Grading in education: Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses|Grade (disambiguation)}} |
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{{grading}} |
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'''Grading''' in [[education]] is the process of applying standardized measurements of varying levels of achievement in a course. |
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Grades can be assigned as letters (generally A through F), as a range (for example 1 to 6), as a percentage of a total number of questions answered correctly, or as a number out of a possible total (for example out of 20 or 100). |
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In some countries, all grades from all current classes are [[averaged]] to create a <!-- "Grade point average" redirects here - this term is bolded per MOS:BOLD -->'''grade point average''' (GPA) for the marking period. The GPA is calculated by taking the number of grade points a student earned in a given period of time of middle school through high school.<ref>grade point average. (n.d.). WordNet2.0 Retrieved 3 October 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/grade point average</ref> GPAs are also calculated for [[undergraduate]] and [[graduate school|graduate]] students in most universities. The GPA can be used by potential employers or educational institutions to assess and compare applicants. A ''cumulative grade point average'' is a calculation of the average of all of a student's total earned points divided by the possible amount of points. This grading system calculates for all of his or her complete education career. |
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==History== |
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[[Yale University]] historian George W. Pierson writes: "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when President Ezra Stiles, after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his diary that there were 'Twenty ''Optimi'', sixteen second ''Optimi'', twelve ''Inferiores'' (''Boni''), ten ''Pejores''.'"<ref>{{cite book|last=Pierson|first=George|year=1983|title=A Yale Book of Numbers. Historical Statistics of the College and University 1701 - 1976|chapter=C. Undergraduate Studies: Yale College|publisher=Yale Office of Institutional Research|chapterurl=http://oir.yale.edu/1701-1976-yale-book-numbers#C|place=New Haven|page=310}}</ref> Bob Marlin argues that the concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named [[William Farish (professor)|William Farish]] and first implemented by the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1792.<ref>{{cite book|last = Postman|first = Neil|year = 1992|publisher = [[Alfred A. Knopf]]|place = New York|page = 13|title = Technopoly The Surrender of Culture to Technology}}</ref> Hoskin's assertion has been questioned by Christopher Stray, who finds the evidence for Farish as the inventor of the numerical mark to be unpersuasive.<ref>Christopher Stray, "From Oral to Written Examinations: Cambridge, Oxford and Dublin 1700-1914", History of Universities 20:2 (2005), 94-95.</ref> Stray's article elucidates the complex relationship between the mode of examination (testing), in this case oral or written, and the varying philosophies of education these modes imply, both to teacher and student. As a technology, grading both shapes and reflects many fundamental areas of educational theory and practice. Over the past hundred years, various colleges, such as [[Evergreen State College]] and [[Hampshire College]] have begun to eschew grades. [[Ivy League]] university [[Brown University]] does not calculate grade-point averages, and all classes can be taken on a pass/fail basis. Additionally, several secondary schools have additionally decided to forgo grades. A notable example is [[Saint Ann's School (New York City)|Saint Ann's School]] in [[Brooklyn]] which was ranked by the [[Wall Street Journal]] as the number one high school in the country for having the highest percentage of graduating seniors enroll in [[Ivy League]] and several other highly selective colleges.<ref>April 2, 2004 ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', Cover Story (Personal Journal)</ref> |
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==International grading systems== |
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Most nations have individual grading systems unique to their own schools. However, several international standards for grading have arisen recently. |
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{{Main|European Baccalaureate}} |
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===GCSE=== |
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In the General Certificate of Secondary Education ([[GCSE]]) exam taken by secondary school students in England and Wales, grades generally range from A* (highest) to G (lowest). However, in GCSE Science, Additional Science, Mathematics, Statistics, English Literature, English Language, and any Modern or Classical Foreign Language, there are two tiers (higher and foundation). In the higher tier, grades A* to D can be achieved, while in the foundation tier, only grades C to G can be awarded.<ref>http://www.edexcel.com/i-am-a/student/results/pages/results-gcse.aspx</ref> Generally, a C or above would be considered a pass and a D or below would be considered a fail by most institutions: for Mathematics and English Language and English Literature, and possibly Science, this would require a resit. |
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If an examined candidate does not score highly enough to get a grade G, then he/she will be 'Uncredited'. This is often abbreviated to a 'U' as a final result. |
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From England and Wales' 2016-17 academic year, the grading system will be changed to a numerical 9 to 1 format, with the old grade A* roughly equivalent to a new grade 8. |
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== Grading systems by country == |
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{{Main|Grading systems by country}} |
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==GPA in the United States job market== |
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According to a study published in 2014, a one-point increase in high-school GPA translated to an 11.85% increase in annual earnings for men and 13.77% for women in the United States.<ref name=HuffPost20140523>{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Jillian |title=Female 'A+' Students End Up Making As Much As Male 'C' Students |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/23/gpa-income_n_5373078.html |publisher=''The Huffington Post'' |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Pptfw8qg |archivedate=May 25, 2014 |date=May 23, 2014}}</ref> |
