Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Controversy surrounding a hypothesised medical condition}} |
{{short description|Controversy surrounding a hypothesised medical condition}} |
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{{Transgender sidebar}} |
{{Transgender sidebar}} |
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'''Rapid onset gender dysphoria''' ('''ROGD''') is a controversial |
'''Rapid onset gender dysphoria''' ('''ROGD''') is a controversial theory which describes a socially mediated subtype of [[gender dysphoria]].<ref name=PLOS /> [[Brown University School of Public Health]] assistant professor Lisa Littman created the term to describe surveyed parents' accounts of their teenage children suddenly manifesting symptoms of gender dysphoria and self-identifying as [[transgender]] simultaneously with other children in their peer group. Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a "social coping mechanism" for other disorders.<ref name=PLOS/> ROGD is a novel theory, not recognized by any major professional association,<ref name="WPATH-2018"/> with Littman noting that it is "not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time". |
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Littman published a descriptive study in ''[[PLOS One]]'' in August 2018.<ref name=PLOS>{{cite journal |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |last=Littman |first=Lisa |title=Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria |date=August 16, 2018 |edition=March 19, 2019 corrected |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=e0202330 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330 |pmc=6095578 |pmid=30114286}}</ref> Criticism was voiced by transgender activists, and two weeks after publication, ''PLOS One'' responded by announcing a [[Scholarly peer review#Postpublication|post-publication review]] of the paper.<ref name=RW/><ref name=Wadman/> In March 2019, the journal concluded its review and republished Littman's revised and corrected version.<ref name=PLOSCorrection/> |
Littman published a descriptive study in ''[[PLOS One]]'' in August 2018.<ref name=PLOS>{{cite journal |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |last=Littman |first=Lisa |title=Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria |date=August 16, 2018 |edition=March 19, 2019 corrected |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=e0202330 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0202330 |pmc=6095578 |pmid=30114286}}</ref> Criticism was voiced by transgender activists, and two weeks after publication, ''PLOS One'' responded by announcing a [[Scholarly peer review#Postpublication|post-publication review]] of the paper.<ref name=RW/><ref name=Wadman/> In March 2019, the journal concluded its review and republished Littman's revised and corrected version.<ref name=PLOSCorrection/> |
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On the same day as ''PLOS One'' announced its post-publication review, [[Brown University]] retracted its press release promoting the study.<ref name=RW/> The controversy grew as articles and opinion pieces, both critical and supportive, were published in mainstream media discussing concerns about the study's methodology and the validity of its hypotheses,<ref name=Wadman/><ref name=GuardianLie/><ref name=TheConversation/> as well as issues of [[academic freedom]].<ref name=RW/><ref name=Flier/> Other studies have since remarked on a much increased incidence of youth seeking care for dysphoria, but the cause of this remains |
On the same day as ''PLOS One'' announced its post-publication review, [[Brown University]] retracted its press release promoting the study.<ref name=RW/> The controversy grew as articles and opinion pieces, both critical and supportive, were published in mainstream media discussing concerns about the study's methodology and the validity of its hypotheses,<ref name=Wadman/><ref name=GuardianLie/><ref name=TheConversation/> as well as issues of [[academic freedom]].<ref name=RW/><ref name=Flier/> Other studies have since remarked on a much increased incidence of youth seeking care for dysphoria, but the cause of this remains controversial.<ref name=devries/><ref name=Waehre-2019/> |
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== Publication == |
== Publication == |
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Littman's study described cases of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria based on reports by the surveyed parents,<ref name=Wadman/> along with information that was collected about the children's peer group dynamics, social media use, and prior mental health issues.<ref name=Melchior>{{cite news |last=Melchior |first=Jillian Kay |title=Peer Pressure and 'Transgender' Teens |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=September 9, 2018 |issn=0099-9660 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peer-pressure-and-transgender-teens-1536524718?mod=rsswn |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925164342/https://www.wsj.com/articles/peer-pressure-and-transgender-teens-1536524718 |archivedate=2018-09-25 }}</ref> Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a "social coping mechanism" for other disorders, such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[anxiety]] caused by adolescent trauma.<ref name=PLOS/> |
Littman's study described cases of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria based on reports by the surveyed parents,<ref name=Wadman/> along with information that was collected about the children's peer group dynamics, social media use, and prior mental health issues.<ref name=Melchior>{{cite news |last=Melchior |first=Jillian Kay |title=Peer Pressure and 'Transgender' Teens |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=September 9, 2018 |issn=0099-9660 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peer-pressure-and-transgender-teens-1536524718?mod=rsswn |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925164342/https://www.wsj.com/articles/peer-pressure-and-transgender-teens-1536524718 |archivedate=2018-09-25 }}</ref> Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a "social coping mechanism" for other disorders, such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[anxiety]] caused by adolescent trauma.<ref name=PLOS/> |
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According to coverage in the news section of ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', the study found that "among the young people reported on—83% of whom were designated female at birth—more than one-third had friendship groups in which 50% or more of the youths began to identify as transgender in a similar time frame |
According to coverage in the news section of ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', the study found that "among the young people reported on—83% of whom were designated female at birth—more than one-third had friendship groups in which 50% or more of the youths began to identify as transgender in a similar time frame," which the ''Science'' coverage described as probably "the most explosive of Littman's findings."<ref name=Wadman/> |
