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The Indian subcontinent is home to a variety of martial arts, including Kalarippayattu, Pehlwani, Vajra Mushti, Gatka, and Dravidian martial arts.

File:Balarama9.jpg

Martial arts have been associated with avatars, such as Balarama, in ancient Hindu mythological texts

History

File:Matemple.jpg

Statues in an ancient hindu temple, showing warriors in combat

Ancient India was one of the centres of several martial traditions and practices. Most of the centers were in the Southern region, including present-day Kerala and the ancient Kingdom of Tamilakam. Some of the older traditions include organised martial systems as practiced by the Kshatriya caste of Hinduism, these systems include armed and unarmed combat and aspects such as meditation, conditioning etc. Many ancient hindu temples have statues of deities and warriors in various postures related to combat.

Organised martial arts in India include the ancient martial art of Malla-yuddha (more commonly known as Mallayuddha), a form of combat wrestling codified into four forms, ^[1] which is described in the ancient Indian epics as the fighting style of warriors such as Bhima. The art is supposed to have gained maximum prominence in ancient India at the time when the oral tradition of the Mahabharata epic was conceived. The Mahabharata was compiled in textual form around the 5th century BC, while the epic's setting has a historical precedent in Vedic India, where the Kuru kingdom was the center of political power in the late 2nd and early 1st millennia BCE. It is believed that Malla-yuddha was regarded as a prominent martial art in that era.

Organised martial traditions were studied as part of the *dharma* by the warrior Kshatriya in Hinduism

Early forms of boxing are mentioned in Buddhist sources. In the Lotus Sutra (Chapter 14), Gautama Buddha (563-483 BC) refers to pugilists while speaking to Manjusri. The Lotus Sutra also refers to a dancing martial art called nara. Another early Buddhist sutra Hongyo-kyo describes a "strength contest" between Gautama Buddha's half-brother Prince Nanda and his cousin Devadatta.^[2]

Records from around 500 BC describe martial arts which include combat techniques in which a fighter seizes or reverses holds on an opponent's joints, strikes with his fists, or grapples and throws his adversary. These three activities developed in conjunction with, as well as independantly of, each other.^[3]

Ancient Dravidian martial arts, and the word "kalari", are mentioned in Sangam literature from the 2nd century BCE. The Akananuru and Purananuru describe the martial arts of ancient Tamilakkam, including forms of one-to-one combat, and the use of spears, swords, shields, bows and silambam. The word "kalari" appears in the Puram (verses 225, 237, 245, 356) and Akam (verses 34, 231, 293) to describe to both a battlefield and combat arena. The word "kalari tatt" denoted a martial feat, while "kalari kozhai" meant a coward in war.^[4]

The martial art of Vajra Mushti was described in the Buddharata Sutra, written down by the 5th century,^[3] though the art can be traced back to the early Kshatriya caste.^[2]

Martial arts of the Indian subcontinent are diverse in nature and have origins of different times from various different ethnic groups. A number of ancient and sophisticated Dravidian martial arts were developed in South India, including Kuttu Varisai (empty hand combat), Varma Kalai (the art of vital points) in Tamil Nadu, Kalari Payattu (way of the arena) and Adithada (Hit And Block), in Kerala.

Influence of Indian martial arts

The martial arts of India have influenced the martial arts of other countries, particularly within the Indosphere, those regions outside India influenced by Indian culture. Examples of such arts include Bando, ^[5] Silat, ^[6]^[7] Escrima ^[8] and Muay Thai. ^[9] ^[10]

File:Ricksongraciechoke.jpg

Rickson Gracie during a Yoga session

The Indian wrestling form of Pehlwani has influenced both catch wrestling and it's derivative system of shoot wrestling. Karl Istaz travelled to India to train with Indian wrestlers and incorporated their training methods in shoot wrestling, wrestlers like Yoshiaki Fujiwara have applied these methods to train shoot wrestlers around the world. ^[11] ^[12]

