Afar people: Difference between revisions
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| image = File:Flag_of_the_Afar_Region_(1994-2012).svg |
| image = File:Flag_of_the_Afar_Region_(1994-2012).svg |
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| caption = The Afar [[ethnic flag]] |
| caption = The Afar [[ethnic flag]] |
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| population = {{circa}} |
| population = {{circa}} 5 689 004 (2010) |
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| region1 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |
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| pop1 = |
| pop1 = 4 689 004 (2005) |
||
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population and Housing Census - 2007|url=http://ecastats.uneca.org/aicmd/Portals/0/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|publisher=FDRE Population Census Commission|accessdate=6 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032857/http://ecastats.uneca.org/aicmd/Portals/0/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population and Housing Census - 2007|url=http://ecastats.uneca.org/aicmd/Portals/0/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|publisher=FDRE Population Census Commission|accessdate=6 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927032857/http://ecastats.uneca.org/aicmd/Portals/0/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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| region2 = {{flagcountry|Eritrea}} |
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Eritrea}} |
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| pop2 = |
| pop2 = 570 000 (2002) |
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| ref2 = <ref name="Ethnologueaar">{{cite web|title=Afar|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aar|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> |
| ref2 = <ref name="Ethnologueaar">{{cite web|title=Afar|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aar|publisher=Ethnologue|accessdate=8 November 2016}}</ref> |
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| region3 = {{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Djibouti}} |
||
| pop3 = |
| pop3 = 431 000 (2009) |
||
| ref3 = <ref name="Ethnologueaar"/> |
| ref3 = <ref name="Ethnologueaar"/> |
||
| langs = [[Afar language|Afar]] |
| langs = [[Afar language|Afar]] |
||
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] |
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]] |
||
| related_groups = {{hlist|style=margin:0 1.0em; |[[Agaw people|Agaw]] |[[Amhara people|Amhara]] |[[Beja people|Beja]] |[[Oromo people|Oromo]] |[[Saho people|Saho]] |[[Somalis|Somali]] |[[Harari people|Harari]] |[[Tigrayans]]-[[Tigrinyas]] |[[Tigre people|Tigre]],<ref name="Joireman">{{cite book|last=Joireman|first=Sandra F.|title=Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development|year=1997|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=1|isbn=1581120001}}</ref> other [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]-speaking peoples ([[Arabs|Arabian]],<ref name="Hodgson2014a">{{cite journal|last=Hodgson|first=Jason A.|last2=Mulligan|first2=Connie J.|last3=Al-Meeri|first3=Ali|last4=Raaum|first4=Ryan L.|date=2014-06-12|title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e1004393|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4055572|pmid=24921250|quote=We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations.[…] The most recent divergence date estimates for the Ethio-Somali ancestral population are with the Maghrebi and Arabian ancestral populations at 23 and 25 ka.}}</ref> [[Egyptians|Egyptian]],<ref name="Cruciani2007a">{{cite journal|authors=Fulvio Cruciani, et al.|date=June 2007|title=Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1300–1311|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049|issn=0737-4038|pmid=17351267|quote=the presence of E-M78 chromosomes in eastern Africa can be only explained through a back migration of chromosomes that had acquired the M78 mutation in northeastern Africa. The nested arrangement of haplogroups E-V12 and E-V32 defines an upper and lower bound for this episode, that is, 18.0 ky and 5.9 ky, respectively.}}</ref> [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethiopian Semitic]],<ref name="Hodgson2014a"/> [[Horn of Africa|Horn]] [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]],<ref name="Hodgson2014a"/> [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]]<ref name="Hodgson2014a"/>)}} |