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===Correction=== |
===Correction=== |
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=== Terminology === |
=== Terminology === |
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The term "rapid onset gender dysphoria", coined by Littman, first appeared in a July 2016 notice that was posted on four websites, recruiting parents to respond to a research survey that Littman described as "Rapid onset gender dysphoria, social media, and peer groups |
The term "rapid onset gender dysphoria", coined by Littman, first appeared in a July 2016 notice that was posted on four websites, recruiting parents to respond to a research survey that Littman described as "Rapid onset gender dysphoria, social media, and peer groups."<ref name=4th>{{cite web |title=Rapid-onset gender dysphoria: New study recruiting parents |date=July 2, 2016 |website=4thWaveNow |url=https://4thwavenow.com/2016/07/02/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-new-study-recruiting-parents/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309081221/https://4thwavenow.com/2016/07/02/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-new-study-recruiting-parents/ |archivedate=2018-03-09}}</ref> In the title of Littman's [[poster abstract]] for the study, published in February 2017, the phrase appeared as "Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria."<ref name=JAdolHealth>{{Cite journal |last1=Littman |first1=L.L. |title=Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Young Adults: a Descriptive Study |journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]] |volume=60 |issue=2 |date=February 2017 |pages=S95–S96 |id=Supplement 1 |url=https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(16)30765-0/abstract |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.369 }}</ref> |
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According to Littman, "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time."<ref name=PLOSCorrection/> She wrote: {{quote|This study of parent observations and interpretations serves to develop the hypotheses that rapid-onset gender dysphoria is a phenomenon and that social influences, parent-child conflict, and maladaptive coping mechanisms may be contributing factors for some individuals. ... This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon.<ref name=PLOSCorrection/> }} |
According to Littman, "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time."<ref name=PLOSCorrection/> She wrote: {{quote|This study of parent observations and interpretations serves to develop the hypotheses that rapid-onset gender dysphoria is a phenomenon and that social influences, parent-child conflict, and maladaptive coping mechanisms may be contributing factors for some individuals. ... This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon.<ref name=PLOSCorrection/> }} |
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The reactions to Brown's removal of the press release from their website included criticism by a former dean of [[Harvard Medical School]].<ref name=Wadman/><ref name=Flier>{{cite journal |last=Flier |first=Jeffrey S. |title=As a Former Dean of Harvard Medical School, I Question Brown's Failure to Defend Lisa Littman |date=August 31, 2018 |journal=[[Quillette]] |url=https://quillette.com/2018/08/31/as-a-former-dean-of-harvard-medical-school-i-question-browns-failure-to-defend-lisa-littman/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923123942/https://quillette.com/2018/08/31/as-a-former-dean-of-harvard-medical-school-i-question-browns-failure-to-defend-lisa-littman/ |archivedate=2018-09-23 }}</ref> |
The reactions to Brown's removal of the press release from their website included criticism by a former dean of [[Harvard Medical School]].<ref name=Wadman/><ref name=Flier>{{cite journal |last=Flier |first=Jeffrey S. |title=As a Former Dean of Harvard Medical School, I Question Brown's Failure to Defend Lisa Littman |date=August 31, 2018 |journal=[[Quillette]] |url=https://quillette.com/2018/08/31/as-a-former-dean-of-harvard-medical-school-i-question-browns-failure-to-defend-lisa-littman/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923123942/https://quillette.com/2018/08/31/as-a-former-dean-of-harvard-medical-school-i-question-browns-failure-to-defend-lisa-littman/ |archivedate=2018-09-23 }}</ref> |
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Aside from questions about the scientific validity of the condition, the political implications of the |
Aside from questions about the scientific validity of the condition, the political implications of the condition were a source of heated discussion. Critiques of sociological aspects of the study have been published in peer-reviewed journals.<ref name="criticalcommentary">{{cite journal |first=Florence |last=Ashley |title=A critical commentary on 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' |journal=[[The Sociological Review]] |date=July 1, 2020 |doi=10.1177/0038026120934693 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=779–799 |s2cid=221097476 }}</ref><ref name="deferral">{{cite journal |first=Natacha |last=Kennedy |title=Deferral: the sociology of young trans people's epiphanies and coming out |journal=[[Journal of LGBT Youth]] |date=September 10, 2020 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/19361653.2020.1816244 }}</ref><ref name="untimeliness">{{cite journal |first=Victoria |last=Pitts-Taylor |title=The untimeliness of trans youth: The temporal construction of a gender 'disorder' |journal=[[Sexualities]] |date=November 17, 2020 |doi=10.1177/1363460720973895}}</ref> The hypothesized condition was called "a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people" in the [[op-ed]] section of ''[[The Guardian]]'',<ref name=GuardianLie>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/22/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-is-a-poisonous-lie-used-to-discredit-trans-people|title=Rapid-onset gender dysphoria' is a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people |date=October 22, 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London }}</ref> while it was called an explanation for the experiences of multiple parents in the op-ed section of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name=Shrier>{{cite news |last=Shrier |first=Abigail |issn=0099-9660 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-your-daughter-defies-biology-11546804848?mod=rsswn |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330042805/https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-your-daughter-defies-biology-11546804848?mod=rsswn |archivedate=2019-03-30 |title=When Your Daughter Defies Biology}}</ref><ref name=Melchior/> Publications such as ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]'' and ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' condemned what they saw as [[politicization of science]] by social conservatives,<ref name=Slate>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/08/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-study-criticism-is-not-censorship-its-good-science.html|title=Criticism Is Not Censorship|website=Slate}}</ref><ref name=TheConversation>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/why-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-is-bad-science-92742|title=Why 'rapid-onset gender dysphoria' is bad science |website=The Conversation}}</ref> while Madeleine Kearns, a contributing writer at ''[[National Review]]'', described the condition as "particularly concerning" and called for further study.