The conditioning methods of Indian martial arts have also been applied to contemporary mixed martial arts. ^[13] ^[14] ^[15]

India has also influenced the Portuguese martial art of Jogo do Pau. Tamil immigrants to Malaysia brought with them the staff fighting art Silambam. ^[16] ^[17]

K. Voroshilov travelled to India, under the employ of NKVD physical training center, "Dinamo", to observe its native matial arts. The collection of techniques from martial arts of various countries — including India — formed the basis of the Russian martial art Sambo. ^[18] ^[19]

In addition, modern martial arts such as Brazilian Jiu Jitsu credit India to be the origin of their fighting principles. ^[20]

Indian martial arts under colonialism

Indian martial arts declined as Western colonialism disrupted the livelihoods of India's martial castes.

Rajputs who sought service with rulers as their ancestors had done found their sources of patronage limited by British restrictions; unable to find employment in their traditional line of work, some joined the Pindari.^[21]

Kalarippayattu underwent a period of decline after the introduction of firearms and especially after the full establishment of British colonial rule in the 19th century.^[22]

More European modes of organizing police, armies and governmental institutions, and the increasing use of firearms, gradually eroded the need for traditional martial training associated with caste-specific duties.^[23]

The British Raj banned kalarippayattu in 1804 in response to a series of revolts.^[24]

The resurgence of public interest in kalarippayattu began in the 1920s in Tellicherry as part of a wave of rediscovery of the traditional arts throughout South India which characterized the growing reaction against British colonial rule.^[25]

Various Indian martial arts

File:Staff clip.gif

Stick fencing in Silambam Nillaikalakki

Kuttu Varisai (Empty Hand Combat)
Lathi
Malla-yuddha
Mallakrida
Mizo Inchai
Mukna
Niyuddha-kride
Pancavarunum
Pata
Pehlwani
Sarit Sarak
Shastar Vidiya
Silambam Nillaikalakki
Savasu
Thang Ta
Varma Kalai (The Art of Vital Points)
Vajra Mushti / Vajra Mukti (Diamond Fist)

Indian martial arts in popular culture

In the television series, Xena: Warrior Princess, Xena is shown carrying the "chakram of darkness". Xena also gets a new chakram in the second episode of the 5th seson called Chakram

Dhalsim, a popular character from the Street Fighter series practices a martial form of Yoga as his fighting style.
Pullum Purna is a video game character from the Street Fighter EX fighting game series. She is Indian by nationality.
Celsius (comics) is the superhero alias of Arani Desai, a fictional character in the DC Comics series, Doom Patrol. In addition to the elemental control of fire and ice, Indian mysticism and monastery training have made her a martial artist.
Virgo Shaka is a character from manga-ka Masami Kurumada's hit series, Saint Seiya. He has grown up in India and received training at the "basin of the Ganges."
In the video game Shadow Hearts: Covenant, Gama appears as the mentor of Joachim Valentine, one of the characters who joins the player's party. Throughout the game, Joachim can challenge Gama to one-on-one matches in order to learn new wrestling moves.
James Jensen, the protagonist from Richard Branson's Virgin Comics series The Sadhu, learns obscure Indian martial arts of the sadhus.
In the Street Fighter EX video game series, character Darun Mister is modelled after The Great Gama.
The epic malla-yuddha fight between Bhima and Jarasandha is shown in the popular Indian television series, Mahabharat.
Lord Hanuman is shown in malla-yuddha combat in the animated motion picture Warrior Prince, The Legend of Prince Rama, directed and conceived by Japanese filmmaker Yugo Sako.
The classic martial arts film Master of the Flying Guillotine depicts a silent Indian fighter using a yoga based fighting style and having an unnatural ability to extend his limbs to attack.
In the Soul Calibur fighting video games series, the character Voldo uses a pair of Indian katars called "Manas" and "Ayus."
Naseeruddin Shah plays Captain Nemo in the film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film), released in 2003. He's shown to practice the Sikh martial art of Gatka.
A practitioner of Pehlwani is shown tossing Aamir Khan in the Bollywood motion picture, Rang De Basanti, the motion picture is India's official entry for the 2006 academy awards.
In the Bollywood film Indian, the main protagonist portrayed by Kamal Hassan is a silent old ex Indian National Army veteran trained in "Marma Shastra".
Hadji Singh, a popular character from the animated series Jonny Quest is an expert in martial arts. He also uses methods like the Indian rope trick and yoga meditation in addition of his abilities. He is shown to display the tricks he learnt from Pasha the peddlar, his past mentor, which are further honed by one of his current mentors, Race Bannon.