| related_groups = {{hlist|style=margin:0 1.0em; |[[Agaw people|Agaw]] |[[Amhara people|Amhara]] |[[Beja people|Beja]] |[[Oromo people|Oromo]] |[[Saho people|Saho]] |[[Somalis|Somali]] |[[Harari people|Harari]] |[[Tigrayans]]-[[Tigrinyas]] |[[Tigre people|Tigre]],<ref name="Joireman">{{cite book|last=Joireman|first=Sandra F.|title=Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development|year=1997|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=1|isbn=1581120001}}</ref> other [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]-speaking peoples ([[Arabs|Arabian]],<ref name="Hodgson2014a">{{cite journal|last=Hodgson|first=Jason A.|last2=Mulligan|first2=Connie J.|last3=Al-Meeri|first3=Ali|last4=Raaum|first4=Ryan L.|date=2014-06-12|title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e1004393|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4055572|pmid=24921250|quote=We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations.[…] The most recent divergence date estimates for the Ethio-Somali ancestral population are with the Maghrebi and Arabian ancestral populations at 23 and 25 ka.}}</ref> [[Egyptians|Egyptian]],<ref name="Cruciani2007a">{{cite journal|authors=Fulvio Cruciani, et al.|date=June 2007|title=Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1300–1311|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049|issn=0737-4038|pmid=17351267|quote=the presence of E-M78 chromosomes in eastern Africa can be only explained through a back migration of chromosomes that had acquired the M78 mutation in northeastern Africa. The nested arrangement of haplogroups E-V12 and E-V32 defines an upper and lower bound for this episode, that is, 18.0 ky and 5.9 ky, respectively.}}</ref> [[Ethiopian Semitic languages|Ethiopian Semitic]],<ref name="Hodgson2014a"/> [[Horn of Africa|Horn]] [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]],<ref name="Hodgson2014a"/> [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]]<ref name="Hodgson2014a"/>)}} |
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}} |
}} |
Revision as of 09:43, 19 February 2018
![]() The Afar ethnic flag | |
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 5 689 004 (2010) | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() | 4 689 004 (2005)[1] |
![]() | 570 000 (2002)[2] |
![]() | 431 000 (2009)[2] |
Languages | |
Afar | |
Religion | |
![]() | |
Related ethnic groups | |
The Afar (Afar: Qafár), also known as the Danakil, Adali and Odali, are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa. They primarily live in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in northern Djibouti, although some also inhabit the southern point of Eritrea. Afars speak the Afar language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family.
History
History of Djibouti |
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Prehistory |
Antiquity |
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Middle Ages |
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Colonial period |
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Modern period |
Republic of Djibouti |
![]() ![]() |
Early history
Afar society has traditionally been organized into independent kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan. Among these were the Sultanate of Aussa, Sultanate of Girrifo, Sultanate of Dawe, Sultanate of Tadjourah, Sultanate of Rahaito, and Sultanate of Goobad.[6]
The earliest surviving written mention of the Afar is from the 13th-century Andalusian writer Ibn Sa'id, who reported that they inhabited the area around the port of Suakin, as far south as Mandeb, near Zeila.[7] They are mentioned intermittently in Ethiopian records, first as helping Emperor Amda Seyon in a campaign beyond the Awash River, then over a century later when they assisted Emperor Baeda Maryam when he campaigned against their neighbors the Dobe'a.[8]
Along with the closely related Somali and other adjacent Afro-Asiatic-speaking Muslim peoples, the Afar are also associated with the medieval Adal Sultanate that controlled large parts of the northern Horn of Africa. During its existence, Adal had relations and engaged in trade with other polities in Northeast Africa, the Near East, Europe and South Asia. Many of the historic cities in the Horn region, such as Maduna, Abasa, Berbera, Zeila and Harar, flourished with courtyard houses, mosques, shrines, walled enclosures and cisterns during the kingdom's Golden Age.
Aussa Sultanate
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Red_Red.svg/180px-Red_Red.svg.png)
The Afar Sultanate (Aussa Sultanate) succeeded the earlier Imamate of Aussa. The latter polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Harari city-state. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined and temporarily came to an end in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne.[9]
The Sultanate was subsequently re-established by Kedafu around the year 1734, and was thereafter ruled by his Mudaito Dynasty.[10] The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver baton, which was considered to have magical properties.[11]
Afar Liberation Front
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Afar_Revolutionary_Democratic_Unity_Front%2C_Logo.png/180px-Afar_Revolutionary_Democratic_Unity_Front%2C_Logo.png)
Following an unsuccessful rebellion led by the Afar Sultan, Alimirah Hanfare, the Afar Liberation Front was founded in 1975 to promote the interests of the Afar people. Sultan Hanfadhe was shortly afterwards exiled to Saudi Arabia. Ethiopia's then-ruling communist Derg regime later established the Autonomous Region of Assab (now called Aseb and located in Eritrea), although low level insurrection continued until the early 1990s. In Djibouti, a similar movement simmered throughout the 1980s, eventually culminating in the Afar Insurgency in 1991. After the fall of the Derg that same year, Sultan Hanfadhe returned from exile.