<ref name=NR>{{cite magazine |last=Kearns |first=Madeleine |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/01/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-should-be-investigated-not-smeared/ |title=Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria Should Be Investigated, Not Smeared |magazine=[[National Review]] |date=January 19, 2019 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119040543/https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/01/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-should-be-investigated-not-smeared/ |archivedate=2019-01-29 }}</ref> |
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In ''[[Psychology Today]]'', [[Rutgers University]] psychology professor [[Lee Jussim]] described the PLOS-mandated rewrite of the paper as an "Orwellian correction" where no errors had existed, merely "adding some additional discussion about limitations to the work and some minor reframing", but said the process of [[Scholarly peer review#Postpublication|peer review]] had improved the paper.<ref name=Jussim>{{cite journal |journal=[[Psychology Today]] |date=March 20, 2019 |first=Lee |last=Jussim |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/201903/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria|title=Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: A saga of outrage and science reform |url-status=live |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/77FeRArZe |archivedate=2019-03-30 }}</ref> |
In ''[[Psychology Today]]'', [[Rutgers University]] psychology professor [[Lee Jussim]] described the PLOS-mandated rewrite of the paper as an "Orwellian correction" where no errors had existed, merely "adding some additional discussion about limitations to the work and some minor reframing", but said the process of [[Scholarly peer review#Postpublication|peer review]] had improved the paper.<ref name=Jussim>{{cite journal |journal=[[Psychology Today]] |date=March 20, 2019 |first=Lee |last=Jussim |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/rabble-rouser/201903/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria|title=Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: A saga of outrage and science reform |url-status=live |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/77FeRArZe |archivedate=2019-03-30 }}</ref> |
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Shortly after ''PLOS One'' published the corrected study, a critique of the original study's methodology appeared in ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''.<ref name="method">{{cite journal |first=Arjee Javellana |last=Restar |title=Methodological Critique of Littman's (2018) Parental-Respondents Accounts of 'Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria' |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |date=April 22, 2019 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-1453-2 |pmid=31011991 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pmc=7012957 |pages=61–66 }}</ref> In a letter to the editor, Littman responded with a side-by-side comparison, stating that the criticized methodologies were consistent with those that had been used, without controversy, in widely-cited studies supporting gender identity affirmation health care.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Littman|first=Lisa|title=The Use of Methodologies in Littman (2018) Is Consistent with the Use of Methodologies in Other Studies Contributing to the Field of Gender Dysphoria Research: Response to Restar (2019) |type=Letter to the Editor |url=https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10508-020-01631-z?author_access_token=CcTCIU7yrl9ffHO8NGpK8fe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY51m9m_Io_qypLJdvwuvFw-w6VtmTcIgAUuwzwaw01YtPDcBymoQVpw1S4DJyUjAJuAQYAh8AH9LxeDWy3Ds3QH_uFI_ZSAJh6EWtd9ye2scQ%3D%3D |access-date=2020-12-11|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|date=January 2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=67–77|pmid=31953699|doi=10.1007/s10508-020-01631-z|s2cid=210708422}}</ref> |
Shortly after ''PLOS One'' published the corrected study, a critique of the original study's methodology appeared in ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]''.<ref name="method">{{cite journal |first=Arjee Javellana |last=Restar |title=Methodological Critique of Littman's (2018) Parental-Respondents Accounts of 'Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria' |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |date=April 22, 2019 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-1453-2 |pmid=31011991 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pmc=7012957 |pages=61–66 }}</ref> In a letter to the editor, Littman responded with a side-by-side comparison, stating that the criticized methodologies were consistent with those that had been used, without controversy, in widely-cited studies supporting gender identity affirmation health care.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Littman|first=Lisa|title=The Use of Methodologies in Littman (2018) Is Consistent with the Use of Methodologies in Other Studies Contributing to the Field of Gender Dysphoria Research: Response to Restar (2019) |type=Letter to the Editor |url=https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10508-020-01631-z?author_access_token=CcTCIU7yrl9ffHO8NGpK8fe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY51m9m_Io_qypLJdvwuvFw-w6VtmTcIgAUuwzwaw01YtPDcBymoQVpw1S4DJyUjAJuAQYAh8AH9LxeDWy3Ds3QH_uFI_ZSAJh6EWtd9ye2scQ%3D%3D |access-date=2020-12-11|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|date=January 2020|volume=49|issue=1|pages=67–77|pmid=31953699|doi=10.1007/s10508-020-01631-z|s2cid=210708422}}</ref> |
