e

The Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation has 57 members, 56 of which are classed by the United Nations as member states. Some, especially in West Africa, are - though with large Muslim populations - not necessarily Muslim majority countries. A few countries with significant Muslim populations, such as Russia and Thailand, sit as Observer States, while others, such as India and Ethiopia, are not members.

The collective population of OIC member states is over 1.4 billion as 2008.

Refugees

According to the UNHCR, OIC countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. Since then OIC members have absorbed refugees from other conflicts, including the uprising in Syria. In May 2012, the OIC is expected to address these concerns at the "Refugees in the Muslim World" conference in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.[6]

Positions

The Parliamentary Union of the OIC member states (PUOICM) was established in Iran in 1999, and its head office is situated in Tehran. Only OIC members are entitled to membership in the union.[7]

President George W. Bush announced on June 27, 2007, that the United States would establish an envoy to the OIC. Bush said of the envoy, "Our special envoy will listen to and learn from representatives from Muslim states, and will share with them America's views and values."[8] Rashad Hussain is the current special envoy, after being appointed on 13 February 2010.[9] Individual organisation members vote against the United States on over 86 percent of United Nations resolutions.[10]

The Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation on March 28, 2008, added its voice to the growing criticism of the film 'Fitna' by Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders, which features disturbing images of violent acts juxtaposed with verses from the Quran.[11]

Stance on cartoons of Mohammed

Main article: Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

Cartoons of Mohammed, published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, were found offensive to a number of Muslims. The December 2005 meeting of the OIC condemned publication of the cartoons, resulting in broader coverage of the issue by news media in Muslim countries. Subsequently. violent demonstrations throughout the Islamic world resulted in the several deaths.[12]

Human rights

OIC created the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam.[4] While proponents claim it is not an alternative to the UDHR, but rather complementary, Article 24 states, "All the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Shari'ah." and Article 25 follows that with "The Islamic Shari'ah is the only source of reference for the explanation or clarification of any of the articles of this Declaration." Attempts to have it adopted by the United Nations Human Rights Council have met increasing criticism, because of its contradiction of the UDHR, including from liberal Muslim groups.[13] Critics of the CDHR state bluntly that it is “manipulation and hypocrisy,” “designed to dilute, if not altogether eliminate, civil and political rights protected by international law” and attempts to “circumvent these principles [of freedom and equality].”[14][15][16]

Human Rights Watch says that OIC has “fought doggedly” and successfully within the United Nations Human Rights Council to shield states from criticism, except when it comes to criticism of Israel. For example, when independent experts reported violations of human rights in the 2006 Lebanon War, “state after state from the OIC took the floor to denounce the experts for daring to look beyond Israeli violations to discuss Hezbollah’s as well.” OIC demands that the council “should work cooperatively with abusive governments rather than condemn them.” HRW responds that this works only with those who are willing to cooperate; others exploit the passivity.[17][18]

The OIC has been criticised for diverting its activities solely on Muslim minorities within majority non-Muslim countries but putting a taboo on the plight, the treatment of ethnic minorities within Muslim-majority countries, such as the oppression of the Kurds in Syria, the Ahwaz in Iran, the Hazars in Afghanistan, the Baluchis in Pakistan, the 'Al-Akhdam' in Yemen, or the Berbers in Algeria.[19]

Terrorism

In 1999 OIC adopted the OIC Convention on Combating International Terrorism.[20] Human Rights Watch has noted that the definition of terrorism in article 1 describes “any act or threat of violence carried out with the aim of, among other things, imperiling people’s honour, occupying or seizing public or private property, or threatening the stability, territorial integrity, political unity or sovereignty of a state.” HRW views this as vague and ill defined, and includes much that is outside the generally accepted understandings of the concept of terrorism. In HRW's view, it labels, or could easily be used to label, as terrorist actions, acts of peaceful expression, association, and assembly.[21]

Legal scholar Ben Saul of University of Sydney argues that the definition is subjective and ambiguous and concludes that there is “serious danger of the abusive use of terrorist prosecutions against political opponents” and others.[22]

Furthermore, HRW is concerned by OIC’s apparent unwillingness to recognise as terrorism acts that serve causes endorsed by their member states. Article 2 reads: “Peoples’ struggle including armed struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism, and hegemony, aimed at liberation and self-determination.” HRW has suggested to OIC that they embrace “longstanding and universally recognised international human rights standards”[21]—a request that has as yet not led to any results.[citation needed]

