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Coordinates: 40°43′0″N 19°28′0″E / 40.71667°N 19.46667°E / 40.71667; 19.46667
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'''Apollonia''' ({{lang-grc|Ἀπολλωνία}};{{Efn|{{lang-grc|Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον}} or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον , ''Apollonia kat' Epidamnon'' or ''Apollonia pros Epidamnon''}} {{lang-la|Apollonia}}; {{lang-sq|Apolonia}}) in [[Illyria]] was an [[ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] trade colony that developed into a [[polis]], and later a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] city that flourished as a cultural center. It was located on the right bank of the [[Aoös|Aoös/Vjosë]] river, approximately 10 km from the eastern coast of the [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=96}}; {{harvnb|Wilson|2006|p=594}}; {{harvnb|Chamoux|2003|p=97}}; {{harvnb|McIlvaine|Schepartz|Larsen|Sciulli|2013|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016}}; {{harvnb|Piccinini|2019|p=224}}.</ref> Its ruins are geographically situated in the [[Fier County|county of Fier]], close to the village of [[Dërmenas|Pojani]] (Polina), in [[Albania]].
'''Apollonia''' ({{lang-grc|Ἀπολλωνία}};{{Efn|{{lang-grc|Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον}} or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον , ''Apollonia kat' Epidamnon'' or ''Apollonia pros Epidamnon''}} {{lang-la|Apollonia}}; {{lang-sq|Apolonia}}) was an [[ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] trade colony in Illyria that developed into a [[polis]]. It was located on the right bank of the [[Aoös|Aoös/Vjosë]] river, approximately 10 km from the eastern coast of the [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=96}}; {{harvnb|Wilson|2006|p=594}}; {{harvnb|Chamoux|2003|p=97}}; {{harvnb|McIlvaine|Schepartz|Larsen|Sciulli|2013|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016}}; {{harvnb|Piccinini|2019|p=224}}.</ref> Its ruins are geographically situated in the [[Fier County|county of Fier]], close to the village of [[Dërmenas|Pojani]] (Polina), in [[Albania]].


Apollonia was founded around 600 BC by [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] colonists from both [[Corinth]] and [[Kerkyra]] or from Corinth alone<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=112}}; {{harvnb|Reboton|2008|pp=7, 9}}; {{harvnb|McIlvaine|Schepartz|Larsen|Sciulli|2013|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016}}.</ref> on a largely abandoned site of the Illyrian coast.<ref>{{harvnb|Larson|2001|p=162}}; {{harvnb|Stocker|2009|p=891}}; {{harvnb|McIlvaine|Schepartz|Larsen|Sciulli|2013|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016}}.</ref> It was perhaps the most important of the several classical towns known as ''[[Apollonia (disambiguation)|Apollonia]]''. It flourished in the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] period and was home to a renowned school of philosophy, acquiring fame as a cultural center that attracted many brilliant students from different parts of the [[Roman Empire|empire]], including [[Augustus]], the first [[Roman emperor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Piccinini|2019|p=224}}.</ref> The city began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned by the end of [[Late Antiquity]].
Apollonia was founded around 600 BC by [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] colonists from both [[Corinth]] and [[Kerkyra]] or from Corinth alone<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=112}}; {{harvnb|Reboton|2008|pp=7, 9}}; {{harvnb|McIlvaine|Schepartz|Larsen|Sciulli|2013|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016}}.</ref> on a largely abandoned site of the Illyrian coast.<ref>{{harvnb|Larson|2001|p=162}}; {{harvnb|Stocker|2009|p=891}}; {{harvnb|McIlvaine|Schepartz|Larsen|Sciulli|2013|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Kyle|Schepartz|Larsen|2016}}.</ref> It was perhaps the most important of the several classical towns known as ''[[Apollonia (disambiguation)|Apollonia]]''. It flourished in the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] period and was home to a renowned school of philosophy, acquiring fame as a cultural center that attracted many brilliant students from different parts of the [[Roman Empire|empire]], including [[Augustus]], the first [[Roman emperor]].<ref>{{harvnb|Piccinini|2019|p=224}}.</ref> The city began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned by the end of [[Late Antiquity]].

