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Coordinates: 38°26′0″N 39°46′22″E / 38.43333°N 39.77278°E / 38.43333; 39.77278
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Undid revision 1044175781 by ZaniGiovanni (talk) WP:BLUE. Not only is any parts of Tigris obviously not located within Armenian Highlands, Southeastern Anatolia Region exclusively contains both the cities like Diyarbakır and Mardin through which Tigris runs, and Lake Hazar. Information is also the same in Tigris–Euphrates river system
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[[File:Le Tour du monde-04-p065.jpg|thumb|Mosul, on the bank of the Tigris, 1861]]
[[File:Le Tour du monde-04-p065.jpg|thumb|Mosul, on the bank of the Tigris, 1861]]


The '''Tigris''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|ɡ|r|ɪ|s}}) is the eastern of the two great [[river]]s that define [[Mesopotamia]], the other being the [[Euphrates]]. The river flows south from the mountains of the [[Armenian Highlands]] through the [[Syrian Desert|Syrian]] and [[Arabian Desert]]s, and empties into the [[Persian Gulf]].
The '''Tigris''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|ɡ|r|ɪ|s}}) is the eastern of the two great [[river]]s that define [[Mesopotamia]], the other being the [[Euphrates]]. The river flows south from the [[Southeastern Anatolia Region]] through the [[Syrian Desert|Syrian]] and [[Arabian Desert]]s, and empties into the [[Persian Gulf]].


==Geography==
==Geography==

Revision as of 23:52, 13 September 2021

For other uses, see Tigris (disambiguation).
Tigris
Tigris river in Baghdad
Map of the Tigris–Euphrates river system
Location
CountryTurkey, Syria, Iraq
CitiesDiyarbakır, Mosul, Baghdad
Physical characteristics
SourceLake Hazar[1]
 • coordinates38°29′0″N 39°25′0″E / 38.48333°N 39.41667°E / 38.48333; 39.41667
 • elevation1,150 m (3,770 ft)
MouthShatt al-Arab
 • location
Al-Qurnah, Basra Governorate, Iraq
 • coordinates
38°26′0″N 39°46′22″E / 38.43333°N 39.77278°E / 38.43333; 39.77278
Length1,900 km (1,200 mi)
Basin size375,000 km2 (145,000 sq mi)
Discharge 
 • locationBaghdad
 • average1,014 m3/s (35,800 cu ft/s)
 • minimum337 m3/s (11,900 cu ft/s)
 • maximum2,779 m3/s (98,100 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River systemTigris–Euphrates river system
Tributaries 
 • leftGarzan, Botan, Khabur, Greater Zab, Lesser Zab, 'Adhaim, Cizre, Diyala
 • rightWadi Tharthar
[2][3]
Mosul, on the bank of the Tigris, 1861

The Tigris (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the Southeastern Anatolia Region through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, and empties into the Persian Gulf.

Geography

The Tigris is 1,750 km long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km through Southeastern Turkey before becoming part of the Syria-Turkey border. This stretch of 44 km is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.[2] Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, Batman, and the Great and the Little Zab.[4]

Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial Shatt al-Hayy branches off, to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and Majar al-Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes. Further downstream, two other distributary channels branch off (the Al-Musharrah and Al-Kahla), to feed the Hawizeh Marshes. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al-Kassarah, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al-Qurnah to form the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.[5]

Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.

The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts are needed for transport upstream to Mosul.

General Francis Rawdon Chesney hauled two steamers overland through Syria in 1836 to explore the possibility of an overland and river route to India. One steamer, the Tigris, was wrecked in a storm which sank and killed twenty. Chesney proved the river navigable to powered craft. In 1855, a convoy of rafts carrying antiquities from Victor Place's expedition to Khorsabad, Rawlinson's to Kuyunjik and Fresnel's to Babylon was sunk by local tribes near Al-Qurnah.[6][7] Later, the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company was established in 1861 by the Lynch Brothers trading company, who had two steamers in service. By 1908 ten steamers were on the river. Tourists boarded steam yachts to venture inland as this was the first age of archaeological tourism, and the sites of Ur and Ctesiphon became popular with European travellers.

In the First World War, during the British conquest of Ottoman Mesopotamia, Indian and Thames River paddlers were used to supply General Charles Townsend's army, in the Siege of Kut and the Fall of Baghdad (1917).[8] The Tigris Flotilla included vessels Clio, Espiegle, Lawrence, Odin, armed tug Comet, armed launches Lewis Pelly, Miner, Shaitan, Sumana, and sternwheelers Muzaffari/Muzaffar. These were joined by Royal Navy Fly-class gunboats Butterfly, Cranefly, Dragonfly, Mayfly, Sawfly, Snakefly, and Mantis, Moth, and Tarantula.

After the war, river trade declined in importance during the 20th century as the Basra-Baghdad-Mosul railway, a previously unfinished portion of the Baghdad Railway, was completed and roads took over much of the freight traffic.