Contradictions between OIC's and other U.N. member’s understanding of terrorism has stymied efforts at the U.N. to produce a comprehensive convention on international terrorism.[23]

On a meeting in Malaysia in April 2002, delegates discussed terrorism but failed to reach a definition of it. They rejected, however, any description of the Palestinian fight with Israel as terrorism. Their declaration was explicit: "We reject any attempt to link terrorism to the struggle of the Palestinian people in the exercise of their inalienable right to establish their independent state with Al-Quds Al-Shrif (Jerusalem) as its capital." In fact, at the outset of the meeting, the OIC countries signed a statement praising the Palestinians and their "blessed intifada." The word terrorism was restricted to describe Israel, whom they condemned for "state terrorism" in their war with the Palestinian people.[24]

At the 34th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (ICFM), an OIC section, in May 2007, the foreign ministers termed Islamophobia the worst form of terrorism.[25]

Dispute with Thailand

Thailand has responded to OIC criticism of human rights abuses in the Muslim majority provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat in the south of the country. In a statement issued on 18 October 2005 secretary-general Ihsanoglu vocalised concern over the continuing conflict in the south that "claimed the lives of innocent people and forced the migration of local people out of their places".[26] He also stressed that the Thai government's security approach to the crisis would aggravate the situation and lead to continued violence.

On 18–19 April 2009, The exile Patani leader Abu Yasir Fikri (see PULO) was invited to the OIC to speak out about the conflict and present a solution to end the violence between the Thai government and the ethnically Malay Muslims living in the socioeconomically neglected south, that has been struggling against Thai assimilation policy and for self governance since it became annexed by Thailand in 1902. Abu Yasir Fikri presented a six-point solution at the conference in Jiddah that included getting the same basic rights as other groups when it came to right of language, religion, and culture. In the solution Abu Yasir Fikri also suggested that Thailand give up its discriminatory policies against the Patani people and allow Patani to at least be allowed the same self-governing rights as other regions in Thailand already have, citing that this does not go against the Thai constitution since it has been done in other parts of Thailand and that it is only a matter of political will.[27] He also criticised the Thai government’s escalation of violence by arming and creating Buddhist militia groups and questioned their intentions. He added Thai policies of not investigating corruption, murder, and human rights violations perpetrated by Bangkok-led administration and military personnel against the Malay Muslim population was an obstacle for achieving peace and healing the deep wounds of being treated as third-class citizens.[27][28]

Thailand responded to this criticism over its policies. The Thai foreign minister, Kantathi Suphamongkhon, said: “We have made it clear to the OIC several times that the violence in the deep South is not caused by religious conflict and the government grants protection to all of our citizens no matter what religion they embrace.” The Foreign Ministry issued a statement dismissing the OIC’s criticism and accusing it of disseminating misperceptions and misinformation about the situation in the southern provinces. “If the OIC secretariat really wants to promote the cause of peace and harmony in the three southern provinces of Thailand, the responsibility falls on the OIC secretariat to strongly condemn the militants, who are perpetrating these acts of violence against both Thai Muslims and Thai Buddhists.”[26][29][30]

HRW"[31] and Amnesty International[28] have echoed the same concerns as OIC, rebuffing Thailand's attempts to dismiss the issue.

Dispute with India

India has also hit out at the OIC for supporting UN demands for a plebiscite in Kashmir.The UN stated that it was “concerned” about the “violent protests” in Kashmir and the reaction from the Indian state and called for restraint from both sides.[32]

Although it contains the third largest number of Muslims in the world, India has been blocked by Pakistan from joining the OIC.[33][34][35]

LGBT issues

See also: Sexual orientation and gender identity at the United Nations

A joint statement by Brazil and South Africa stating that sexual orientation and gender identity is a human rights issue was rejected by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. The OIC further demanded that LGBT rights no longer be discussed in the Human Rights forum.[36][clarification needed]

Notable meetings

A number of OIC meetings have attracted global attention.