File:Sadhu03 cvr(c).jpg

James Jenson, from The Sadhu comic book, in front of the hindu goddess Kali

Indian motion picture Muthu, released in Japan under the name of "The Dancing Maharaja" shows actor Rajnikant in martial arts fight sequences. French filmmaker Alain Chabat’s Prete Moi Ta Main (Lend Me Your Hand) features one of the fight sequences from the south Indian motion picture. ^[26] ^[27]
A Katar was seen in the James Bond motion picture Octopussy wielded by one of Kamal Khan's henchmen during the New Delhi Street Chase scene.
In Square Enix's video game, Final Fantasy VIII, the character Kiros uses katars, though the game spells it "katal" (literally meaning murder in Hindustani language) due to poor romanization of its Japanese language form.
The Myth (Chinese: 神话; pinyin: Shenhua) is a 2005 film starring Jackie Chan, which depicts Indian martial arts. Mallika Sherawat plays Mallika, whose father is a master of Indian martial arts.
Films on Kalarippayattu

References

^ Mallayuddha
^ ^a ^b Bruce A. Haines (1995). Karate's History and Traditions (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0804819475.
^ ^a ^b Cezar Borkowski (1998). Complete Idiot's Guide to Martial Arts.
^ Suresh, P. R. (2005). Kalari Payatte - The martial art of Kerala.
^ [1] Women in martial arts
^ [2] The Malay Art Of Self-defense: Silat Seni Gayong
^ [3] Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia
^ [4] Filipino Martial Arts: Cabales Serrada Escrima
^ [5] Enter the Dragon ? Wrestling with martial arts phenomenon
^ [6] Thamizhar Martial Arts
^ [7] My Christmas with Karl Gotch by Jake Shannon
^ [8] Victory Goes over a bridge
^ [9] Hindu training methods
^ [10] Frank Shamrock's warrior Yoga
^ [11] Club Swinging:An Ancient Restorative Art for the Modern Martial Artist
^ [12] Jogo do Pau: Origins and Evolution
^ [13] Jogo Do Pau
^ [14] Sambo:Soviet System of Sport and Combat
^ [15] The History of Sombo
^ [16] History of Jiu-Jitsu
^ Bayly, C.A. (2002) [1988]. Indian Society and the making of the British Empire (Sixth printing ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0521386500.
^ Zarrilli, P. (1992). "To heal and/or harm: The vital spots (marmmam/varmam) in two south Indian martial traditions--Part I: Focus on Kerala's kalarippayattu". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 1 (1).
^ Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1998). When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Luijendijk, D.H. (2005). Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art. Boulder: Paladin Press. ISBN 1581604807.
^ Zarrilli 1998
^ [17]
^ [18]

External links

[1] Mallayuddha

[Haines-2] Bruce A. Haines (1995). Karate's History and Traditions (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0804819475.

[Borkowski-3] Cezar Borkowski (1998). Complete Idiot's Guide to Martial Arts.

[4] Suresh, P. R. (2005). Kalari Payatte - The martial art of Kerala.