Revision as of 16:47, 26 December 2020

Apollonia
Monument of Agonothetes
Apollonia (Illyria) is located in Albania
Apollonia (Illyria)
Location in Albania
LocationFier County, Albania
RegionIllyria
Coordinates40°43′0″N 19°28′0″E / 40.71667°N 19.46667°E / 40.71667; 19.46667
TypeSettlement

Apollonia (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλωνία;[a] Latin: Apollonia; Albanian: Apolonia) was an Ancient Greek trade colony in Illyria that developed into a polis. It was located on the right bank of the Aoös/Vjosë river, approximately 10 km from the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.[1] Its ruins are geographically situated in the county of Fier, close to the village of Pojani (Polina), in Albania.

Apollonia was founded around 600 BC by Ancient Greek colonists from both Corinth and Kerkyra or from Corinth alone[2] on a largely abandoned site of the Illyrian coast.[3] It was perhaps the most important of the several classical towns known as Apollonia. It flourished in the Roman period and was home to a renowned school of philosophy, acquiring fame as a cultural center that attracted many brilliant students from different parts of the empire, including Augustus, the first Roman emperor.[4] The city began to decline in the 3rd century AD when its harbor started silting up as a result of an earthquake. It was abandoned by the end of Late Antiquity.

The name of the city is mentioned among the modern bishoprics of the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania (Apollonia and Fier). Apollonia is also a titular see of the Latin Church. The ruins were designated as an archaeological park on 7 April 2003 by the government of Albania.[5]

Name

The settlement was initially known as Gylakeia (Ancient Greek: Γυλάκεια) after its founder, Gylax. It was later changed to Apollonia honor the god Apollo.[6][7] However, the local memory of Gylax was preserved among the locals.[7] It was one of 24 cities in the Ancient Greek world known as Apollonia. It was distinguished form other cities names Apollonia by being referred to as Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia kat' Epidamnon) or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον (Apollonia pros Epidamnon), meaning "Apollonia towards Epidamnos", in reference to the nearby Greek colony of Epidamnos.

History

Pre-colonial period

The presence of indigenous Illyrian human remains recovered from a burial mound in the necropolis of Apollonia indicates that the initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC). The presence of the Early Bronze Age tumuli shows that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory. However, surface survey of the region suggests that there was very little use of the area until the colonial establishment.[8] According to one study, at the time when the early Greek settlers arrived in the site area of Apollonia, they found a deserted landscape with abandoned tumuli.[9] The local population's density before the establishment of the colony is therefore debated.[8] Despite an ancient tradition preserved by Stephanus of Byzantium that the site was first settled by Illyrians there is yet no clear evidence that it was settled by a non-Greek population before the arrival of the Greek colonists. Traces of Iron Age non-Greek ceramics dating back to the pre-colonial period are very few. Such a pattern appears to conform to a gently trodden landscape, which likely was occupied only seasonally by Illyrians, as one should expect from an area inhabited by people who were organized in tribes.[10]

Foundation

The colony at Apollonia was founded by a group of 200 Corinthians led by the oikist Gylax to an already existing trading post around 600 BC.[11][12][13] They established good relations with the local Illyrians founding a joint settlement with a riverine harbor on the Aoos/Vjosë, which emerged as an important trade center.[14][15] The first colonizers were followed by others particularly from Corcyra.[11] It lay on the territory of the Taulantii, a cluster of Illyrian tribes.[16] Apollonia following its foundation, grew although it remained modest in size until Hellenistic times.[17]

Apollonia in Illyria developed to become one of the most important urban centres in the wider region and played a major role as a trade gateway to the central Balkans. Apollonia, like Dyrrachium further north, became an important port on the Illyrian coast as the most convenient link between Brundusium and northern Greece, and as one of the western starting points of the Via Egnatia leading east to Thessaloniki and Byzantium in Thrace.[18] It had its own mint, stamping coins showing a cow suckling her calf on the obverse and a double stellate pattern on the reverse,[19] which have been found as far away as the basin of the Danube.