Tenth OIC Summit

The 10th OIC summit attracted attention at the opening session of the meeting in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on 16 October 2003, where Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia in his speech argued that the Jews control the world: "They invented socialism, communism, human rights, and democracy, so that persecuting them would appear to be wrong, so that they can enjoy equal rights with others. With these they have gained control of the most powerful countries and they, this tiny community, have become a world power.” He also said that “the Europeans killed 6 million Jews out of 12 million, but today the Jews rule the world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them.”[37][38]

The speech was very well received by the delegates, including many high ranking politicians, who responded with standing ovations".[39][40][41] Western, non-Muslim reactions, however, were appalled. "We view [the remarks] with contempt and derision," said a U.S. State Department spokesman. The foreign minister of Italy, who held the rotating presidency of the European Union, called the incident "gravely offensive." Malaysian officials later clarified that Mahathir had been trying to say that despite having been a marginal and persecuted community the Jews have survived—by use of brains, not brawn. The former prime minister said this in relation to the decline of Muslim knowledge in the 20th Century.[40]

Ninth meeting of PUOICM

The ninth meeting of the Council of PUOICM was held on 15 and 16 February 2007 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[42] The speaker of Malaysia's House of Representatives, Ramli bin Ngah Talib, delivered a speech at the beginning of the inaugural ceremony. OIC secretary-general Prof Dr Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said prior to the meeting that one main agenda item was stopping Israel from continuing its excavation at the Western Wall near the Al-Aqsa Mosque, Islam's third holiest shrine.[43] The OIC also discussed how it might send peacekeeping troops to Muslim states, as well as the possibility of a change in the name of the body and its charter.[44] Additionally, return of the sovereignty right to the Iraqi people along with withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq was another one of the main issues on the agenda.[45]

Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri told reporters on 14 February 2007 that the secretary general of OIC and foreign ministers of seven "like-minded Muslim countries" would meet in Islamabad on 25 February 2007 following meetings of President Musharraf with heads of key Muslim countries to discuss "a new initiative" for the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Kasuri said this would be a meeting of foreign ministers of key Muslim countries to discuss and prepare for a summit in Makkah Al Mukarramah to seek the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.[46]

Structure and organisation

The OIC system consists of:

Islamic summit

The largest meeting, attended by the kings and the heads of state and government of the member states, convenes every three years.[clarification needed]

Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers

It meets once a year to examine a progress report on the implementation of its decisions taken within the framework of the policy defined by the Islamic Summit.

Permanent Secretariat

It is the executive organ of the Organisation, entrusted with the implementation of the decisions of the two preceding bodies, and is located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The current secretary general of this international organisation is Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, from Turkey, since January 1, 2005.

Standing committees

Subsidiary organisations

Specialised institutions

Affiliated institutions

Secretary General of the OIC

Secretaries-General of the Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation[47]
No. Name Country of origin Took office Left office
1 Tunku Abdul Rahman  Malaysia 1971 1973
2 Hassan Al-Touhami  Egypt 1974 1975
3 Amadou Karim Gaye  Senegal 1975 1979
4 Habib Chatty  Tunisia 1979 1984
5 Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada  Pakistan 1985 1988
6 Hamid Algabid  Niger 1989 1996
7 Azeddine Laraki  Morocco 1997 2000
8 Abdelouahed Belkeziz  Morocco 2001 2004
9 Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu  Turkey 2005 Incumbent

Past Islamic Summit Conferences

Number Date Country Place
1st September 22–25, 1969  Morocco Rabat
2nd February 22–24, 1974  Pakistan Lahore
3rd January 25–29, 1981  Saudi Arabia Makkah Al Mukarramah and Taif
4th January 16–19, 1984  Morocco Casablanca
5th January 26–29, 1987  Kuwait Kuwait City
6th December 9–11, 1991  Senegal Dakar
7th December 13–15, 1994  Morocco Casablanca
1st Extraordinary March 23, 1997  Pakistan Islamabad
8th December 9–11, 1997  Iran Tehran
9th November 12–13, 2000  Qatar Doha
2nd Extraordinary March 5, 2003  Qatar Doha
10th October 16–17, 2003  Malaysia Putrajaya
3rd Extraordinary December 7–8, 2005  Saudi Arabia Makkah Al Mukarramah
11th March 13–14, 2008  Senegal Dakar

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Upon the groups's renaming, some sources provided the English-language translation "Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation", but the OIC's official website and the website of the OIC Mission to the UN have since indicated the preferred English translation omits the "the".