[5] [1] Women in martial arts

[6] [2] The Malay Art Of Self-defense: Silat Seni Gayong

[7] [3] Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia

[8] [4] Filipino Martial Arts: Cabales Serrada Escrima

[9] [5] Enter the Dragon ? Wrestling with martial arts phenomenon

[10] [6] Thamizhar Martial Arts

[11] [7] My Christmas with Karl Gotch by Jake Shannon

[12] [8] Victory Goes over a bridge

[13] [9] Hindu training methods

[14] [10] Frank Shamrock's warrior Yoga

[15] [11] Club Swinging:An Ancient Restorative Art for the Modern Martial Artist

[16] [12] Jogo do Pau: Origins and Evolution

[17] [13] Jogo Do Pau

[18] [14] Sambo:Soviet System of Sport and Combat

[19] [15] The History of Sombo

[20] [16] History of Jiu-Jitsu

[21] Bayly, C.A. (2002) [1988]. Indian Society and the making of the British Empire (Sixth printing ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0521386500.

[22] Zarrilli, P. (1992). "To heal and/or harm: The vital spots (marmmam/varmam) in two south Indian martial traditions--Part I: Focus on Kerala's kalarippayattu". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 1 (1).

[23] Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1998). When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[24] Luijendijk, D.H. (2005). Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art. Boulder: Paladin Press. ISBN 1581604807.

[25] Zarrilli 1998

[26] [17]