Classical period

A 4th-3rd century BC silver stater from Apollonia bearing the inscription ΑΠΟΛ.

Apollonia began to mint its own coins in the 5th century BC.[20] In c. 450 BC the territory of Apollonia was expanded towards the south after the victory of the Apollonians in Thronium on the borders of the land of Abantis, in the coastal area of the Bay of Vlora.[21][22][23] Apollonian land was bounded on the south-east by the territory of the Bylliones.[24][25]

In Hellenistic times Apollonia experienced significant growth of its population, increase in urbanisation and in large-scale trade networks.[26] It is estimated that at its peak the city had about 60,000 inhabitants. Apollonia was located on a strategic position as a river-port and dominated over a vast plain that stretches c. 10 km in length.[7] Strabo in his Geographica describes Apollonia as a well-governed, self-governing polis presumably from its inception. Aristotle considers (Aristotle:4.3.8) the Apollonian government as narrow oligarchy, and that the polis consisted of citizens descended from original Greek colonists with power and offices filled by the local nobility.[27][6] As such only direct descendants of the first Corinthian settlers had access to the politeia and therefore the magistracy. Aristotle uses the term eleutheroi or freemen to refer to citizens who enjoyed such rights. Such a social system suggests a strict endogamy and it was preserved three centuries after the foundation of the city.[28] The aristocratic society of Apollonia maintained its special links with its metropolis, Corinth, for a long time.[29] As such epigraphic evidence points that the prytans maintained Greek names proof that the memories of the first colonists were preserved by the local aristocracy. In the centre of the city there was a large rectangular monument known as the Agonothetes monument and which dated back to the 2nd century BC.[29] Contrary to nearby Epidamnus, Apollonia pursued xenelasia, the expulsion of foreigners, according to Lacedaemonian law.[30] Apollonia is an characteristic example of rigid institutions capable of surviving foreign influence.[30]

The city grew rich on the slave trade and local agriculture, as well as its large harbour, said to have been able to hold a hundred ships at a time. The city also benefited from the local supply of asphalt[31][32] which was a valuable commodity in ancient times, for example for caulking ships. The remains of a late sixth-century temple, located just outside the city, were reported in 2006; it is only the fifth known stone temple found in present-day Albania.[33] Later in the Hellenistic period the economy of Apollonia adopted a more dispersed farmstead approach. Whether this expansion was the result of conquest, expansion, assimilation of local indigenous groups or cooperation between colonists and indigenous groups this is unclear.[27] The city was for a time included among the dominions of Pyrrhus of Epirus.

Roman period

The Via Egnatia was connected to Apollonia.

In 229 BC, it came under the control of the Roman Republic, to which it was firmly loyal. In the Fourth Macedonian War, the praetor Lucius Anicius Gallus who led the Roman campaign to defeat the Illyrian ruler Gentius was based in Apollonia with Roman troops and 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry from the Illyrian tribe of the Parthini led by tribal leaders Epicadus and Algalsus.a part of the captured fleet of Gentiues was presented to the people of Apollonia after the war.[34] In 148 BC, Apollonia became part of the Roman province of Macedonia, specifically of Epirus Nova.[35] In the Roman Civil War between Pompey and Julius Caesar, it supported the latter, but fell to Marcus Junius Brutus in 48 BC. The later Roman emperor Augustus studied in Apollonia in 44 BC under the tutelage of Athenodorus of Tarsus; it was there that he received news of Caesar's murder.

