Medicine in the medieval Islamic world: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Canons of medicine.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Latin]] copy of the Canon of Medicine, dated 1484, located at the P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library of The [[University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio]].]] |
[[Image:Canons of medicine.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Latin]] copy of the Canon of Medicine, dated 1484, located at the P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library of The [[University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio]].]] |
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In the [[history of medicine]], '''Islamic medicine''', or |
In the [[history of medicine]], '''Islamic medicine''', '''Arabic medicine''' or '''Arabian medicine''' refers to [[medicine]] developed in the [[Islamic Golden Age]], and written in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of Islamic civilization. |
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[[Latin translations of the 12th century|Latin translations]] of Arabic medical works had a significant influence on the development of modern medicine, as did Arabic texts chronicling the medical works of earlier cultures. |
[[Latin translations of the 12th century|Latin translations]] of Arabic medical works had a significant influence on the development of modern medicine, as did Arabic texts chronicling the medical works of earlier cultures. |
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Revision as of 03:34, 18 April 2011
 | This article has been shortened from a longer article which misused sources. |
In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine, Arabic medicine or Arabian medicine refers to medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age, and written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization.
Latin translations of Arabic medical works had a significant influence on the development of modern medicine, as did Arabic texts chronicling the medical works of earlier cultures.
Terminology
Some consider the label "Arab-Islamic" as historically inaccurate, arguing it does not appreciate the rich diversity of Eastern scholars who contributed to Islamic science in this era.[1]
Overview
Medicine was a central part of medieval Islamic culture. Responding to circumstances of time and place, Islamic physicians and scholars developed a large and complex medical literature exploring and synthesizing the theory and practice of medicine.[2] Islamic medicine was initially built on tradition, chiefly the theoretical and practical knowledge developed in Arabia and was known at Muhammad's time, ancient Hellenistic medicine such as Unani, ancient Indian medicine such as Ayurveda, and the ancient Iranian Medicine of the Academy of Gundishapur. The works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians Hippocrates,[3] Galen and Dioscorides[3] also had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine.[4] Ophthalmology has been described as the most successful branch of medicine researched at the time, with the works of Ibn Al-Haitham remaining an authority in the field until early modern times.[5]
Medical ethics
The earliest surviving Arabic work on medical ethics is Ishaq ibn 'Ali al-Ruhawi's Adab al-Tabib ("Practical Ethics of the Physician" or "Practical Medical Deontology") and was based on the works of Hippocrates and Galen.[6] Al-Ruhawi regarded physicians as "guardians of souls and bodies", and wrote twenty chapters on various topics related to medical ethics.[7]
Encyclopedias
The first encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic was Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari's Firdous al-Hikmah ("Paradise of Wisdom"), written in seven parts, c. 860. Al-Tabari, a pioneer in the field of child development, emphasized strong ties between psychology and medicine, and the need for psychotherapy and counseling in the therapeutic treatment of patients. His encyclopedia also discussed the influence of Sushruta and Chanakya on medicine, including psychotherapy.[8]
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) wrote the Comprehensive Book of Medicine in the 9th century. The Large Comprehensive was the most sought after of all his compositions, in which Rhazes recorded clinical cases of his own experience and provided very useful recordings of various diseases. Al-Razi was "the first of the [physicians of medieval Islam] to treat medicine in a comprehensive and encyclopedic manner, surpassing probably in voluminousness Galen himself...Rhazes is deservedly remembered as having first described small-pox and measles in an accurate manner".[9]
Women in medicine
The role of women as practitioners appears in a number of works. Two female physicians from Ibn Zuhr's family served the Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur in the 12th century.[10] Later in the 15th century, female surgeons were illustrated for the first time in Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu's Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery).[11]
See also
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Notes and references
- Notes
- Citations
- ^ Behrooz Broumand, The contribution of Iranian scientists to world civilization, Arch Iranian Med 2006; 9 (3): 288 – 290
- ^ National Library of Medicine digital archives.
- ^ a b Science, civilization and society
- ^ Saad, Bashar (1 January 2005). "Tradition and Perspectives of Arab Herbal Medicine: A Review". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2 (4): 475–479. doi:10.1093/ecam/neh133.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Saunders pp193
- ^ Prioreschi, Plinio (2001). A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine (1st ed.). Omaha, NE: Horatius Press. p. 394. ISBN 1888456043.
- ^ Levey, Martin (1967). "Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al-Ruhāwī's "Practical Ethics of the Physician"". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. 57 (3). American Philosophical Society: 1–100. ISSN 0065-9746.
- ^ Haque Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists". Journal of Religion and Health. 43 (4): 357–377 [361]. doi:10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Deming, David (2010). Science and technology in world history/ the ancient world and classical civilization. Jefferson: Mcfarland. p. 93. ISBN 0786439327.
- ^ The Art as a Profession, United States National Library of Medicine
- ^ Bademci G (2006). "First illustrations of female "Neurosurgeons" in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu". Neurocirugía. 17: 162–165.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
- Bibliography
- Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science. Vol. 3. Routledge. ISBN 0415124107Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Browne, Edward G. (2002). Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books. ISBN 81-87570-19-9.
- Dols, Michael W. (1984). Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan's Treatise "On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt". Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care. University of California Press. ISBN 0520048369.
- Pormann, Peter E. (2007). Medieval Islamic Medicine. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748620664.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Porter, Roy (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521002524.
- Ullmann, Manfred (1978). Islamic Medicine. Islamic Surveys. Vol. 11. Edinburgh: Univ. Press. ISBN 0852243251.
- Elsergany, Ragheb. "Historical Development of Islamic Medicine, english.islamstory.com
- Saunders, John Joseph. A history of medieval Islam 1978. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415059145|pages=193}}
External links
- Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine.
- Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts at the National Library of Medicine.
- Influence On the Historical Development of Medicine by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead.
- Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis) - A light in the Middle Ages in Europe by Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal
- Contagion - Perspectives from Pre-Modern Societies
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