In March 1993, the Afar Revolutionary Democratic Front (ARDUF) was established. It constituted a coalition of three Afar organizations: the Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Union (ARDUU), founded in 1991 and led by Mohamooda Gaas (or Gaaz); the Afar Ummatah Demokrasiyyoh Focca (AUDF); and the Afar Revolutionary Forces (ARF). A political party, it aims to protect Afar interests. As of 2012, the ARDUF is part of the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF) coalition opposition party.[12]
Demographics
Geographical distribution
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Traditional_area_inhabited_by_the_Afar_ethnic_group.png/220px-Traditional_area_inhabited_by_the_Afar_ethnic_group.png)
The Afar principally reside in the Danakil Desert in the Afar Region of Ethiopia, as well as in Eritrea and Djibouti. They number 1,276,867 people in Ethiopia (or 1.73% of the total population), of whom 105,551 are urban inhabitants, according to the most recent census (2007).[13] The Afar make up over a third of the population of Djibouti, and are one of the nine recognized ethnic divisions (kililoch) of Ethiopia.[14]
Language
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ISO_639_Icon_aa.svg/220px-ISO_639_Icon_aa.svg.png)
Afars speak the Afar language as a mother tongue. It is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
The Afar language is spoken by ethnic Afars in the Afar Region of Ethiopia, as well as in southern Eritrea and northern Djibouti. However, since the Afar are traditionally nomadic herders, Afar speakers may be found further afield.
Together, with the Saho language, Afar constitutes the Saho–Afar dialect cluster.
Religion
Afar people are predominantly Muslim. They have a long association with Islam through the various local Muslim polities.[6]
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/An_Afar_nomad.jpg/170px-An_Afar_nomad.jpg)
The Afar are traditionally pastoralists, raising goats, sheep, and cattle in the desert.[6]
Socially, they are organized into clan families and two main classes: the asaimara ('reds') who are the dominant class politically, and the adoimara ('whites') who are a working class and are found in the Mabla Mountains.[15]
In addition, the Afar are reputed for their martial prowess. Men traditionally sport the jile, a famous curved knife. They also have an extensive repertoire of battle songs.[6]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Population and Housing Census - 2007" (PDF). FDRE Population Census Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Afar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
- ^ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.
- ^ a b c d Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (12 June 2014). "Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004393. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4055572. PMID 24921250.
We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations.[…] The most recent divergence date estimates for the Ethio-Somali ancestral population are with the Maghrebi and Arabian ancestral populations at 23 and 25 ka.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–1311. June 2007. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 17351267.
the presence of E-M78 chromosomes in eastern Africa can be only explained through a back migration of chromosomes that had acquired the M78 mutation in northeastern Africa. The nested arrangement of haplogroups E-V12 and E-V32 defines an upper and lower bound for this episode, that is, 18.0 ky and 5.9 ky, respectively.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ^ a b c d Matt Phillips, Jean-Bernard Carillet, Lonely Planet Ethiopia and Eritrea, (Lonely Planet: 2006), p. 301.
- ^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 60
- ^ Pankhurst, Borderlands, pp. 61-67, 106f.
- ^ Abir, p. 23 n.1.
- ^ Abir, pp. 23-26.
- ^ Trimingham, p. 262.
- ^ Ethiopia - Political Parties, Accessed: 1-07-2006.
- ^ "Country level" Archived 16 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Table 3.1, p.73.
- ^ CIA - Ethiopia - Ethnic groups
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-3-447-04746-3. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
References
- Mordechai Abir, The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769-1855 (London: Longmans, 1968).
- J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952).
Further reading
- Jeangene Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste; Gouery, Franck (2011). Les Afars d'Éthiopie. Dans l'enfer du Danakil. ISBN 9782352701088. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)