References

  1. ^ US Department of State. "Special Envoy to the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)". Retrieved 16 Feb 2012.
  2. ^ OIC changes name, emblem Pakistan Observer
  3. ^ a b http://www.oic-oci.org/page_detail.asp?p_id=52
  4. ^ a b "Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam,Aug. 5, 1990, U.N. GAOR, World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993) [English translation]". University of Minnesota. 1990-08-05. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  5. ^ "BMB Group to partner with International Zakat Organization to establish and co-manage a Global Zakat & Charity Fund " FiNETIK – Asia and Latin America – Market News Network". Blog.finetik.com. 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  6. ^ "OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan". Zaman. 2012-04-24.
  7. ^ "وب سایتهای ایرنا - Irna". Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  8. ^ The Guardian. London http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-6740455,00.html. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) [dead link]
  9. ^ US Department of State. "Special Envoy to the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)". Retrieved 16 Feb 2012.
  10. ^ "Snopes.com". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  11. ^ "Muslims condemn Dutch lawmaker's film - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  12. ^ Howden, Daniel; Hardaker, David; Castle, Stephen (10 February 2006). "How a meeting of leaders in Mecca set off the cartoon wars around the world". The Independent. London. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  13. ^ ’’Human Rights Brief’’ United Nations Update Accessed 10 March 2009.
  14. ^ Fatema Mernissi: Islam and Democracy, Cambridge 2002, Perseus Books, p. 67.
  15. ^ Ann Mayer, “An Assessment of Human Rights Schemes,” in Islam and Human Rights, p. 175. Westview 1999, Westview Press.
  16. ^ Robert Carle: "Revealing and Concealing: Islamist Discourse on Human Rights,” Human rights review, vol:6, No 3 April–June 2005.
  17. ^ How to Put U.N. Rights Council Back on Track Human Rights Watch, November 2, 2006.
  18. ^ The UN Human Rights Council Human Rights Watch Testimony Delivered to the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, July 25, 2007.
  19. ^ Multicultural odysseys: navigating ... - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  20. ^ WEBB - building the web. www.webb.az. "OIC Convention on Combating International Terrorism". Oicun.org. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  21. ^ a b Organisation of the Islamic Conference: Improve and Strengthen the 1999 OIC Convention on Combating International Terrorism Human Rights Watch 11 March 2008.
  22. ^ Ben Saul: Branding Enemies: Regional Legal Responses to Terrorism in Asia ‘’Asia-Pacific Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2008’’ Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08/127, October 2008.
  23. ^ Patrick Goodenough: UN Anti-Terror Effort Bogged Down Over Terrorism Definition CNSNew.com, September 2, 2008.
  24. ^ The OIC's blind eye to terror The Japan Times 9 April 2002.
  25. ^ ‘Islamophobia Worst Form of Terrorism’ Arab News May 17, 2007.
  26. ^ a b "Ihsanoglu urges OIC Member States to accord greater attention to Muslim minority issues". Patanipost.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  27. ^ a b "Welcome to Patani Post! PULO President invited to speak at OIC meeting 18–19 April 2009". Patanipost.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  28. ^ a b "Thailand | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  29. ^ [1][dead link]
  30. ^ "Welcome to Patani Post! OIC Resolution - Kampala". Patanipost.com. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  31. ^ "Thailand | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  32. ^ "OHCHR calls for restraint in Indian-administered Kashmir". Unhchr.ch. 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
  33. ^ Published 01/23/2011. "Eight Countries Seek OIC Membership". Caribbeanmuslims.com. Retrieved 2011-11-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ "'Pak will match India weapons'". Indianexpress.com. 2005-07-03. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
  35. ^ Wahab, Siraj. "Arab News". Arab News. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
  36. ^ Littauer, Dan (4 July 2012). "South Africa and Brazil demand UN action on gay rights". Pink News. Retrieved 4 July 2012
  37. ^ Mahathir attack on Jews condemned CNN October 17, 2003.
  38. ^ Mahathir airs virulent anti-Semitism The Taipei Times, Friday, Oct 17, 2003
  39. ^ Condemned by West, Malaysia apologises for Judaism attack Jerusalem Post October 17, 2003.
  40. ^ a b Muslim reaction to Mahathir speech BBC 18 October 2003.
  41. ^ Islamic Anti-Semitism New York Times 18 October 2003.
  42. ^ [2][dead link]
  43. ^ "Malaysian National News Agency". Bernama. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  44. ^ "Malaysian National News Agency". Bernama. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
  45. ^ [3][dead link]
  46. ^ [4][dead link]
  47. ^ Former Secretaries-General–OIC.

Further reading

  • Ankerl, Guy Coexisting Contemporary Civilisations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva, INUPress, 2000, ISBN 2-88155-004-5
  • Al-Huda, Qamar. "Organisation of the Islamic Conference." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Edited by Martin, Richard C. Macmillan Reference, 2004. vol. 1 p. 394. 20 April 2008

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&oldid=502289560"