Apollonia flourished under Roman rule and was noted by Cicero in his Philippicae as magna urbs et gravis, a great and important city. Christianity was established in the city at an early stage, and bishops from Apollonia were present during the First Council of Ephesus (431) and the Council of Chalcedon (451). Its decline, however, began in the 3rd century AD, when an earthquake changed the path of the Aoös, causing the harbour to silt up and the inland area to become a malaria-ridden swamp. The city became increasingly uninhabitable as the inland swamp expanded, and the nearby settlement of Avlona (modern-day Vlorë) became dominant.


Legacy

Apollonia has not been inhabited after its 4th century AD abandonment, with the exception of a monastery.[36] As such, by the end of antiquity, the city was largely depopulated, hosting only a small Christian community. This community (which probably is part of the site of the old city) built on a nearby hill the church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, (Albanian: Shën Mëri), part of the Ardenica Monastery. At the monastery a Greek language school was operating at 1684 which provided also 'higher education' that time. A school still existed at 1880 but with a limited number of students.[37]

In June 2020, part of the site was vandalized by unknown individuals. Two columns were knocked down, resulting in the almost complete collapse of the Nymphaeum. According to the site's director, the damage might be "irreparable" and likely occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown. The incident was condemned by Albanian archeologists and the President of Albania, Ilir Meta.[38]

Archaeology

Capital of Monument of Agonothetes

The city seems to have sunk with the rise of Vlora.[18] It was "rediscovered" by European classicists in the 18th century, though it was not until the Austrian occupation of 1916–1918 that the site was investigated by archaeologists. Their work was continued by a French team between 1924–1938. Parts of the site were damaged during the Second World War. After the war, an Albanian team undertook further work from 1948 onwards, although much of the site remains unexcavated to this day. Some of the team's archeological discoveries are on display within the monastery, known as the Museum of Apollonia (opened in 1958) and other artifacts from Apollonia are in the capital Tirana. Unfortunately, during the anarchy that followed the collapse of the communist party in 1990 and reversion to capitalism, the archeological collection was plundered and the museum was temporarily closed. The ruins were also frequently dug up by plunderers for relics to be sold to collectors abroad. In December 2011, a new museum opened, under the directorship of Marin Haxhimihali.[39] It replaced an older museum dating from 1985, and was funded by UNESCO's MDG-F Joint Programme ”Culture and Heritage for Social and Economic Development”.

In 2006, archaeologists discovered a Greek temple which dates back to the 6th century BC just outside of the Apollonia.[40]

In August 2010, a French-Albanian team of archaeologists unearthed a bust of a Roman soldier, 50 years after the discoveries of other full body statues in the 1958–1960 period expeditions, led by Albanian scholar Selim Islami and Russian Professor Blavatski.[41]

A German-Albanian team has been working on the Hellenistic theatre at Albania, throwing light on the development of Greek theatres and also local variants[42]

Episcopal history

A bishopric was founded there circa 400 AD but suppressed around 599. One of the participants in the Council of Ephesus in 431 was a Felix who signed once as Bishop of Apollonia and Byllis, at another time as Bishop of Apollonia. Some assume that the two towns formed a single episcopal see, others suppose he was, strictly speaking, Bishop only of Apollonia, but was temporarily in charge also of Byllis during a vacancy of that see (apostolic administrator). One of the participants at a council held in Constantinople in 448 signed as Paulus Episcopus Apolloniada al. Apolloniatarum, civitatis sanctae ecclesiae, but it is uncertain whether he was associated with this Apollonia. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Eusebius subscribed simply as Bishop of Apollonia. In the letter of the bishops of Epirus Nova to the Byzantine Emperor Leo I in 458, Philocharis subscribes as Bishop of what the manuscripts call "Vallidus", and which editors think should be corrected to "Byllis". Whether Philocharis is to be considered Bishop also of Apollonia depends on the interpretation of the position of Felix in 431.[43][44][45]

The Annuario Pontificio lists Apollonia as a titular see, thus recognizing that it was once a residential diocese, a suffragan of the archbishopric of Dyrrachium,[46] It grants no such recognition to Byllis.[47] Metropolitan of the Roman province of Epirus Novus.

