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The Île-de-France region announced it would allocate €10&nbsp;million, and the City of Paris declared it would make €50&nbsp;million available.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notre-Dame: la mairie de Paris débloque 50 millions d'euros |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/notre-dame-la-mairie-de-paris-debloque-50-millions-d-euros-20190416 |accessdate=16 April 2019 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=[[Le Figaro]] |date=16 April 2019 |language=fr}}</ref>
The Île-de-France region announced it would allocate €10&nbsp;million, and the City of Paris declared it would make €50&nbsp;million available.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notre-Dame: la mairie de Paris débloque 50 millions d'euros |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/notre-dame-la-mairie-de-paris-debloque-50-millions-d-euros-20190416 |accessdate=16 April 2019 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=[[Le Figaro]] |date=16 April 2019 |language=fr}}</ref>
[[File:Notre-Dame de Paris flèches.jpg|thumb|260px|Unrealized rebuilding plan for Notre-Dame; only one spire was built]]
[[File:NotreDameArchitecture.jpg|thumb|260px|Architecture of Roof]]
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Revision as of 21:17, 19 April 2019

Notre-Dame fire
View from Square René-Viviani at 19:51 CEST
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in Paris
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (Paris)
Notre-Dame Cathedral is located in France
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral
Notre-Dame Cathedral (France)
Date15 April 2019; 5 years ago (2019-04-15)
Time18:50 CEST (16:50 UTC)
Duration15 hours[1]
VenueNotre-Dame Cathedral
LocationParis, France
Coordinates48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
Deaths0[2]
Non-fatal injuries3; one firefighter and two police officers[3][4]
Property damageRoof and spire destroyed; windows and vaulted ceilings damaged

On 15 April 2019, just before 18:50 CEST, a fire broke out beneath the roof of Notre-Dame Cathedral, Paris. By the time it was extinguished fifteen hours later, the building's spire and roof had collapsed and its interior, upper walls, and windows had been severely damaged; even more extensive damage to the interior was prevented by its stone vaulted ceiling, which largely contained the burning roof as it collapsed. Many works of art and other treasures were evacuated early in the emergency, but many others were damaged or destroyed. The cathedral's two pipe organs, and its three 13th-century rose windows, suffered little or no damage. Three people were injured.

French President Emmanuel Macron promised that the cathedral would be restored, and launched a fundraising campaign which brought in pledges of €800 million within 24 hours. It has been estimated that restoration could require twenty years or more.

Background

The cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris ("Our Lady of Paris"), a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[5] was begun in the 12th century. Its walls and vault are of stone, its roof and flèche (spire) of lead-sheathed wood. The spire was rebuilt several times, most recently in the 19th century.[6][7]

In recent decades the cathedral's stonework has decayed alarmingly, primarily because of environmental pollution,[8] and the spire was extensively rotted because fissures in its lead sheathing were admitting water.[9] In 2014, the Ministry of Culture estimated needed renovations at €150 million, and in 2016 the Archdiocese of Paris launched an appeal to raise €100 million over the following five to ten years. At the time of the fire, the spire was undergoing renovations[10][11][8] and scaffolding had been erected around much of the exterior.[12][13]

The timber framing of the cathedral roof was made of oak; it rested on the stone walls and supported the lead cladding that shed the rain.[14][15] The masonry vaulting, which formed the ceiling of the cathedral, lay below the timber roof trusses.

  • The triangular wooden roof trusses and curved masonry vault below
    The triangular wooden roof trusses and curved masonry vault below
  • Masonry rib-vaulted ceiling (all images from before the fire)
    Masonry rib-vaulted ceiling (all images from before the fire)
  • Timber framing in the attic, with the top of the curved vault visible below
    Timber framing in the attic, with the top of the curved vault visible below
  • Lead sheet roofing on the outside of the wood structure
    Lead sheet roofing on the outside of the wood structure
  • Triangular exterior form of the roof, and the spire
    Triangular exterior form of the roof, and the spire