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A number of clinicians who provide care for gender dysphoric youth state that what was described in Littman's research is consistent with their patient population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zucker|first=Kenneth J.|date=October 2019|title=Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=48|issue=7|pages=1983–1992|doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8|pmid=31321594|issn=0004-0002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Anna|last2=Midgen|first2=Melissa|last3=Spiliadis|first3=Anastassis|date=January 1, 2020|title=In Support of Research Into Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01517-9|type=Letter to the Editor|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=79–80|doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01517-9|pmid=31317286|s2cid=197541624|issn=1573-2800}}</ref>{{better source|reason=Hutchinson-2020 is a letter to the editor; perhaps better in 'Professional commentary' section.|date=December 2020}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Giovanardi|first1=Guido|last2=Fortunato|first2=Alexandro|last3=Mirabella|first3=Marta|last4=Speranza|first4=Anna Maria|last5=Lingiardi|first5=Vittorio|date=2020-12-19|title=Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Qualitative Study on Specialized Centers' Model of Care and Network|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=17|issue=24|pages=9536|doi=10.3390/ijerph17249536|pmid=33352745|pmc=7766564|issn=1660-4601|doi-access=free}}</ref> Several additional reports published since the PLOS article republication note a novel large adolescent cohort presenting with gender dysphoria.<ref name=devries>{{Cite journal|last=de Vries|first=Annelou L.C.|date=October 2020|title=Challenges in Timing Puberty Suppression for Gender-Nonconforming Adolescents|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/lookup/doi/10.1542/peds.2020-010611|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=146|issue=4|pages=e2020010611|doi=10.1542/peds.2020-010611|pmid=32958612|issn=0031-4005|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Landen|first=Mikael|date=October 11, 2019|title=[Dramatic increase in adolescent gender dysphoria requires careful consideration]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613373|journal=Lakartidningen|volume=116|issn=1652-7518|pmid=31613373}}</ref><ref name="Waehre-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Waehre |first1=Anne |last2=Schorkopf |first2=Martina |date=2019 |title=Kjønnsvariasjon, medisinsk behandling og vårt ansvar |url=https://tidsskriftet.no/2019/04/debatt/kjonnsvariasjon-medisinsk-behandling-og-vart-ansvar |journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening |volume=139 |issue=7 |language=no |doi=10.4045/tidsskr.19.0178 |pmid=30969045 |issn=0029-2001 |trans-quote=The reason is unknown, but there is speculation about whether it may be due to increased availability of treatment, increased knowledge via the internet, generally increased openness in society and awareness of different gender identities and gender expressions, less stigma, or that identity development today also includes exploration of gender identity. |quote=''Årsaken er ukjent, men det spekuleres i om det kan bero på økt tilgang til behandling, økt kunnskap via internett, generelt økt åpenhet og oppmerksomhet i samfunnet for ulik kjønnsidentitet og kjønnsuttrykk, mindre stigmatisering eller at identitetsutviklingen i dag i større grad også innbefatter utforskning av kjønnsidentiteten.'' |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaltiala-Heino|first1=Riittakerttu|last2=Työläjärvi|first2=Marja|last3=Lindberg|first3=Nina|date=April 2019|title=Gender dysphoria in adolescent population: A 5-year replication study|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359104519838593|journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=379–387|doi=10.1177/1359104519838593|pmid=30968719|issn=1359-1045|hdl=10138/315586|s2cid=106410951|hdl-access=free}}</ref> |
A number of clinicians who provide care for gender dysphoric youth state that what was described in Littman's research is consistent with their patient population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zucker|first=Kenneth J.|date=October 2019|title=Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=48|issue=7|pages=1983–1992|doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8|pmid=31321594|issn=0004-0002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hutchinson|first1=Anna|last2=Midgen|first2=Melissa|last3=Spiliadis|first3=Anastassis|date=January 1, 2020|title=In Support of Research Into Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01517-9|type=Letter to the Editor|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=79–80|doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01517-9|pmid=31317286|s2cid=197541624|issn=1573-2800}}</ref>{{better source|reason=Hutchinson-2020 is a letter to the editor; perhaps better in 'Professional commentary' section.|date=December 2020}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Giovanardi|first1=Guido|last2=Fortunato|first2=Alexandro|last3=Mirabella|first3=Marta|last4=Speranza|first4=Anna Maria|last5=Lingiardi|first5=Vittorio|date=2020-12-19|title=Gender Diverse Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Qualitative Study on Specialized Centers' Model of Care and Network|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=17|issue=24|pages=9536|doi=10.3390/ijerph17249536|pmid=33352745|pmc=7766564|issn=1660-4601|doi-access=free}}</ref> Several additional reports published since the PLOS article republication note a novel large adolescent cohort presenting with gender dysphoria.<ref name=devries>{{Cite journal|last=de Vries|first=Annelou L.C.|date=October 2020|title=Challenges in Timing Puberty Suppression for Gender-Nonconforming Adolescents|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/lookup/doi/10.1542/peds.2020-010611|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=146|issue=4|pages=e2020010611|doi=10.1542/peds.2020-010611|pmid=32958612|issn=0031-4005|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Landen|first=Mikael|date=October 11, 2019|title=[Dramatic increase in adolescent gender dysphoria requires careful consideration]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613373|journal=Lakartidningen|volume=116|issn=1652-7518|pmid=31613373}}</ref><ref name="Waehre-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Waehre |first1=Anne |last2=Schorkopf |first2=Martina |date=2019 |title=Kjønnsvariasjon, medisinsk behandling og vårt ansvar |url=https://tidsskriftet.no/2019/04/debatt/kjonnsvariasjon-medisinsk-behandling-og-vart-ansvar |journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening |volume=139 |issue=7 |language=no |doi=10.4045/tidsskr.19.0178 |pmid=30969045 |issn=0029-2001 |trans-quote=The reason is unknown, but there is speculation about whether it may be due to increased availability of treatment, increased knowledge via the internet, generally increased openness in society and awareness of different gender identities and gender expressions, less stigma, or that identity development today also includes exploration of gender identity. |quote=''Årsaken er ukjent, men det spekuleres i om det kan bero på økt tilgang til behandling, økt kunnskap via internett, generelt økt åpenhet og oppmerksomhet i samfunnet for ulik kjønnsidentitet og kjønnsuttrykk, mindre stigmatisering eller at identitetsutviklingen i dag i større grad også innbefatter utforskning av kjønnsidentiteten.'' |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaltiala-Heino|first1=Riittakerttu|last2=Työläjärvi|first2=Marja|last3=Lindberg|first3=Nina|date=April 2019|title=Gender dysphoria in adolescent population: A 5-year replication study|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359104519838593|journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=379–387|doi=10.1177/1359104519838593|pmid=30968719|issn=1359-1045|hdl=10138/315586|s2cid=106410951|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Aside from Littman's ROGD social contagion theory, others have speculated that this rise could be due to more available treatment, increased awareness or influence via social media and the internet, and increased societal acceptance of gender identity variance.<ref name="Waehre-2019" /> |