Etymology

Bedouin crossing the river Tigris with plunder (c.1860)

The Ancient Greek form Tigris (Τίγρις) meaning "tiger" (if treated as Greek) was adapted from Old Persian Tigrā, itself from Elamite Tigra, itself from Sumerian Idigna.

The original Sumerian Idigna or Idigina was probably from *id (i)gina "running water",[9] which can be interpreted as "the swift river", contrasted to its neighbour, the Euphrates, whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more silt and build up a higher bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into Akkadian as Idiqlat, and from there into the other Semitic languages (cf. Hebrew Ḥîddeqel, Syriac Deqlaṯ, Arabic Dijlah).

Another name for the Tigris used in Middle Persian was Arvand Rud, literally "swift river". Today, however, Arvand Rud (New Persian: اروند رود) refers to the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers (known in Arabic as the Shatt al-Arab). In Kurdish, it is also known as Ava Mezin, "the Great Water".

Mosul, Iraq
Outside of Mosul, Iraq

The name of the Tigris in languages that have been important in the region:

Language Name for Tigris
Akkadian 𒁇𒄘𒃼, Idiqlat
Arabic دجلة, Dijlah; حداقل, Ḥudaqil
Aramaic דיגלת, Diglath
Armenian Տիգրիս, Tigris, Դգլաթ, Dglatʿ
Greek ἡ Τίγρης, -ητος, hē Tígrēs, -ētos;

ἡ, ὁ Τίγρις, -ιδος, hē, ho Tígris, -idos

Hebrew חידקל ‎, Ḥîddeqel, biblical חִדֶּקֶל‎, Ḥiddeqel[10]
Hurrian Aranzah[11]
Persian Old Persian: 𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠 Tigrā; Middle Persian: Tigr; Modern Persian:دجله Dejle
Sumerian 𒁇𒄘𒃼 Idigna/Idigina IDIGNA (Borger 2003 nr. 124) 𒈦𒄘𒃼
Syriac ܕܸܩܠܵܬܼ Deqlaṯ
Turkish Dicle
Baghdad

Management and water quality

Batman River

The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains.

Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream. Mosul Dam is the largest dam in Iraq.

Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.[12]

In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus which is referred to as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River" was reached at a meeting organized in Geneva by the think tank Strategic Foresight Group.[13]

In February 2016, the United States Embassy in Iraq as well as the Prime Minister of Iraq Haider al-Abadi issued warnings that Mosul Dam could collapse.[14] The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to flash flood if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of Mosul, Tikrit, Samarra, and Baghdad were at risk.[15]

Religion and mythology

In Sumerian mythology, the Tigris was created by the god Enki, who filled the river with flowing water.[16]

In Hittite and Hurrian mythology, Aranzah (or Aranzahas in the Hittite nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was divinized. He was the son of Kumarbi and the brother of Teshub and Tašmišu, one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto Mount Kanzuras. Later he colluded with Anu and the Teshub to destroy Kumarbi (The Kumarbi Cycle).

The Tigris appears twice in the Old Testament. First, in the Book of Genesis, it is the third of the four rivers branching off the river issuing out of the Garden of Eden.[10] The second mention is in the Book of Daniel, wherein Daniel states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".[17]

The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam.[citation needed] The tomb of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal and Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors.[18]

Tigris River in Baghdad (2016)
Tigris River in Baghdad (2016)
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq 1932–1959 depicting the two rivers, the confluence Shatt al-Arab and the date palm forest, which used to be the largest in the world

The river featured on the coat of arms of Iraq from 1932–1959.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nicoll, Kathleen. "Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey". University of Utah. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b Isaev, V.A.; Mikhailova, M.V. (2009). "The hydrology, evolution, and hydrological regime of the mouth area of the Shatt al-Arab River". Water Resources. 36 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1134/S0097807809040022.
  3. ^ Kolars, J.F.; Mitchell, W.A. (1991). The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-8093-1572-6.
  4. ^ "Diyarbakir". europeanwalledtowns. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  5. ^ Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131
  6. ^ Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971-72), 1-45, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf.
  7. ^ Larsen, M.T., The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land, Routledge, 2014, pp 344-49
  8. ^ "Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals". naval-history.net. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  9. ^ F. Delitzsch, Sumerisches Glossar, Leipzig (1914), IV, 6, 21.
  10. ^ a b Genesis 2:14
  11. ^ E. Laroche, Glossaire de la langue Hourrite, Paris (1980), p. 55.
  12. ^ Vidal, John. "Water supply key to the outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn" The Guardian, 2 July 2014.
  13. ^ "Analysis & Water Agenda". ORSAM. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  14. ^ Borger, Julian (29 February 2016). "Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  15. ^ "US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq". BBC News. BBC. BBC. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  16. ^ Jeremy A. Black, The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press 2004, ISBN 0-19-926311-6 p. 220-221
  17. ^ Daniel 10:4
  18. ^ "Sunan Abi Dawud 4306 - Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim) - كتاب الملاحم - Sunnah.com - River of Dajal(Tigris)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article Tigris.
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