Fire

View from Quai de Montebello around 25 minutes into the fire; the spire is engulfed in flames

Origin

The Paris prosecutor originally said the fire started in the cathedral's attic at around 18:50 CEST, when the cathedral was open to the public.[3][needs update] At about 18:20, security guards first heard the fire alarm and began evacuating the cathedral but did not see a fire until 18:43, when either the alarm sounded again[16] or a second alarm sounded.[17] The cathedral was evacuated without incident within minutes.[17]

White smoke was seen rising from the roof.[18] The smoke turned black before flames appeared from the spire, then yellow.[18][19]

Emergency response

Firefighters dousing the fire with a deluge gun

Police quickly evacuated the Île de la Cité.[18][20][21]

The Paris Fire Brigade had drilled regularly in preparation for any fire at the cathedral, including two on-site training exercises in 2018. They also assisted with the routine thrice-daily fire watch and operation of the alarm system.[further explanation needed][22]

Per common French fire-fighting practice, the fire was primarily fought from inside the structure. Attacking from the outside risked damaging the interior by deflecting flames and hot gases (at temperatures up to 800 °C or 1,500 °F) inwards.[23] Twenty firefighters[17] climbed the two towers' narrow spiral stairs but were eventually driven back by the heat.[24]

Following emergency plans, water was supplied by boats pumping from the Seine.[22] Deluge guns on the ground were used carefully;[25][26][27] water streams were at lower-than-usual pressure to minimise damage to the cathedral and its contents.[28]

Water dropped from the air was not used, as its impact could have contributed to structural damage and heated stone can crack if suddenly cooled.[29][30] Helicopters were not used because of dangerous updrafts[31] but drones were used for visual and thermal imaging, and robots were used for visual imaging and directing water streams.[22][32]

Firefighters focused on saving the cathedral’s towers.[28] More than 400 firefighters were engaged;[25] another hundred worked to evacuate artefacts.[22] Along with the high temperatures, molten lead falling from the roof also posed a hazard.[18] While the lead cladding would initially have slowed the fire by excluding air, once it started melting, the wind would help spread the fire. A large oak beam isn't normally very flammable, but once smaller timbers are burning nearby, it can catch fire.[14][33] No one was killed, but one firefighter and two police officers were injured.[3][4]

Most of the fire was extinguished by 23:30 CEST, and was considered completely extinguished after about twelve hours.[34][3] The Paris fire chief said the bell towers and other structural elements would have likely failed had the fire burned for another 30 minutes.[35]

Damage

South facade before and after the fire, showing destruction of roof and spire

Within an hour of flames being seen, the lead-clad timber roof of the cathedral, including its timber central spire, was engulfed,[36][37] causing it to collapse onto the masonry of the cathedral's ceiling vault.[38][39] Much of the timber structure that burned was the cathedral's "forest": wooden roof trusses, made from approximately 21 hectares (0.21 km2; 52 acres) of oak trees cut down for the construction of the cathedral;[40] a total of around 1 300 trees, [41][42][43] with each individual tree contributing a single beam. The older timbers dated from the early 13th century.[40][44] Approximately 200 tonnes (220 short tons) of lead sheet sat atop the timber framing to complete the cathedral's roof.[45] This lead mostly melted during the fire.[18]

There was fear that the collapsing timber roof would damage the stone vaulting that forms the ceiling of the cathedral and supports the walls from the inside (the flying buttresses support them from the outside). If the masonry vault had collapsed, the damage would have been significantly worse;[46][47] there were fears that one collapse would trigger the next[24] and the entire structure would be destroyed.[20] Although the vaulting was intended by the medieval designers to protect the interior from roof fires, this is not always effective; similar cathedrals have been completely destroyed by fires in the past.[30] Lead melting down onto the vaults could have unbalanced them, causing collapse.[48] The vaults mostly remained intact and continued to support the burning roof timbers after they collapsed. A few sections fell, leaving holes in the vault,[38] through which the fire could be seen from below.[2] Embers fell through the holes and landed on the marble floor and debris from the collapse.[17]