[27] [18]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The [[Indian subcontinent|'''Indian''' subcontinent]] is home to a variety of '''[[martial arts]]''', including [[Pehlwani]], [[Kalarippayattu]], [[Vajra Mushti]] and [[Gatka]].
+The [[Indian subcontinent|'''Indian''' subcontinent]] is home to a variety of '''[[martial arts]]''', including [[Kalarippayattu]], [[Pehlwani]], [[Vajra Mushti]], [[Gatka]], and [[Dravidian martial arts]].
-[[Image:Matemple.jpg|right|thumb|130px|Statues in an ancient [[hindu temple]], showing [[warriors]] in combat]]
+[[Image:Balarama9.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Martial arts have been associated with [[avatars]], such as [[Balarama]], in ancient [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] texts]]
-==Introduction==
+==History==
-[[Image:Balarama9.jpg|thumb|left|Martial arts have been associated with [[avatars]], such as [[Balarama]], in ancient [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] texts]]
+[[Image:Matemple.jpg|left|thumb|130px|Statues in an ancient [[hindu temple]], showing [[warriors]] in combat]]
-[[Ancient India]] was one of the centres of several martial traditions and practices. Most of the centers were in the Southern region, including present-day [[Kerala]] and the ancient Kingdom of [[Tamilakam]]. Some of the older traditions include organised martial systems as practiced by the [[Kshatriya]] caste of [[Hinduism]], these systems include armed and unarmed combat and aspects such as meditation, conditioning etc. Many ancient [[hindu temple]]s have statues of [[deities]] and warriors in various postures related to combat.
+[[History of India|Ancient India]] was one of the centres of several martial traditions and practices. Most of the centers were in the Southern region, including present-day [[Kerala]] and the ancient Kingdom of [[Tamilakam]]. Some of the older traditions include organised martial systems as practiced by the [[Kshatriya]] caste of [[Hinduism]], these systems include armed and unarmed combat and aspects such as meditation, conditioning etc. Many ancient [[hindu temple]]s have statues of [[deities]] and warriors in various postures related to combat.
-Organised martial arts in India include the ancient martial art of [[Malla-yuddha]] (more commonly known as ''Mallayuddha''), a form of combat wrestling codified into four forms, <ref>[http://www.kathinayoga.com/KalariWorld/Articles/other_article3.html] Mallayuddha </ref> which is described in the Indian epics as the fighting style of warriors such as [[Bhima]]. The art is supposed to have gained maximum prominence in [[ancient India]] at the time when the oral tradition of the [[Mahabharata]] epic was conceived, the [[Mahabharata]] was compiled in textual form during the 5th century BC, the epic's setting has a historical precedent in [[Vedic India]], where the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru]] kingdom was the center of political power in the late [[2nd millennium BC|2nd]] and early [[1st millennium BC|1st]] millennia BCE. It is believed that mallayuddha was regarded as a prominent martial art in that era.
+Organised martial arts in India include the ancient martial art of [[Malla-yuddha]] (more commonly known as ''Mallayuddha''), a form of combat [[wrestling]] codified into four forms, <ref>[http://www.kathinayoga.com/KalariWorld/Articles/other_article3.html Mallayuddha]</ref> which is described in the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]] as the fighting style of warriors such as [[Bhima]]. The art is supposed to have gained maximum prominence in [[History of India|ancient India]] at the time when the oral tradition of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' epic was conceived. The ''Mahabharata'' was compiled in textual form around the 5th century BC, while the epic's setting has a historical precedent in [[Vedic civilization|Vedic India]], where the [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kuru kingdom]] was the center of political power in the late [[2nd millennium BC|2nd]] and early [[1st millennium BC|1st]] millennia BCE. It is believed that Malla-yuddha was regarded as a prominent martial art in that era.
-[[Image:Rajputs.jpg|thumb|right|265px|Organised martial traditions were studied as part of the ''[[dharma]]'' by  the warrior [[Kshatriya]] in [[Hinduism]]]]
+[[Image:Rajputs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Organised martial traditions were studied as part of the ''[[dharma]]'' by  the warrior [[Kshatriya]] in [[Hinduism]]]]