Culture

Around 450 BC, Apollonia expanded towards Thronion which it defeated and gained control of its territory. The victory was commemorated by a monument erected in Olympia. It was described by Pausanias who visited it many centuries later. The monument was an arrangement of five Trojan and five Achaean heroes who faced each other and were observed by Zeus who stood at the center, surrounded by Eos and Thetis, while Apollo and other gods who supported the Trojans were placed to his right. The monument highlights that Apollonia had embraced a tradition which showed preference for the Trojans in Trojan War. This tradition had developed in Epirus and southern Illyria in reference to mythological constructions which linked the foundation of settlements to Trojan migration in the area.[48][49]

Apollonia was also a major centre for the study of astronomy.[50]

Notable people

  • Isocrates of Apollonia, rhetorician and pupil of the elder Isocrates
  • Ruins
    Ruins
  • Odeon
    Odeon
  • Nymphaeum
    Nymphaeum
  • Ruins of a temple
    Ruins of a temple
  • Saint Mary Church
    Saint Mary Church

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollonia (Albania).

Notes

  1. ^ Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλωνία κατ᾿ Ἐπίδαμνον or Ἀπολλωνία πρὸς Ἐπίδαμνον , Apollonia kat' Epidamnon or Apollonia pros Epidamnon

References

  1. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 96; Wilson 2006, p. 594; Chamoux 2003, p. 97; McIlvaine et al. 2013, p. 2; Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016; Piccinini 2019, p. 224.
  2. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 112; Reboton 2008, pp. 7, 9; McIlvaine et al. 2013, p. 2; Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016.
  3. ^ Larson 2001, p. 162; Stocker 2009, p. 891; McIlvaine et al. 2013, p. 2; Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016.
  4. ^ Piccinini 2019, p. 224.
  5. ^ Tusa, Sebastiano. "Menaxhimi Fiskal dhe Struktura Drejtuese e Sistemit të Parqeve Arkeologjike në Shqipëri në vëmendje të veçantë: Parqet Arkeologjike: Apolloni dhe Antigone" (PDF) (in Albanian). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  6. ^ a b Hansen & Nielsen 2004, p. 328.
  7. ^ a b c Tsetskladze, Gocha R. (2006). Greek colonisation : an account of Greek colonies and other settlements overseas. Leiden: Brill. p. 169. ISBN 978-90-04-15576-3.
  8. ^ a b Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016: "Apollonia is located in southwestern Albania, approximately 10km from the present-day coast of the Adriatic Sea (Figure 1). Initial inhabitation of the region of Apollonia began in the Early Bronze Age (2100–1800 BC) as indicated by the presence of human remains representing indigenous Illyrians recovered from a burial mound in the Apollonia necropolis (Amore, 2010). The density of the local population prior to the establishment of the colony is debated. Surface survey of the region suggests there was very little use of the area until the colony was established (Stocker & Davis, 2006; Stocker, 2009). The discovery of the Early Bronze Age mound burials indicates that Illyrians viewed Apollonia as a part of their territory (Amore, 2010).
  9. ^ Stocker 2009, p. 891: "At Apollonia these early Greek mariners encountered a deserted landscape filled with abandoned tumuli, burial mounds they read as monuments of their Homeric ancestors... These observations may in part explain why there were no indigenous people living in the immediate vicinity of Apollonia when Greek colonists arrived. Native settlement in Mallakastra at the time the apoikia was founded appears to have been confined to locations east of the Gjanica river valley."
  10. ^ Davis et al. 2007, p. 18
  11. ^ a b Wilkes 1995, p. 112:Around 600 BC: Corinth is said to have responded to an Illyrian invitation and contributed 200 settlers to an already existing trading post. Others, especially from Corcyra, followed these..