Around 23:15 CEST, officials reported that the fire had weakened and that both towers were safe.[37][49] The primary structure, including both of the towers, and one-third of the roof remained standing.[18][clarification needed] Most of the stone vaulted ceiling remained in place, but sections had collapsed, allowing debris to fall through.[3][38] Inspectors later found some weaknesses in the surviving structure, and evacuated an adjacent row of apartment houses on the Rue du Cloître as a precaution.[22]

All three of the church's 13th-century rose windows survived,[50][51] although there was damage to some of the 19th-century windows.[52]

Contents and decorative elements

The cathedral contained a large number of artworks, religious artefacts, and other irreplaceable treasures.[53] These included a crown of thorns said to be the one Jesus wore prior to his crucifixion, a purported piece of the cross on which Jesus was crucified, the Tunic of St. Louis,[54][55] a much-rebuilt pipe organ by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, stained-glass windows, the Virgin of Paris statue of Mary and the baby Jesus, and bronze statues of the twelve Apostles.[53] Some contents were evacuated by a human chain of emergency workers and civil servants.[56] Many valuables that were not removed survived, but the state of many others remain unknown.[40]

Some of the artwork had been removed prior to the renovations, whilst most of the sacred relics were held in the cathedral's sacristy,[57] a stone building that joins North Dame's south end.[58] The items held in the sacristy are thought to be safe.[57] Some 180,000 bees that live in three beehives on the sacristy's roof also survived the fire.[58][59]

Several pews were destroyed and the sculpted arches[further explanation needed] were blackened by smoke, though the church's main cross and altar survived, along with the statues surrounding it.[60][61]

Some paintings, apparently only smoke-damaged,[62] are expected to be transported to the Louvre for restoration.

Statues of the Apostles had been removed for conservation days before the fire

A number of statues, including those of the twelve Apostles at the base of the spire, had been removed in preparation for renovations.[12][55] The rooster reliquary atop the spire was found, damaged but not destroyed, among the debris.[63]

Some joining lead cames in some of the 19th-century stained-glass windows melted,[62] but the three major rose windows, dating to the 12th and 13th centuries, were undamaged; one is unstable and may have to be dismantled for safekeeping.[52]

The two pipe organs were not significantly damaged.[64]

Some of the cathedral bells that hung in the towers during the fire were preserved, including the bourdon.[40] The liturgical treasury of the cathedral and the "grands Mays" monumental tablets were evacuated during the fire.[40]

Investigation

Within hours, the Paris prosecutor's office had opened an investigation,[18] led by the Paris Region Judicial Police.[65] The investigation most strongly suspected a case of "accidental destruction by fire", but had not ruled anything out.[66][67][23] On 16 April, the Paris prosecutor said that nothing his office had learned suggested a deliberate act.[22]

Renovation works increase fire risks, and a police source reported they are looking into whether the renovation works had caused this incident.[23][68] In general, fires started during renovations of historic buildings can smolder for hours unseen before breaking out.[68] It is likely that the Notre Dame fire remained small for a long time before abruptly expanding.[42]

Repairs to the lead roof required torch-welding lead sheets[23] which rested on dry, well-seasoned timber, much of it porous or powdery with age.[23] This is a particularly risky process for historic buildings. Restoration also involves electrical tools and wiring; normally, no electrical installations were allowed in the attics due to the extreme fire risk.[22] Le Bras Frères, one of the[69] firms carrying out the renovations, said it had followed procedure and that none of its personnel were on-site when the fire broke out.[56][a]

The forensics team and the central laboratory were able to safely access parts of the church to investigate on 17 April.[70][71] On 18 April, a judicial police official unofficially reported that investigators think a short circuit was the most likely cause.[71][72][73][74] A camera taking images in time-lapse format, that was installed by Europe Echafaudage, showed the smoke first started coming out from the base of the spire.[69]