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=== Professional commentary === |
=== Professional commentary === |
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Following publication of the original report in ''PLOS One'', the [[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) released a position paper on the proposed term "rapid onset gender dysphoria" and the research, stating that the term is not recognized by any professional association, nor listed in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]] or [[ICD]] lists of disorders and diseases. They said in summary "it is nothing more than an acronym created to describe a ''proposed'' clinical phenomenon that may or may not warrant further peer-reviewed scientific investigation." They affirmed the need for academic freedom and scientific exploration without censorship, and that much is still unknown about the factors contributing to the development of gender identity in young people, and said it was "premature and inappropriate" to use "official-sounding labels" that might influence professionals or the public to reach conclusions about how or when adolescents decide to come out as transgender.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{cite web |title=There Is No Evidence That Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria Exists |last1=Ashley |first1=Florence |url=https://psychcentral.com/lib/there-is-no-evidence-that-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-exists/ |date=December 3, 2018 |website=PsychCentral |publisher= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=2019-05-30 |quote= }}</ref><ref name="WPATH-2018">{{cite web |title=WPATH Position on "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD)" |author=WPATH Global Board of Directors |url=https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/Public%20Policies/2018/9_Sept/WPATH%20Position%20on%20Rapid-Onset%20Gender%20Dysphoria_9-4-2018.pdf |date=September 4, 2018 |website=WPATH |publisher= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=2019-05-30 |quote= }}</ref> WPATH concluded by warning against the use of any term intended to cause fear about an adolescent's possible transgender status with the goal of avoiding or deterring them from accessing the appropriate treatment, in line with the Standards of Care appropriate for the situation.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /><ref name="WPATH-2018" /> |
Following publication of the original report in ''PLOS One'', the [[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) released a position paper on the proposed term "rapid onset gender dysphoria" and the research, stating that the term is not recognized by any professional association, nor listed in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM]] or [[ICD]] lists of disorders and diseases. They said in summary "it is nothing more than an acronym created to describe a ''proposed'' clinical phenomenon that may or may not warrant further peer-reviewed scientific investigation." They affirmed the need for academic freedom and scientific exploration without censorship, and that much is still unknown about the factors contributing to the development of gender identity in young people, and said it was "premature and inappropriate" to use "official-sounding labels" that might influence professionals or the public to reach conclusions about how or when adolescents decide to come out as transgender.<ref name="Ashley-2018">{{cite web |title=There Is No Evidence That Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria Exists |last1=Ashley |first1=Florence |url=https://psychcentral.com/lib/there-is-no-evidence-that-rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria-exists/ |date=December 3, 2018 |website=PsychCentral |publisher= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=2019-05-30 |quote= }}</ref><ref name="WPATH-2018">{{cite web |title=WPATH Position on "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD)" |author=WPATH Global Board of Directors |url=https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/Public%20Policies/2018/9_Sept/WPATH%20Position%20on%20Rapid-Onset%20Gender%20Dysphoria_9-4-2018.pdf |date=September 4, 2018 |website=WPATH |publisher= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=2019-05-30 |quote= }}</ref> WPATH concluded by warning against the use of any term intended to cause fear about an adolescent's possible transgender status with the goal of avoiding or deterring them from accessing the appropriate treatment, in line with the Standards of Care appropriate for the situation.<ref name="Ashley-2018" /><ref name="WPATH-2018" /> |
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The Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group (GDA) of professionals involved in transgender health wrote an open letter to ''Psychology Today'' calling the study "methodologically flawed and unethical |
The Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group (GDA) of professionals involved in transgender health wrote an open letter to ''Psychology Today'' calling the study "methodologically flawed and unethical," saying it proceeded from "an overt ideological bias," and citing previously published criticism of the study stating that it had multiple biases and flaws in its methodology. They said the survey drew subjects from "websites openly hostile to transgender youth," and failed to account for this bias, instead basing its conclusions on the beliefs of surveyed parents who presupposed the existence of ROGD. Noting that Littman had not interviewed the teens, and had no experience working with transgender youth, the GDA criticized conclusions in the initial publication of the study about how teens arrived at a trans identity, saying onset may only have been "rapid" from parents' point of view because teens often delay [[coming out]] in hostile environments or when fearing criticism.<ref name="GDA-2018">{{cite web |title=Psychology Today Response — Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group |last1=Adams |first1=Noah |author2=43 others |url=https://www.gdaworkinggroup.com/blog/2018/12/5/psychology-today-response |date=December 1, 2018 |website=GDA |publisher= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |accessdate=2019-06-03 |quote= }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2020|reason=needs one or more secondary sources to demonstrate weight for opinion}} |