  12. ^ Reboton, 2008, p. 7, 9: "Archaeologists have placed its foundation near the end of the 7th century, but little is known about Apollonia in this period"
  13. ^ McIlvaine et al. 2013, p. 2: "Albanian Apollonia may have been established by both Corcyra and Corinth, or by Corinth alone (ca. 600 BC) (Stocker and Davis, 2006; Tsetskhladze, 2006; Cabanes, 2008; Amore, 2010)."
  14. ^ McIlvaine et al. 2013, p. 2: "Apollonia, located in southwestern Albania approximately 10 km from the coast of the Adriatic Sea (Fig. 1) (Amore, 2010), emerged as an important trade site following colonization in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipcˇevic´, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker and Davis, 2006), when 200 Corinthians “established good relations with the local Illyrians [and] founded a joint settlement” (Hammond, 1992; p 31-32; Cabanes, 2008)."
  15. ^ Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016: "Apollonia emerged as an important trade centre following colonisation in the beginning of the 6th century BC (Stipčević, 1977; Wilkes, 1992; Srejović, 1998; Amore, 2005, 2010; Stocker & Davis, 2006), when ‘200 [Corinthians] sailed up the Vjosë (Aous) [River], established good relations with the local Illyrians, founded a joint settlement and made a riverine harbor’ (Hammond, 1992:31-32)."
  16. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 98:It was Illyrian Taulantii from Epidamnus who occupied the site of Apollonia before the arrival of the Greek colonists around 600 BC. Once they were called in by the Greek settlers to seize Epidamnus, after they had been ejected by the Liburni.
  17. ^ Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period."
  18. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Apollonia s.v. (1)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 186.
  19. ^ "Illyria, Apollonia - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com". Archived from the original on 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  20. ^ Wilkes 1995, p. 225: "Most of the pre-Roman coins produced in the Illyrian lands were initially imitations of issues by Dyrrhachium and Apollonia which began in the fifth century BC."
  21. ^ Malkin 2001, pp. 191–192: "In the mid-fifth century the Apollonians expanded toward the Bay of Valona, conquering the city of Thronium. ... The Apollonian inscription speaks of booty taken from Thronium, at the “limits of the land of Abantis,” a Homeric name for Euboea. Penetrating south to the left bank of the River Aous and conquering Thronium, near Oricum, the Apollonians were operating in an area replete with Euboean associations. ... The “limits of the land of Abantis” should be understood quite literally: Euboean Oricum, an offshore island in the Bay of Valona, probably had a perata (lands in the mainland opposite), equally considered “Euboean”. The “limits”, therefore, should be understood in a reverse perspective: from the land, Thronium, vis-à-vis the bay, Oricum, and not from Thronium in relation to the hinterland.
  22. ^ Cabanes 2008, p. 171: "In about 450 B.C., Apollonia expanded towards the south, in the course of a war against the Abantes (or Amantes), the descendants of the Euboean colonists who had settled in Thronium (Pausanias 5. 22. 2–4), which should be located on the archaeological site of Treport on the coast, north-west of Aulon (Vlorë), and not in Amantia situated in Ploça village, south of the Aoos valley in the Vlorë hinterland."
  23. ^ Cabanes 2011, p. 76: "Ekzistenca e një vendi të ashtuquajtur Thronion dëshmohet nga mbishkrimi i Olimpies (CIGIME I, 2, 303), i cili është kopjuar në vend nga Pausania (V, 22, 2-4) dhe që dëshmon fitoren e apolloniatëve “në kufijtë e Abantidës” dhe plaçkën e luftës së marrë në Thronion në mes të shekullit V p.e.s. Thronion mund të ndodhet në sitin e Triportit, në veriperëndim të Vlorës, dhe jo në dy sitet e tjera arkeologjike të kësaj zone: Mavrovë e cila është Olympe antike dhe Plloça që korrespondon me Amantian antike. Ky lokalizim i Thronionit i korrespondon më mirë të dhënave të Pausanias, i cili e vendos këtë ... domethënë “përballë Maleve Akrokeraune”: po aq sa ky pohim mund të aplikohet në sitin e Triportit, po aq ai nuk i përshtatet sitit të Amantias në fshatin Plloçë ose atij të Olympes në Mavrovë."