Reactions

Bystanders watch from Pont de la Tournelle

French President Emmanuel Macron postponed a speech planned for that evening;[75] instead he travelled to Notre Dame, where he gave a brief address.[76] Multiple groups gathered in vigils for Notre-Dame.[77][78] The fire has been compared to the similar 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the Uppark fire, among others,[79] and has raised old questions about the safety of similar structures and the techniques used to restore them.[79]

Numerous world religious leaders and governments expressed their sorrow and extended condolences to the French people and authorities.[b] The Archbishop of Paris, Michel Aupetit, tweeted on the 15th: "To all the priests of Paris: The firefighters are still fighting to save the towers of Notre-Dame de Paris. The frame, the roof, and the spire are consumed. Let us pray. If you wish, you may ring the bells of your churches as an invitation to prayer."[106][c] A team of UNESCO experts prepared to conduct a damage assessment,[107] and the international community of craftsmen and experts working in stained glass and stone masonry offered assistance, including the caretakers of York Minster, which is a similar sized and aged cathedral, and which suffered a similarly serious fire in 1984.[108] Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi, the president of the Pontifical Council for Culture, offered the use of the expertise of the Vatican Museums in reconstruction.[109]

Through the night of 15 April and into the next day, citizens and visitors to Paris gathered along the Seine to hold vigils, pray, and sing prayers such as the Hail Mary to the damaged cathedral.[110][111][112]

Reconstruction

Chartres Cathedral was rebuilt with wrought iron trusses and copper sheeting after the 1836 fire[113]

On the night of the fire, Macron announced that the cathedral, which is owned by the state, would be rebuilt, and launched an international fundraiser the next day.[66][114][20][115] The cathedral itself, as well as several other historical buildings in France, was not insured due to cost constraints, leaving the costs to rebuild to the state.[116] The heritage conservation organisation Fondation du Patrimoine estimated the damage in the hundreds of millions of euros;[56] European art insurers stated the cost would be similar to ongoing renovations of the Palace of Westminster in London, which currently is estimated around €7 billion.[117]

This cost does not include damage to any of the artwork or artefacts within the cathedral; art insurers said any pieces on loan from other museums would have likely been insured, but the works owned by the cathedral would not have been insurable.[117] While Macron hoped the cathedral could be restored in time for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris, architects expect the work could take from twenty to forty years, as any new structure would need to balance restoring the look of the original building, using wood and stone sourced from the same regions used in the original construction, with the structural reinforcement required for preventing a similar disaster in the future.[116][118]

The Île-de-France region announced it would allocate €10 million, and the City of Paris declared it would make €50 million available.[119]

File:NotreDameArchitecture.jpg
Architecture of Roof

Form

There is discussion of whether to rebuild the cathedral in modified form.[120] Rebuilding the roof with titanium sheets and steel trusses has been suggested;[121] other options include rebuilding in the original lead and wood,[122] or a melding of restored old elements and newly-designed ones.[123]

Fundraising

Twelve hours after the fire started, over €900 million had been pledged by a number of people, companies, and institutions for the cathedral's reconstruction.[124] Major pledges include:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The fire set off alarms around 18:20 in the evening,[16] and the workers normally stop work at 17:00, 17:30 at the latest.[67]
  2. ^ Including the Vatican,[66] Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom,[80] Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres,[81] President of the European Council Donald Tusk,[82] President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker,[83] Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel,[84] Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez,[85] Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Theresa May,[86][87] Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte, President of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa,[88], President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev,[89] President of Romania Klaus Iohannis,[90] Prime Minister of Hungary Viktor Orbán,[91] Prime Minister of Greece Alexis Tsipras,[92] Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau,[93][94] President of the United States Donald Trump,[95] [96]President of Russia Vladimir Putin,[97] President of Israel Reuven Rivlin,[98] King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa,[99] President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping,[100] Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison, King Mohammed VI of Morocco,[101] President of Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[102] President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo,[103] President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko,[104] and Gérald Caussé, Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who is from Paris.[105]
  3. ^ Issued via the Cathedral's Twitter account under the hashtag, #NotreDameCathedral.

References

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