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The Pediatric and Adolescent Gender Dysphoria |
The Pediatric and Adolescent Gender Dysphoria Working Group, a group of professional clinicians and researchers<ref name=GDWG-who>{{cite web |title=Who We Are |website=Pediatric and Adolescent Gender Dysphoria Working Group |year=2018 |url=http://gdworkinggroup.org/who-we-are/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803150515/http://gdworkinggroup.org/who-we-are/ |archivedate=2018-08-03 }}</ref> which has criticized gender-affirming guidelines adopted by organizations including the [[Endocrine Society]] and [[American Academy of Pediatrics]],<ref name=GDWG-Editorial>{{cite web |title=The Gender Identity Phantom |website=Pediatric and Adolescent Gender Dysphoria Working Group |year=2018 |url=http://gdworkinggroup.org/2018/10/24/the-gender-identity-phantom/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803150616/http://gdworkinggroup.org/2018/10/24/the-gender-identity-phantom/ |archivedate=2018-08-03 }}</ref><ref name=GDWG-EditorialAAPFactChecking>{{cite web |title=American Academy of Pediatrics policy and trans- kids: Fact-checking |website=Pediatric and Adolescent Gender Dysphoria Working Group |year=2018 |url=http://gdworkinggroup.org/2018/10/18/american-academy-of-pediatrics-policy-and-trans-kids-fact-checking/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803150616/http://gdworkinggroup.org/2018/10/18/american-academy-of-pediatrics-policy-and-trans-kids-fact-checking/ |archivedate=2018-10-18 }}</ref> said ROGD "warrants further study." The group pointed to "the rise in the number of teens and young adults coming to identify as transgender without any significant prior history of gender dysphoria," and to both anecdotal reports and research indicating that many suffered from "mental health disorders in addition to gender dysphoria." The group expressed "concern that there may be elements of social contagion at work."<ref name=GDWG-ROGD>{{cite web |title=Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria |website=Pediatric and Adolescent Gender Dysphoria Working Group |year=2018 |url=http://gdworkinggroup.org/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803150616/http://gdworkinggroup.org/rapid-onset-gender-dysphoria/ |archivedate=2018-08-03 }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2020|reason=needs one or more secondary sources to demonstrate weight for opinion}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 20:52, 11 March 2021
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Rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is a controversial theory which describes a socially mediated subtype of gender dysphoria.[1] Brown University School of Public Health assistant professor Lisa Littman created the term to describe surveyed parents' accounts of their teenage children suddenly manifesting symptoms of gender dysphoria and self-identifying as transgender simultaneously with other children in their peer group. Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a "social coping mechanism" for other disorders.[1] ROGD is a novel theory, not recognized by any major professional association,[2] with Littman noting that it is "not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time".
Littman published a descriptive study in PLOS One in August 2018.[1] Criticism was voiced by transgender activists, and two weeks after publication, PLOS One responded by announcing a post-publication review of the paper.[3][4] In March 2019, the journal concluded its review and republished Littman's revised and corrected version.[5]
On the same day as PLOS One announced its post-publication review, Brown University retracted its press release promoting the study.[3] The controversy grew as articles and opinion pieces, both critical and supportive, were published in mainstream media discussing concerns about the study's methodology and the validity of its hypotheses,[4][6][7] as well as issues of academic freedom.[3][8] Other studies have since remarked on a much increased incidence of youth seeking care for dysphoria, but the cause of this remains controversial.[9][10]
Publication
Lisa Littman, an American physician and researcher, coined the term "rapid-onset gender dysphoria" at the outset of her research for a descriptive study originally titled "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports".[11] Littman's medical specialties are in preventive medicine and public health, as well as obstetrics and gynecology.[12] Her research interests relate to reproductive health, gender dysphoria, detransition, and maternal and child health including prematurity and the use of substances in pregnancy.[12] Littman joined the faculty of the Brown University School of Public Health in 2018 as Assistant Professor of the Practice in Behavioral and Social Sciences.[12]
Littman became interested in the possible role of social contagion in gender dysphoria among young people, and conducted a study by surveying around 250 parents recruited from three websites where she had seen parents describe sudden gender transitions in their adolescents.[4] She presented preliminary results at a 2017 conference, and a descriptive study was initially published in PLOS One in August 2018.[4][1]
Littman's study described cases of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria based on reports by the surveyed parents,[4] along with information that was collected about the children's peer group dynamics, social media use, and prior mental health issues.[13] Littman speculated that rapid onset of gender dysphoria could be a "social coping mechanism" for other disorders, such as depression and anxiety caused by adolescent trauma.[1]
According to coverage in the news section of Science, the study found that "among the young people reported on—83% of whom were designated female at birth—more than one-third had friendship groups in which 50% or more of the youths began to identify as transgender in a similar time frame," which the Science coverage described as probably "the most explosive of Littman's findings."[4]
Correction
The paper was met with a strongly negative reaction from transgender activists who stated that it had already been politicized, and that there was self-selection bias of the subjects that Littman surveyed, as she only surveyed the parents and not the young people themselves nor the health professionals caring for them.[4] Responding to negative comments, PLOS One announced two weeks after publication that it would open a post-publication review of the study's methodologies and analyses.[14][4][3]