+Early forms of [[boxing]] are mentioned in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] sources. In the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' (Chapter 14), [[Gautama Buddha]] (563-483 BC) refers to pugilists while speaking to [[Manjusri]]. The ''Lotus Sutra'' also refers to a dancing martial art called ''nara''. Another early Buddhist [[sutra]] ''Hongyo-kyo'' describes a "strength contest" between Gautama Buddha's half-brother Prince [[Nanda (Buddhism)|Nanda]] and his cousin [[Devadatta]].<ref name=Haines>Bruce A. Haines (1995). ''Karate's History and Traditions'' (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0804819475.</ref>
+Records from around 500 BC describe martial arts which include combat techniques in which a fighter seizes or reverses holds on an opponent's joints, strikes with his fists, or grapples and throws his adversary. These three activities developed in conjunction with, as well as independantly of, each other.<ref name=Borkowski>Cezar Borkowski (1998). ''Complete Idiot's Guide to Martial Arts''.</ref>
+Ancient [[Dravidian martial arts]], and the word "[[kalari]]", are mentioned in [[Sangam literature]] from the 2nd century BCE. The ''[[Akananuru]]'' and ''[[Purananuru]]'' describe the martial arts of [[Ancient Tamil country|ancient Tamilakkam]], including forms of one-to-one combat, and the use of spears, swords, shields, bows and [[silambam]]. The word "kalari" appears in the ''Puram'' (verses 225, 237, 245, 356) and ''Akam'' (verses 34, 231, 293) to describe to both a battlefield and combat arena. The word "kalari tatt" denoted a martial feat, while "kalari kozhai" meant a coward in war.<ref>Suresh, P. R. (2005). [http://www.palmlandtours.net/kerala/tours/kalari/kalaripayatte/kalari.htm ''Kalari Payatte - The martial art of Kerala''.]</ref>
+The martial art of ''[[Vajra Mushti]]'' was described in the ''Buddharata Sutra'', written down by the 5th century,<ref name=Borkowski/> though the art can be traced back to the early [[Kshatriya]] caste.<ref name=Haines/>
 Martial arts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] are diverse in nature and have origins of different times from various different ethnic groups. A number of ancient and sophisticated [[Dravidian martial arts]] were developed in [[South India]],  including [[Kuttu Varisai]] (empty hand combat), [[Varma Kalai]] (the art of vital points) in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kalarippayattu|Kalari Payattu]] (way of the arena) and [[Adithada]] (Hit And Block), in [[Kerala]].
 ==Influence of Indian martial arts==
-{{main|Indian influence on Chinese martial arts}}
+{{see|Indian influence on Chinese martial arts}}
+{{see also|Bodhidharma, the martial arts, and the disputed India connection}}
-{{see|Disputed Indian origins of East Asian martial arts}}
 The martial arts of India have influenced the martial arts of other countries, particularly within the [[Indosphere]], those regions outside India influenced by Indian culture. Examples of such arts include [[Bando]],  <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1556431368&id=9opbFIS9MHsC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Bando+martial+art+India&sig=YpkaLSx0CKCuws9PIIoPQab3pzE] Women in martial arts</ref> [[Silat]],  <ref> [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1556435622&id=wYjxwl4bjr4C&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=Silat+India&sig=Hteha9ujRyF3YXTQpoZGh7Ctdcs] The Malay Art Of Self-defense: Silat Seni Gayong</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0804817162&id=g3FLFtThkU0C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=Silat+India&sig=X19T4LkOT4ZTDunsTTFZjDITLz4] Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia</ref> [[Escrima]] <ref> [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0804819130&id=98aE5KdW8WAC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Escrima+India&sig=9bBYnrh3zAWI3rK4Z0UpfCQDzQQ] Filipino Martial Arts: Cabales Serrada Escrima</ref> and [[Muay Thai]]. <ref>[http://www.equip.org/free/DM066.pdf] Enter the Dragon ? Wrestling with martial arts phenomenon</ref> <ref>[http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/02-10_Thamizhar_Martial_Arts.php?uid=1510&print=sangam] Thamizhar Martial Arts </ref>
-[[Image:Ricksongraciechoke.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rickson Gracie]] during a [[Yoga]] session]]
+[[Image:Ricksongraciechoke.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Rickson Gracie]] during a [[Yoga]] session]]
 The Indian wrestling form of [[Pehlwani]] has influenced both [[catch wrestling]] and it's derivative system of [[shoot wrestling]]. [[Karl Istaz]] travelled to India to train with Indian wrestlers and incorporated their training methods in shoot wrestling, wrestlers like [[Yoshiaki Fujiwara]] have applied these methods to train shoot wrestlers around the world. <ref>[http://www.scientificwrestling.com/public/91.cfm?sd=2] My Christmas with Karl Gotch by ''Jake Shannon''</ref> <ref>[http://www.scientificwrestling.com/public/180.cfm?sd=2] Victory Goes over a bridge</ref>