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College and post-college students often wonder how much weight their GPA carries in future employment. In the various broadly defined professions as a whole, [[internship]]s and [[work experience]] gained during one's time in college are easily the most important factors that employers consider. In order of importance, the remaining factors are choice of [[Major (academic)|major]], [[volunteering]], choice of [[extracurricular activity]], relevance of [[coursework]], grade point average and the reputation of one's college. The relative importance of these factors do vary somewhat between professions, but in all of them, a graduate's GPA is relatively low on the list of factors that employers consider.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url =https://chronicle.com/items/biz/pdf/Employers%20Survey.pdf |
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| title =The Role of Higher Education in Career Development: Employer Perceptions |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| date =December 2012 |
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| website =[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |
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| publisher = |
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| access-date =6 November 2015 |
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| quote = }}</ref> |
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There is also criticism about using grades as an indicator in employment. Armstrong (2012) claimed that the relationship between grades and [[job performance]] is low and becoming lower in recent studies.<ref>{{cite journal|url= https://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/files/?whdmsaction=public:main.file&fileID=8113 | title = Natural Learning in Higher Education|last=Armstrong |first=J. Scott | journal = Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning | year = 2012}}</ref> The [[grade inflation]] that has plagued American colleges over recent decades has also played a role in the devaluation of grades.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url =http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/01/same-performance-better-grades/384447/ |
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| title =Same Performance, Better Grades |
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| last =Katsikas |
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| first =Aina |
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| date =13 January 2015 |
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| website =The Atlantic |
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| publisher = |
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| access-date =5 November 2015 |
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| quote =Ultimately, grade inflation has severe consequences. Not only does it make it difficult for employers to vet the caliber of an applicant, but it also misleads students, who often use their grades as benchmarks to help diagnose their strengths and weaknesses. }}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Grade inflation]] |
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* [[Sudbury school]], a school model for ages 4 through 18 with schools internationally with no grading or [[grade levels]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|40em}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://redbus2us.com/how-is-gpa-computed-in-us-schools-gpa-computation-formula/ Article: How is GPA computed in US schools? GPA Computation formula ] |
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* [http://www.adsciengineering.com/web_tools/gpacalc Online US Collegiate GPA Calculator] |
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* [http://www.wes.org/gradeconversionguide/ WES-Online GPA Conversionguide] |
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* [http://www.larnedu.com/tools/gpa-calculator/ GPA Calculator for students] |
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* [http://nicosia.dia.uniroma3.it/Erasmus/scale.html ECTS grading scale in Europe] |
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* [http://campustechnology.com/articles/2007/06/santa-ana-college-takes-grading-online.aspx Online Grading - Article by Campus Technology e-Magazine] |
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* [http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/05/the_case_against_grades_they_lower_self_esteem_discourage_creativity_and.single.html The Case Against Grades] at Slate.com |
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* [http://collegie.com/gpa-calculator What Is GPA, Why Is It Important, and How to Calculate GPA] |
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* [http://www.tayloredtools.com/tools/high-school-gpa-calculator U.S. High School GPA Calculator] |
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* [http://www.enqwaya.com/ Grade Calculator for Kenyan Class Teachers] |
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* [http://collegelisted.com/gpa-calculator How to calculate your Grade Point Average (GPA),Frequent Questions About GPA] |
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{{Standards-based Education Reform}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Grade}} |
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[[Category:Academic transfer]] |
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[[Category:Education reform]] |
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[[Category:Student assessment and evaluation]] |
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[[Category:Educational evaluation methods]] |
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Revision as of 19:56, 5 January 2017
| Academic grading |
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| Africa |
| North America |
| South America |
| Asia |
| Europe |
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| Oceania |
Grading in education is the process of applying standardized measurements of varying levels of achievement in a course. Grades can be assigned as letters (generally A through F), as a range (for example 1 to 6), as a percentage of a total number of questions answered correctly, or as a number out of a possible total (for example out of 20 or 100).
In some countries, all grades from all current classes are averaged to create a grade point average (GPA) for the marking period. The GPA is calculated by taking the number of grade points a student earned in a given period of time of middle school through high school.[1] GPAs are also calculated for undergraduate and graduate students in most universities. The GPA can be used by potential employers or educational institutions to assess and compare applicants. A cumulative grade point average is a calculation of the average of all of a student's total earned points divided by the possible amount of points. This grading system calculates for all of his or her complete education career.