In March 2019, PLOS One completed its post-publication review, and Littman's corrected version of the paper was published on March 19, 2019.[15] In the journal's blog, PLOS One editor Joerg Heber apologized "to the trans and gender variant community" for the previous review and publication, saying "the study, including its goals, methodology, and conclusions, were not adequately framed in the published version, and that these needed to be corrected."[16] Heber noted that the hypothesized condition of ROGD had "not yet been clinically validated."[16]
In a notice of correction prefacing her updated version of the study, Littman stated:
[T]he post-publication review identified issues that needed to be addressed to ensure the article meets PLOS ONE's publication criteria. Given the nature of the issues in this case, the PLOS ONE Editors decided to republish the article, replacing the original version of record with a revised version in which the author has updated the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion sections, to address the concerns raised in the editorial reassessment. The Materials and methods section was updated to include new information and more detailed descriptions about recruitment sites and to remove two figures due to copyright restrictions. Other than the addition of a few missing values in Table 13, the Results section is unchanged in the updated version of the article.[5]
PLOS One's editor wrote that "the corrected article now provides a better context of the work, as a report of parental observations, but not a clinically validated phenomenon or a diagnostic guideline".[16] On behalf of the journal, Heber wrote, "Correcting the scientific record in this manner and in such circumstances is a sign of responsible publishing", where further scrutiny was called for to "clarify whether the conclusions presented are indeed backed up by the analysis and data of that original study."[16] Heber later stated, "At its core, the survey of the parents stands as it is... We let the original results stand."[15]
Terminology
The term "rapid onset gender dysphoria", coined by Littman, first appeared in a July 2016 notice that was posted on four websites, recruiting parents to respond to a research survey that Littman described as "Rapid onset gender dysphoria, social media, and peer groups."[17] In the title of Littman's poster abstract for the study, published in February 2017, the phrase appeared as "Rapid Onset of Gender Dysphoria."[18]
According to Littman, "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time."[5] She wrote:
This study of parent observations and interpretations serves to develop the hypotheses that rapid-onset gender dysphoria is a phenomenon and that social influences, parent-child conflict, and maladaptive coping mechanisms may be contributing factors for some individuals. ... This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon.[5]
In a formal comment published by PLOS One at the conclusion of its review, Angelo Brandelli Costa wrote, "The level of evidence produced by the Dr. Littman's study cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion relative to the time of presentation of the demands of medical and social gender affirmation."[19] Costa suggested, "Several procedures still need to be adopted to generate a potential new subcategory of gender dysphoria that has not yet been clinically validated. One of these procedures is the assessment of mental health professionals trained according to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, interviewing not just the family, but the youth (longitudinally)."[19]
Reactions
The 2018 publication of the paper led to controversies that included criticism and defenses of the study's methodology by scientists, social activist groups and by professional organizations. Disputes also arose among socially conservative and liberal opinion writers about academic censorship.
Institutional
On the same day that PLOS One announced its review, Brown University took down a press release they had earlier posted about the paper.[3][20] Responding to critics, Brown University President Christina Paxson and Provost Richard Locke said they had not infringed on academic freedom and stated that Brown's commitment to only "publicize research that unassailably meets the highest standards of excellence" required Brown to retract the press release after PLOS One opened an investigation on the paper in question.[21] They said that "given the concerns raised about research design and methods, the most responsible course of action was to stop publicizing the work published in this particular instance. We would have done this regardless of the topic of the article."[22]
Social and political commentary
The reactions to Brown's removal of the press release from their website included criticism by a former dean of Harvard Medical School.[4][8]
Aside from questions about the scientific validity of the condition, the political implications of the condition were a source of heated discussion. Critiques of sociological aspects of the study have been published in peer-reviewed journals.[23][24][25] The hypothesized condition was called "a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people" in the op-ed section of The Guardian,[6] while it was called an explanation for the experiences of multiple parents in the op-ed section of the Wall Street Journal.[26][13] Publications such as The Conversation and Slate condemned what they saw as politicization of science by social conservatives,[27][7] while Madeleine Kearns, a contributing writer at National Review, described the condition as "particularly concerning" and called for further study.[28]
In Psychology Today, Rutgers University psychology professor Lee Jussim described the PLOS-mandated rewrite of the paper as an "Orwellian correction" where no errors had existed, merely "adding some additional discussion about limitations to the work and some minor reframing", but said the process of peer review had improved the paper.[29]
Academic
Shortly after PLOS One published the corrected study, a critique of the original study's methodology appeared in Archives of Sexual Behavior.[30] In a letter to the editor, Littman responded with a side-by-side comparison, stating that the criticized methodologies were consistent with those that had been used, without controversy, in widely-cited studies supporting gender identity affirmation health care.[31]
A number of clinicians who provide care for gender dysphoric youth state that what was described in Littman's research is consistent with their patient population.[32][33][better source needed][34] Several additional reports published since the PLOS article republication note a novel large adolescent cohort presenting with gender dysphoria.[9][35][10][36] Aside from Littman's ROGD social contagion theory, others have speculated that this rise could be due to more available treatment, increased awareness or influence via social media and the internet, and increased societal acceptance of gender identity variance.[10]