@@ Line 27: / Line 35: @@
 In addition, modern martial arts such as [[Brazilian Jiu Jitsu]] credit India to be the origin of their fighting principles. <ref>[http://www.rickson.com/history.htm] History of Jiu-Jitsu</ref>
+<br clear="all">
 == Indian martial arts under colonialism ==
@@ Line 47: / Line 56: @@
 * [[But Marma Atti|But Marma Atti / Marma Adi]]
 * [[Chakram]]
+* [[Dravidian martial arts]]
 * [[Gatka]]
 * [[Inbuan Wrestling]]
@@ Line 54: / Line 64: @@
 * [[Kuttu Varisai]] (Empty Hand Combat)
 * [[Lathi]]
-* [[Mallak-rida]]
 * [[Malla-yuddha]]
+* [[Malla-yuddha|Mallakrida]]
 * [[Mizo Inchai]]
 * [[Mukna]]
@@ Line 62: / Line 72: @@
 * [[Pata (weapon)|Pata]]
 * [[Pehlwani]]
+* [[Sarit Sarak]]
 * [[Shastar Vidiya]]
 * [[Silambam Nillaikalakki]]
@@ Line 79: / Line 90: @@
 *James Jensen, the protagonist from [[Richard Branson]]'s [[Virgin Comics]] series [[The Sadhu]], learns obscure Indian martial arts of the [[sadhu]]s.
 *In the ''[[Street Fighter EX]]'' video game series, character [[List of Street Fighter EX characters#Darun Mister|Darun Mister]] is modelled after [[The Great Gama]].
+*The epic malla-yuddha fight between [[Bhima]] and [[Jarasandha]] is shown in the popular Indian television series, ''[[Mahabharat (TV series)|Mahabharat]]''.
-*[[Lord Hanuman]] is shown in mallayuddha combat in the animated motion picture ''Warrior Prince, The Legend of Prince Rama'', directed and conceived by Japanese filmmaker [[Yugo Sako]].
+*[[Lord Hanuman]] is shown in [[malla-yuddha]] combat in the animated motion picture ''Warrior Prince, The Legend of Prince Rama'', directed and conceived by Japanese filmmaker [[Yugo Sako]].
-*The classic martial arts film [[Master of the Flying Guillotine]] depicts a silent Indian fighter using a yoga based fighting style and having an unnatural ability to extend his limbs to attack.
+*The classic martial arts film [[Master of the Flying Guillotine]] depicts a silent Indian fighter using a [[yoga]] based fighting style and having an unnatural ability to extend his limbs to attack.
 *In the [[Soul Calibur]] fighting video games series, the character [[Voldo]] uses a pair of Indian [[katar]]s called ''"Manas"'' and ''"Ayus."''
 *[[Naseeruddin Shah]] plays [[Captain Nemo]] in the film [[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)]], released in 2003. He's shown to practice the Sikh martial art of Gatka.
-*The epic mallayuddha fight between [[Bhima]] and [[Jarasandha]] is shown in the popular Indian television series, ''Mahabharata''.
 *A practitioner of Pehlwani is shown tossing [[Aamir Khan]] in the Bollywood motion picture, [[Rang De Basanti]], the motion picture is India's official entry for the 2006 [[academy awards]].
-*[[Kamal Hassan]] plays the main protagonist, a silent old ex [[Indian National Army]] veteran trained in "''Marma Shastra''" in the [[bollywood]] motion picture [[Indian (film)]].
+*In the [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Indian (film)|Indian]]'', the main protagonist portrayed by [[Kamal Hassan]] is a silent old ex [[Indian National Army]] veteran trained in "''[[Marma Adi|Marma Shastra]]''".
 *Hadji Singh, a popular character from the animated series [[Jonny Quest]] is an expert in martial arts. He also uses methods like the [[Indian rope trick]] and [[yoga]] meditation in addition of his abilities. He is shown to display the tricks he learnt from Pasha the peddlar, his past mentor, which are further honed by one of his current mentors, Race Bannon.
 [[Image:Sadhu03 cvr(c).jpg|thumb|right|200px|James Jenson, from [[The Sadhu]] comic book, in front of the hindu goddess [[Kali]]]]
@@ Line 96: / Line 107: @@
 ==See Also==
 *[[Dravidian martial arts]]
-*[[Tamil martial arts]]
+*[[Sri Lankan martial arts]]
 *[[Weapons of Kalarippayattu]]
 *[[:Category:Indian mêlée weapons|Indian mêlée weapons]]

v t e Indian martial arts
Martial arts and combat sports	Adimurai Aki Kiti Gatka Gatta gusthi Huyen langlon Inbuan wrestling Kabaddi Kalaripayattu Lathi khela Malakhra Malla-yuddha Mallakhamba Mardani khel Mukna Musti-yuddha Pehlwani Shastar Vidya Silambam Sqay Vajra-mushti
Weapons	Aruval Ayudha katti Bagh nakh Bichuwa Bhuj Chakram Chentu Elephant goad Firangi Gada Katar Kayamkulam vaal Khanda Khaṭvāṅga Kirpan Kukri Maduvu Malappuram Kathi Moplah Mudgar Otta Pata Pesh-kabz Pichangatti Saintie Savuku Shareeravadi Shuckra Talwar Urumi
Related terms	Akhara Ankam Ankathattu Chekavar Kalari Paika akhada
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