History
Yale University historian George W. Pierson writes: "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when President Ezra Stiles, after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his diary that there were 'Twenty Optimi, sixteen second Optimi, twelve Inferiores (Boni), ten Pejores.'"[2] Bob Marlin argues that the concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named William Farish and first implemented by the University of Cambridge in 1792.[3] Hoskin's assertion has been questioned by Christopher Stray, who finds the evidence for Farish as the inventor of the numerical mark to be unpersuasive.[4] Stray's article elucidates the complex relationship between the mode of examination (testing), in this case oral or written, and the varying philosophies of education these modes imply, both to teacher and student. As a technology, grading both shapes and reflects many fundamental areas of educational theory and practice. Over the past hundred years, various colleges, such as Evergreen State College and Hampshire College have begun to eschew grades. Ivy League university Brown University does not calculate grade-point averages, and all classes can be taken on a pass/fail basis. Additionally, several secondary schools have additionally decided to forgo grades. A notable example is Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn which was ranked by the Wall Street Journal as the number one high school in the country for having the highest percentage of graduating seniors enroll in Ivy League and several other highly selective colleges.[5]
International grading systems
Most nations have individual grading systems unique to their own schools. However, several international standards for grading have arisen recently.
GCSE
In the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exam taken by secondary school students in England and Wales, grades generally range from A* (highest) to G (lowest). However, in GCSE Science, Additional Science, Mathematics, Statistics, English Literature, English Language, and any Modern or Classical Foreign Language, there are two tiers (higher and foundation). In the higher tier, grades A* to D can be achieved, while in the foundation tier, only grades C to G can be awarded.[6] Generally, a C or above would be considered a pass and a D or below would be considered a fail by most institutions: for Mathematics and English Language and English Literature, and possibly Science, this would require a resit.
If an examined candidate does not score highly enough to get a grade G, then he/she will be 'Uncredited'. This is often abbreviated to a 'U' as a final result.
From England and Wales' 2016-17 academic year, the grading system will be changed to a numerical 9 to 1 format, with the old grade A* roughly equivalent to a new grade 8.
Grading systems by country
GPA in the United States job market
According to a study published in 2014, a one-point increase in high-school GPA translated to an 11.85% increase in annual earnings for men and 13.77% for women in the United States.[7]
College and post-college students often wonder how much weight their GPA carries in future employment. In the various broadly defined professions as a whole, internships and work experience gained during one's time in college are easily the most important factors that employers consider. In order of importance, the remaining factors are choice of major, volunteering, choice of extracurricular activity, relevance of coursework, grade point average and the reputation of one's college. The relative importance of these factors do vary somewhat between professions, but in all of them, a graduate's GPA is relatively low on the list of factors that employers consider.[8] There is also criticism about using grades as an indicator in employment. Armstrong (2012) claimed that the relationship between grades and job performance is low and becoming lower in recent studies.[9] The grade inflation that has plagued American colleges over recent decades has also played a role in the devaluation of grades.[10]
See also
- Grade inflation
- Sudbury school, a school model for ages 4 through 18 with schools internationally with no grading or grade levels
References
- ^ grade point average. (n.d.). WordNet2.0 Retrieved 3 October 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/grade point average
- ^ Pierson, George (1983). "C. Undergraduate Studies: Yale College". A Yale Book of Numbers. Historical Statistics of the College and University 1701 - 1976. New Haven: Yale Office of Institutional Research. p. 310.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Postman, Neil (1992). Technopoly The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 13.
- ^ Christopher Stray, "From Oral to Written Examinations: Cambridge, Oxford and Dublin 1700-1914", History of Universities 20:2 (2005), 94-95.
- ^ April 2, 2004 Wall Street Journal, Cover Story (Personal Journal)
- ^ http://www.edexcel.com/i-am-a/student/results/pages/results-gcse.aspx
- ^ Berman, Jillian (23 May 2014). "Female 'A+' Students End Up Making As Much As Male 'C' Students". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ "The Role of Higher Education in Career Development: Employer Perceptions" (PDF). The Chronicle of Higher Education. December 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- ^ Armstrong, J. Scott (2012). "Natural Learning in Higher Education". Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning.
- ^ Katsikas, Aina (13 January 2015). "Same Performance, Better Grades". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Ultimately, grade inflation has severe consequences. Not only does it make it difficult for employers to vet the caliber of an applicant, but it also misleads students, who often use their grades as benchmarks to help diagnose their strengths and weaknesses.
External links
- Article: How is GPA computed in US schools? GPA Computation formula
- Online US Collegiate GPA Calculator
- WES-Online GPA Conversionguide
- GPA Calculator for students
- ECTS grading scale in Europe
- Online Grading - Article by Campus Technology e-Magazine
- The Case Against Grades at Slate.com
- What Is GPA, Why Is It Important, and How to Calculate GPA
- U.S. High School GPA Calculator
- Grade Calculator for Kenyan Class Teachers
- How to calculate your Grade Point Average (GPA),Frequent Questions About GPA