Professional commentary
Following publication of the original report in PLOS One, the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) released a position paper on the proposed term "rapid onset gender dysphoria" and the research, stating that the term is not recognized by any professional association, nor listed in the DSM or ICD lists of disorders and diseases. They said in summary "it is nothing more than an acronym created to describe a proposed clinical phenomenon that may or may not warrant further peer-reviewed scientific investigation." They affirmed the need for academic freedom and scientific exploration without censorship, and that much is still unknown about the factors contributing to the development of gender identity in young people, and said it was "premature and inappropriate" to use "official-sounding labels" that might influence professionals or the public to reach conclusions about how or when adolescents decide to come out as transgender.[37][2] WPATH concluded by warning against the use of any term intended to cause fear about an adolescent's possible transgender status with the goal of avoiding or deterring them from accessing the appropriate treatment, in line with the Standards of Care appropriate for the situation.[37][2]
The Gender Dysphoria Affirmative Working Group (GDA) of professionals involved in transgender health wrote an open letter to Psychology Today calling the study "methodologically flawed and unethical," saying it proceeded from "an overt ideological bias," and citing previously published criticism of the study stating that it had multiple biases and flaws in its methodology. They said the survey drew subjects from "websites openly hostile to transgender youth," and failed to account for this bias, instead basing its conclusions on the beliefs of surveyed parents who presupposed the existence of ROGD. Noting that Littman had not interviewed the teens, and had no experience working with transgender youth, the GDA criticized conclusions in the initial publication of the study about how teens arrived at a trans identity, saying onset may only have been "rapid" from parents' point of view because teens often delay coming out in hostile environments or when fearing criticism.[38][non-primary source needed]
The Pediatric and Adolescent Gender Dysphoria Working Group, a group of professional clinicians and researchers[39] which has criticized gender-affirming guidelines adopted by organizations including the Endocrine Society and American Academy of Pediatrics,[40][41] said ROGD "warrants further study." The group pointed to "the rise in the number of teens and young adults coming to identify as transgender without any significant prior history of gender dysphoria," and to both anecdotal reports and research indicating that many suffered from "mental health disorders in addition to gender dysphoria." The group expressed "concern that there may be elements of social contagion at work."[42][non-primary source needed]
See also
- Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters - A 2020 book on the subject by Wall Street Journal reporter Abigail Shrier
References
- ^ a b c d e Littman, Lisa (August 16, 2018). "Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria". PLOS ONE. 13 (8) (March 19, 2019 corrected ed.): e0202330. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202330. PMC 6095578. PMID 30114286.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c WPATH Global Board of Directors (September 4, 2018). "WPATH Position on "Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD)"" (PDF). WPATH. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) See also Wadman, Meredith (August 30, 2018). "News: New paper ignites storm over whether teens experience 'rapid onset' of transgender identity". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aav2613. ISSN 1095-9203. Archived from the original on 2018-08-31. - ^ a b c d Littman, Lisa (March 19, 2019). "Correction: Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0214157. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1414157L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157. PMC 6424391. PMID 30889220.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria' is a poisonous lie used to discredit trans people". The Guardian. London. October 22, 2018.
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- ^ a b de Vries, Annelou L.C. (October 2020). "Challenges in Timing Puberty Suppression for Gender-Nonconforming Adolescents". Pediatrics. 146 (4): e2020010611. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-010611. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 32958612.
- ^ a b c Waehre, Anne; Schorkopf, Martina (2019). "Kjønnsvariasjon, medisinsk behandling og vårt ansvar". Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening (in Norwegian). 139 (7). doi:10.4045/tidsskr.19.0178. ISSN 0029-2001. PMID 30969045.
Årsaken er ukjent, men det spekuleres i om det kan bero på økt tilgang til behandling, økt kunnskap via internett, generelt økt åpenhet og oppmerksomhet i samfunnet for ulik kjønnsidentitet og kjønnsuttrykk, mindre stigmatisering eller at identitetsutviklingen i dag i større grad også innbefatter utforskning av kjønnsidentiteten.
[The reason is unknown, but there is speculation about whether it may be due to increased availability of treatment, increased knowledge via the internet, generally increased openness in society and awareness of different gender identities and gender expressions, less stigma, or that identity development today also includes exploration of gender identity.] - ^ Littman, Lisa (August 16, 2018). "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports". PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214157.s001.
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- ^ a b Costa, Angelo Brandelli (March 19, 2019). "Formal comment on: Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of a rapid onset of gender dysphoria". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0212578. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1412578B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212578. PMC 6424477. PMID 30889187.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Rudgard, Olivia (August 28, 2018). "Brown University in row with transgender activists over claims gender dysphoria spreading among children". The Telegraph. London. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28.
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timestamp mismatch; 2018-08-29 suggested (help) - ^ Paxson, Christina (September 9, 2018). "Paxson '19, Locke '18: University committed to academic freedom, faculty support". The Brown Daily Herald. Brown University.
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