  24. ^ Dzino 2010, p. 81
  25. ^ Ceka 2012, p. 59
  26. ^ Kyle, Schepartz & Larsen 2016: "Apollonia grew following colonisation but remained modest in size until the Hellenistic period. During that time, Apollonia experienced significant population growth, increasingly extensive trade networks and urbanisation (Lafe, 2003)."
  27. ^ a b Sanford, 2020, p. 27
  28. ^ Reboton, 2008, p. 10
  29. ^ a b Reboton, 2008, p. 11
  30. ^ a b Reboton, 2008, p. 12, 20
  31. ^ Strabo. Geographica. pp. VII.5.8.
  32. ^ Aristotle. De mirabilibus auscultationibus. pp. 842 b.27.
  33. ^ University of Cincinnati (6 January 2006). "Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C." Science Daily. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
  34. ^ Wilkes 1995, pp. 174–75.
  35. ^ Bowden 2003, p. 14.
  36. ^ Amore, Maria Grazia (11 April 2016). "The Complex of Tumuli 9, 10 and 11 in the Necropolis of Apollonia". Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG: 58.
  37. ^ Koltsida, Athina (2008). "Education in Northern Epirus during the late Ottoman Empire: the founding, organisation and operation of greek schools": 251. Retrieved 18 December 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ https://www.skai.gr/news/world/alvania-vandalismos-sto-nymfaio-tis-arxaioellinikis-apollonias
  39. ^ "UNESCO Office in Venice: Apollonia Archaeological Museum reopens after 20 years of closure". Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  40. ^ "Researchers Discover Greek Temple In Albania Dating Back To 6th Century B.C." Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  41. ^ Murati, Violeta (15 August 2010). "In Apollonia the bust of a Roman athlete is unearthed". Standard (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  42. ^ "DAI Research Projects Apollonia". Archived from the original on 2011-08-05.
  43. ^ Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, Illyricum Sacrum, vol. VII, Venezia 1817, pp. 395-396 Archived 2016-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Parigi 1740, Vol. II, coll. 248-249
  45. ^ "Louis Petit, "Byllis" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1908)". Archived from the original on 2014-09-29. Retrieved 2013-12-09.
  46. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 835
  47. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013
  48. ^ Cabanes 2008, pp. 171–72.
  49. ^ Angelos Prof. Dr. Chaniotis, Thomas Dr. Corsten, R.S. Stroud, Rolf Dr. Tybout (2002). SEG. J.C. Gieben. ISBN 978-90-04-15508-4. Apollonia foundation myths: Apollonia . Foundation myths . In a study dedicated to myths and legends concerning a Trojan migration to Epeiros and south Illyria , P . Cabanes in L . Braccesi - M . Luni ( eds . ) , I Greci in Adriatico , 1 ( Hesperia 15 ) ( Rome 2002 ) 61 - 66 discusses the metrical dedication of Apollonia in Olympia after a victory over Thronion ( our lemma no . 479 ; cf . a copy in Apollonia : I . Apollonia 4 ) and SEG XLIII 229 ( = IG IX 12 which mentions the Αμφινεις, who possibly regarded a son of Hektor as their ancestor.There is evidence about a tradition of an earlier foundation of Apollonia which is connceted with the Trojan migration to Epirus and south Illyris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ Piccinini, Jessica (2019). "J. Piccinini, The Roman Agora of Apollonia in Illyria: A space for the Imperial Cult, in "ASAA" XCVII, 2019, pp. 223-232": 224. Retrieved 18 December 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Bibliography

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